How many years did conscripts serve in the army in the USSR. International humanitarian law

Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (AF of Russia)- the state military organization of the Russian Federation, designed to repel aggression directed against the Russian Federation - Russia, for the armed protection of the integrity and inviolability of its territory, as well as to perform tasks in accordance with Russia's international treaties.

Part Russian Armed Forces includes types of aircraft: Ground Forces, Air Force, Navy; separate types of troops - Aerospace Defense Troops, Airborne Troops and Strategic Missile Troops; central bodies of military command; The rear of the Armed Forces, as well as troops that are not included in the types and types of troops (see also MTR of the Russian Federation).

Russian Armed Forces created on May 7, 1992 and at that time had 2,880,000 personnel. This is one of the largest armed forces in the world, the number of their personnel is more than 1,000,000 people. The number of staff is established by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, as of January 1, 2008, a quota of 2,019,629 personnel was established, including 1,134,800 military personnel. The Russian Armed Forces are distinguished by the presence of the world's largest stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons, and a well-developed system of their delivery systems.

Command

Supreme Commander

The Supreme Commander of the Russian Armed Forces is the President of Russia. In the event of aggression against Russia or a direct threat of aggression, he introduces martial law on the territory of Russia or in certain areas of it, in order to create conditions for repelling or preventing it, with an immediate report on this to the Federation Council and the State Duma for approval of the corresponding decree.

To resolve the issue of the possibility of using Russian Armed Forces outside the territory of Russia, a corresponding resolution of the Federation Council is required. In peacetime, the head of state exercises general political leadership. armed forces, and in wartime directs the defense of the state and its armed forces to repel aggression.

The President of Russia also forms and heads the Security Council of the Russian Federation; approves the military doctrine of Russia; appoints and dismisses high command Russian Armed Forces. The President, as Supreme Commander-in-Chief, approves the Military Doctrine of Russia, the concept and construction plans armed forces, mobilization plan armed forces, mobilization plans for the economy, civil defense plan and other acts in the field of military construction. The head of state also approves the combined arms charters, regulations on the Ministry of Defense and the General Staff. The President annually issues decrees on conscription for military service, on the transfer to the reserve of persons of certain ages who have served in sun, signs international treaties on joint defense and military cooperation.

Ministry of Defence

The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Defense) is the governing body Russian Armed Forces. The main tasks of the Russian Ministry of Defense include the development and implementation of state policy in the field of defense; legal regulation in the field of defense; organization of application armed forces in accordance with federal constitutional laws, federal laws and international treaties of Russia; maintaining the necessary readiness armed forces; implementation of construction activities armed forces; ensuring social protection of military personnel, civilian personnel armed forces, citizens discharged from military service, and members of their families; development and implementation of state policy in the field of international military cooperation. The Ministry carries out its activities directly and through the governing bodies of military districts, other bodies of military command, territorial bodies, military commissariats.

The Ministry of Defense is headed by the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, who is appointed to and dismissed by the President of Russia on the proposal of the Prime Minister of Russia. The minister reports directly to the President of Russia, and on issues referred by the Constitution of Russia, federal constitutional laws, federal laws and presidential decrees to the jurisdiction of the Russian government, - to the chairman of the Russian government. The Minister bears personal responsibility for solving problems and exercising the powers vested in the Russian Ministry of Defense and armed forces and carries out its activities on the basis of unity of command. The ministry has a collegium consisting of the minister, his first deputies and deputies, heads of ministry services, commanders-in-chief of types armed forces.

The current Minister of Defense is Sergei Kuzhugetovich Shoigu.

General base

The General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is the central body of military control and the main body of operational control armed forces. The General Staff coordinates the activities of the border troops and bodies of the federal security service (FSB), internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD), the Railway Troops, the federal body for special communications and information, civil defense troops, engineering and road construction military formations, the Foreign Service intelligence (SVR) of Russia, federal bodies of state protection, the federal body for providing mobilization training of state authorities to carry out tasks in the field of defense, construction and development armed forces, as well as their applications. The General Staff consists of main directorates, directorates and other structural divisions.

The main tasks of the General Staff include the implementation of strategic planning for the use armed forces, other troops, military formations and bodies, taking into account their tasks and the military-administrative division of the country; conducting operational and mobilization training armed forces; translation armed forces on the organization and composition of wartime, the organization of strategic and mobilization deployment armed forces, other troops, military formations and bodies; coordinating activities to conduct military registration activities in the Russian Federation; organization of intelligence activities for defense and security purposes; planning and organization of communications; topographic and geodetic support armed forces; implementation of measures related to the protection of state secrets; conducting military scientific research.

The current Chief of the General Staff is General of the Army Valery Gerasimov (since November 9, 2012).

History

The first republican military department appeared in the RSFSR ( cm.Red Army), later - during the collapse of the USSR (July 14, 1990). However, due to the rejection by the majority of people's deputies of the RSFSR of the idea of ​​independent sun the department was called not the Ministry of Defense, but the State Committee of the RSFSR for Public Security and Cooperation with the Ministry of Defense of the USSR and the KGB of the USSR. After the coup attempt in Vilnius on January 13, 1991, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Russia Boris Yeltsin took the initiative to create a republican army, and on January 31 the State Committee for Public Security was transformed into the RSFSR State Committee for Defense and Security, headed by General of the Army Konstantin Kobets . During 1991, the Committee was repeatedly modified and renamed. From August 19 (the day of the coup attempt in Moscow) to September 9, the Ministry of Defense of the RSFSR temporarily functioned.

At the same time, Yeltsin made an attempt to create the National Guard of the RSFSR, even began accepting volunteers. Until 1995, it was planned to form at least 11 brigades of 3-5 thousand people, with a total number of no more than 100 thousand. It was supposed to deploy units of the National Guard in 10 regions, including in Moscow (three brigades), in Leningrad (two brigades) and in a number of other important cities and regions. Regulations were prepared on the structure, composition, recruitment methods, and tasks of the National Guard. By the end of September, about 15,000 people had signed up for the National Guard in Moscow, most of them military personnel of the USSR Armed Forces. In the end, a draft decree "On the temporary situation on the Russian guard" fell on Yeltsin's table, but it was never signed.

After the signing of the Belovezhskaya Accords on December 21, the member states of the newly created CIS signed a protocol on the temporary assignment to the last Minister of Defense of the USSR, Air Marshal Shaposhnikov, command of the armed forces on their territory, including strategic nuclear forces. On February 14, 1992, he formally became the Supreme Commander of the Joint Armed Forces of the CIS, and the USSR Ministry of Defense was transformed into the Commander-in-Chief of the Joint Armed Forces of the CIS. On March 16, 1992, Yeltsin's decree created in the operational subordination of the Main Command of the Allied Armed Forces, as well as the Ministry of Defense, which was headed by the president himself. On May 7, a decree was signed on the creation armed forces, and Yeltsin assumed the duties of the Supreme Commander. General of the Army Grachev became the first minister of defense, and he was the first in the Russian Federation to be awarded this title.

Armed forces in the 1990s

Part Armed Forces of the Russian Federation included departments, associations, formations, military units, institutions, military educational institutions, enterprises and organizations of the Armed Forces of the USSR, located on the territory of Russia at the time of May 1992, as well as troops (forces) under Russian jurisdiction on the territory of the Transcaucasian Military District, Western , Northern and Northwestern Groups of Forces, the Black Sea Fleet, the Baltic Fleet, the Caspian Flotilla, the 14th Guards Army, formations, military units, institutions, enterprises and organizations on the territory of Mongolia, Cuba and some other countries with a total number of 2.88 million people .

As part of the reform armed forces The concept of the Mobile Forces was developed in the General Staff. The mobile forces were supposed to be 5 separate motorized rifle brigades, staffed according to wartime states (95-100%) with a single staff and weapons. Thus, it was planned to get rid of the cumbersome mobilization mechanism, and in the future to transfer sun entirely on a contract basis. However, by the end of 1993, only three such brigades were formed: the 74th, 131st and 136th, while it was not possible either to reduce the brigades to a single state (even battalions in the same brigade differed in the state), or to equip them according to wartime states. The understaffing of the units was so significant that at the beginning of the First Chechen War (1994-1996), Grachev asked Boris Yeltsin to sanction limited mobilization, which was refused, and the United Group of Forces in Chechnya had to be formed from units from all military districts. The first Chechen war also revealed serious shortcomings in command and control.

After Chechnya, Igor Rodionov was appointed the new Minister of Defense, in 1997 - Igor Sergeev. A new attempt was made to create fully equipped units with a single staff. As a result, by 1998 Russian Armed Forces 4 categories of parts and connections appeared:

• constant readiness (staffing - 95-100% of the wartime staff);
• reduced staff (staffing - up to 70%);
• storage bases for weapons and military equipment (staffing - 5-10%);
• cropped (staffing - 5-10%).

However, the translation sun for a contract recruitment method was not possible due to insufficient funding, while this issue became painful in Russian society against the backdrop of losses in the First Chechen War. At the same time, it was only possible to slightly increase the share of “contract workers” in Armed Forces. By this time, the number sun was reduced by more than two times - to 1,212,000 people.

In the Second Chechen War (1999-2006), the United Group of Forces was formed from units of constant readiness of the ground forces, as well as the Airborne Forces. At the same time, only one tactical battalion group stood out from these units (only one motorized rifle brigade from the Siberian Military District fought in full strength) - this was done in order to quickly compensate for losses in the war due to the personnel remaining in the places of permanent deployment of their parts. Since the end of 1999, the share of "contract workers" in Chechnya began to grow, reaching 45% in 2003.

Armed forces in the 2000s

In 2001, the Ministry of Defense was headed by Sergei Ivanov. After the end of the active phase of hostilities in Chechnya, it was decided to return to the Grachevsky plans for transferring troops to contract recruitment: permanent readiness units were to be transferred to a contract basis, and the rest of the units and formations, BKhVT, CBR and institutions should be left on an urgent basis. In 2003, the corresponding Federal Target Program was launched. The first part transferred to the “contract” within its framework was the airborne regiment as part of the 76th Pskov Airborne Division, and since 2005, other units and formations of constant readiness began to be transferred to a contract basis. However, this program was also unsuccessful due to weak salaries, conditions of service and the lack of social infrastructure in the places of service of military personnel under the contract.

In 2005, work also began on optimizing the management system Armed Forces. According to the idea of ​​the Chief of the General Staff Yuri Baluyevsky, it was planned to create three regional commands, to which units of all types and branches of the military would be subordinate. On the basis of the Moscow Military District, LenVO, the Baltic and Northern Fleets, as well as the former Moscow Military District of the Air Force and Air Defense, the Western Regional Command was to be created; on the basis of a part of the PUrVO, the North Caucasus Military District and the Caspian Flotilla - Yuzhnoye; based on part of the PUrVO, Siberian Military District, Far Eastern Military District and the Pacific Fleet - Vostochnoye. All units of central subordination in the regions were to be reassigned to the regional commands. At the same time, it was planned to abolish the Main Commands of the types and types of troops. The implementation of these plans was, however, postponed to 2010-2015 due to failures in the program to transfer troops to a contract basis, to which the bulk of the funds were urgently transferred.

However, under Serdyukov, who replaced Ivanov in 2007, the idea of ​​creating regional commands quickly returned. It was decided to start from the East. A staff was developed for command and a place of deployment was determined - Ulan-Ude. In January 2008, the Eastern Regional Command was created, but in March-April it showed its ineffectiveness at the joint command and control staff of the Siberian Military District and the Far East Military District, and was disbanded in May.

In 2006, the Russian State Armaments Development Program for 2007-2015 was launched.

Armed forces after the Five Day War

Participation in the armed conflict in South Ossetia and its wide media coverage revealed the main shortcomings armed forces: complex control system and low mobility. Troop control during combat operations was carried out "along the chain" of the General Staff - Headquarters of the North Caucasus Military District - Headquarters of the 58th Army, and only then did orders and directives reach directly to the units. The low ability to maneuver forces over long distances was explained by the cumbersome organizational and staffing structure of units and formations: only parts of the Airborne Forces were transferred to the region by air. Already in September-October 2008, the transition was announced armed forces to a "new look" and a new radical military reform. New reform armed forces is designed to increase their mobility and combat effectiveness, the coordination of actions of different types and types sun.

In the course of the military reform, the military-administrative structure of the Armed Forces was completely reorganized. Instead of six military districts, four were formed, while all formations, formations and units of the Air Force, Navy and Airborne Forces were reassigned to the headquarters of the districts. The command and control system of the Ground Forces was simplified due to the exclusion of the divisional level. Organizational changes in the troops were accompanied by a sharp increase in the growth rate of military spending, which increased from less than 1 trillion rubles in 2008 to 2.15 trillion rubles in 2013. This, as well as a number of other measures, made it possible to speed up the rearmament of the troops, significantly increase the intensity of combat training, and increase the salaries of servicemen.

Structure of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

Armed forces consist of three branches of the Armed Forces, three branches of service, Logistics of the Armed Forces, the Quartering and Arrangement Service of the Ministry of Defense, and troops not included in the branches of the Armed Forces. Territorially, the Armed Forces are divided between 4 military districts:

• (Blue) Western Military District - headquarters in St. Petersburg;
• (Brown) Southern Military District - headquarters in Rostov-on-Don;
• (Green) Central Military District - headquarters in Yekaterinburg;
• (Yellow) Eastern Military District - headquarters in Khabarovsk.

Types of armed forces

Ground troops

Ground Forces, SV- the most numerous type in terms of combat composition armed forces. Ground forces are designed to conduct an offensive in order to defeat the enemy grouping, capture and hold his territories, regions and lines, deliver fire strikes to a great depth, and repel enemy incursions and large airborne assault forces. The ground forces of the Russian Federation, in turn, include the types of troops:

• Motorized Rifle Troops, MSV- the most numerous branch of the ground forces, is a mobile infantry equipped with infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers. They consist of motorized rifle formations, units and subunits, which include motorized rifle, artillery, tank and other units and subunits.
• Tank troops, TV- the main strike force of the ground forces, maneuverable, highly mobile and resistant to the effects of nuclear weapons, troops designed to carry out deep breakthroughs and develop operational success, are able to overcome water obstacles on the move in fords and at crossing facilities. Tank troops consist of tank, motorized rifle (mechanized, motorized infantry), rocket, artillery and other subunits and units.
• Rocket troops and artillery, RVIA designed for fire and nuclear destruction of the enemy. They are armed with cannon and rocket artillery. They consist of formations of units and subunits of howitzer, cannon, rocket, anti-tank artillery, mortars, as well as artillery reconnaissance, command and control.
• Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces, Air Defense Forces- a branch of the ground forces, designed to protect the ground forces from enemy air attack means, to defeat them, as well as to prohibit his air reconnaissance. Air Defense Forces are armed with mobile, towed and portable anti-aircraft missile and anti-aircraft gun systems.
• Special troops and services- a set of troops and services of the ground forces, designed to perform highly specialized operations to ensure combat and daily activities armed forces. The special troops consist of radiation, chemical and biological defense troops (RCB protection troops), engineering troops, signal troops, electronic warfare troops, railway, automobile troops, etc.

Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces - Colonel General Vladimir Chirkin, Chief of the General Staff - Lieutenant General Sergei Istrakov.

Air Force

Air Force, Air Force- a branch of the Armed Forces designed to conduct reconnaissance of enemy groupings, ensure the gain of dominance (deterrence) in the air, protect important military-economic regions and facilities of the country and groupings of troops from air strikes, warn of an air attack, defeat objects that form the basis of military and the military and economic potential of the enemy, air support for ground and naval forces, airborne landings, transportation of troops and materiel by air. The Russian Air Force includes:

• Long-range aviation- the main striking weapon of the Air Force, designed to defeat (including nuclear) groupings of troops, aviation, naval forces of the enemy and destroy its important military, military-industrial, energy facilities, communication centers in strategic and operational depth. It can also be involved in aerial reconnaissance and mining from the air.
• Front-line aviation- the main strike force of the Air Force, solves problems in combined arms, joint and independent operations, is designed to destroy enemy troops, objects in the operational depth in the air, on land and at sea. It can be used for aerial reconnaissance and mining from the air.
• Army Aviation Designed for aviation support of the Ground Forces by destroying ground armored mobile targets of the enemy at the forefront and in tactical depth, as well as to ensure combined arms combat and increase the mobility of troops. Army aviation units and subunits perform fire, airborne transport, reconnaissance and special combat missions.
• Military transport aviation- one of the types of military aviation, which is part of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. It provides air transportation of troops, military equipment and cargo, as well as airborne landings. Performs sudden tasks in peacetime in the event of both natural and man-made emergencies, and conflict situations in a particular region that pose a threat to the security of the state. The main purpose of military transport aviation is to ensure the strategic mobility of the Russian Armed Forces, and in peacetime - to ensure the vital activity of troops in various regions.
• Special aviation designed to solve a wide range of tasks: early warning and control, electronic warfare, reconnaissance and target designation, providing control and communications, refueling aircraft in the air, conducting radiation, chemical and engineering reconnaissance, evacuating the wounded and sick, searching and rescuing flight crews and etc.
• Anti-aircraft missile troops, ZRV designed to protect important administrative and economic regions and objects of Russia from air attacks.
• Radio engineering troops, RTV designed to conduct radar reconnaissance, issue information for radar support of anti-aircraft missile forces and aviation units, as well as to control the use of airspace.

Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force - Lieutenant General Viktor Bondarev

Navy

Navy- a type of armed forces designed to conduct search and rescue operations, protect the economic interests of Russia, conduct military operations in the sea and ocean theaters of military operations. The navy is capable of inflicting conventional and nuclear strikes on the enemy's sea and coastal forces, disrupting its sea communications, landing amphibious assault forces, etc. The Russian Navy consists of four fleets: the Baltic, Northern, Pacific and Black Sea and Caspian flotilla. The Navy includes:

• submarine forces- the main striking force of the fleet. Submarine forces are capable of secretly entering the ocean, approaching the enemy and inflicting a sudden and powerful blow on him by conventional and nuclear means. In the submarine forces, multi-purpose / torpedo ships and missile cruisers are distinguished.
• surface forces provide covert access to the ocean and the deployment of submarine forces, their return. Surface forces are capable of transporting and covering amphibious landings, laying and removing minefields, disrupting enemy communications and protecting their own.
• Naval aviation- the aviation component of the Navy. Allocate strategic, tactical, deck and coastal aviation. Naval aviation is designed to deliver bombing and missile strikes against enemy ships and coastal forces, conduct radar reconnaissance, search for submarines and destroy them.
• Coastal troops designed to protect naval bases and naval bases, ports, important sections of the coast, islands and straits from attack by enemy ships and amphibious assault forces. The basis of their weapons are coastal missile systems and artillery, anti-aircraft missile systems, mine and torpedo weapons, as well as special coastal defense ships. Coastal fortifications are being set up on the coast to ensure defense by troops.
• Formations and units of special forces of the Navy- formations, units and subunits of the Navy, designed to conduct special events on the territory of enemy naval bases and in coastal areas, and conduct reconnaissance.

Commander-in-Chief of the Navy of the Russian Armed Forces - Admiral Viktor Chirkov, Chief of the Main Staff of the Navy - Admiral Alexander Tatarinov.

Independent branches of the military

Aerospace Defense Troops

Aerospace Defense Troops- an independent branch of the military, designed to communicate information about the warning of a missile attack, the missile defense of Moscow, the creation, deployment, maintenance and management of an orbital group of spacecraft for military, dual, socio-economic and scientific purposes. Complexes and systems of the Space Forces solve tasks of a nationwide strategic scale not only in the interests of the Armed Forces and other power structures, but also of most ministries and departments, the economy, and the social sphere. The structure of the Space Forces includes:

• The First State Test Cosmodrome "Plesetsk" (until 2007 the Second State Test Cosmodrome "Svobodny" also functioned, until 2008 - the Fifth State Test Cosmodrome "Baikonur", which later became only a civilian cosmodrome)
• Launch of military spacecraft
• Launch of dual-purpose spacecraft
• G. S. Titov Main Test Space Center
• Office for the introduction of cash settlement services
• Military educational institutions and support units (The main educational institution is the A.F. Mozhaisky Military Space Academy)

Commander of the Space Forces - Lieutenant General Oleg Ostapenko, Chief of the General Staff - Major General Vladimir Derkach. On December 1, 2011, a new branch of the military took up combat duty - the Aerospace Defense Forces (VVKO).

Strategic Rocket Forces

Strategic Rocket Forces (RVSN)- type of army Armed Forces, the main component of Russia's strategic nuclear forces. The Strategic Missile Forces are intended for nuclear deterrence of possible aggression and destruction as part of strategic nuclear forces or independently massive, group or single nuclear missile strikes of strategic objects located in one or more strategic aerospace directions and forming the basis of the military and military-economic potential of the enemy. The Strategic Missile Forces are armed with ground-based intercontinental ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads.

• three missile armies (headquarters in the cities of Vladimir, Orenburg, Omsk)
• 4th State Central Interspecific Test Site Kapustin Yar (which also includes the former 10th Test Site Sary-Shagan in Kazakhstan)
• 4th Central Research Institute (Yubileiny, Moscow Region)
• educational institutions (Peter the Great Military Academy in Moscow, military institute in the city of Serpukhov)
• arsenals and central repair plants, storage bases for weapons and military equipment

Commander of the Strategic Missile Forces - Colonel General Sergey Viktorovich Karakaev.

Airborne Troops

Airborne Troops (VDV)- an independent branch of the armed forces, which includes airborne formations: airborne and airborne assault divisions and brigades, as well as individual units. Airborne Forces are designed for operational landing and combat operations behind enemy lines.

The Airborne Forces have 4 divisions: 7th (Novorossiysk), 76th (Pskov), 98th (Ivanovo and Kostroma), 106th (Tula), Training Center (Omsk), Ryazan Higher School, 38th communications regiment, 45th recon. regiment, 31st brigade (Ulyanovsk). In addition, in the military districts (subordinate to the district or the army) there are airborne (or airborne assault) brigades, which administratively belong to the Airborne Forces, but are operationally subordinate to the commander of the military district.

Commander of the Airborne Forces - Colonel General Vladimir Shamanov.

Armament and military equipment

Traditionally, starting from the middle of the 20th century, foreign military equipment and weapons were almost completely absent in the USSR Armed Forces. A rare exception was the production of the socialist countries 152-mm self-propelled guns vz.77). In the USSR, a completely self-sufficient military production was created, which was capable of producing for the needs of armed forces any weapons and equipment. During the years of the Cold War, its gradual accumulation took place, and by 1990 the volume of armaments in the USSR Armed Forces reached unprecedented levels: only in the ground forces there were about 63 thousand tanks, 86 thousand infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers, 42 thousand artillery barrels. A significant part of these reserves went into Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and other republics.

At present, the T-64, T-72, T-80, T-90 tanks are in service with the ground forces; infantry fighting vehicles BMP-1, BMP-2, BMP-3; airborne combat vehicles BMD-1, BMD-2, BMD-3, BMD-4M; armored personnel carriers BTR-70, BTR-80; armored vehicles GAZ-2975 "Tiger", Italian Iveco LMV; self-propelled and towed cannon artillery; multiple launch rocket systems BM-21, 9K57, 9K58, TOS-1; tactical missile systems Tochka and Iskander; air defense systems Buk, Tor, Pantsir-S1, S-300, S-400.

The Air Force is armed with MiG-29, MiG-31, Su-27, Su-30, Su-35 fighters; front-line bombers Su-24 and Su-34; Su-25 attack aircraft; long-range and strategic missile bombers Tu-22M3, Tu-95, Tu-160. An-22, An-70, An-72, An-124, Il-76 aircraft are used in military transport aviation. Special aircraft are used: the Il-78 air tanker, Il-80 and Il-96-300PU air command posts, A-50 early warning aircraft. The Air Force is also armed with combat helicopters Mi-8, Mi-24 of various modifications, Mi-35M, Mi-28N, Ka-50, Ka-52; as well as anti-aircraft missile systems S-300 and S-400. The Su-35S and T-50 multirole fighters (factory index) are being prepared for adoption.

The Navy has one project 1143.5 aircraft-carrying cruiser, project 1144 and project 1164 missile cruisers, project 1155 and project 956 large anti-submarine destroyers, project 20380 and project 1124 corvettes, sea and base minesweepers, project 775 landing ships. the submarine forces include multi-purpose torpedo ships of project 971, project 945, project 671, project 877; project 949 missile submarines, project 667BDRM, 667BDR, 941 strategic missile cruisers, as well as project 955 SSBNs.

Nuclear weapon

Russia has the world's largest stockpile of nuclear weapons and the second largest grouping of strategic nuclear weapon carriers after the United States. By the beginning of 2011, the strategic nuclear forces had 611 "deployed" strategic carriers capable of carrying 2,679 nuclear warheads. In arsenals in long-term storage in 2009, there were about 16,000 warheads. The deployed strategic nuclear forces are distributed in the so-called nuclear triad: for its delivery, intercontinental ballistic missiles, submarine-launched ballistic missiles and strategic bombers are used. The first element of the triad is concentrated in the Strategic Missile Forces, where the R-36M, UR-100N, RT-2PM, RT-2PM2 and RS-24 missile systems are in service. The naval strategic forces are represented by R-29R, R-29RM, R-29RMU2 missiles, which are carried by strategic missile submarines of projects 667BDR "Kalmar", 667BDRM "Delfin". The R-30 iRPKSN missile of project 955 "Borey" was put into service. Strategic aviation is represented by Tu-95MS and Tu-160 aircraft armed with Kh-55 cruise missiles.

Non-strategic nuclear forces are represented by tactical missiles, artillery shells, guided and free-fall bombs, torpedoes, and depth charges.

Funding and provision

Financing armed forces is carried out from the federal budget of Russia under the item of expenditure "National Defense".

Russia's first military budget in 1992 was 715 trillion non-denominated rubles, which was equal to 21.5% of total spending. It was the second largest expenditure item of the republican budget, second only to the financing of the national economy (803.89 trillion rubles). In 1993, only 3,115.508 billion non-denominated rubles (3.1 billion in nominal terms at current prices) were allocated for national defense, which accounted for 17.70% of total spending. In 1994, 40.67 trillion rubles were allocated (28.14% of total expenditures), in 1995 - 48.58 trillion (19.57% of total expenditures), in 1996 - 80.19 trillion (18.40 % of total expenses), in 1997 - 104.31 trillion (19.69% of total expenses), in 1998 - 81.77 billion denominated rubles (16.39% of total expenses).

As part of the appropriations under section 02 "National Defense", which finances most of the expenses of the Russian Ministry of Defense in 2013, budgetary funds are provided for solving key issues of the Armed Forces, including further re-equipment with new models of weapons, military and special equipment, social protection and provision of housing for military personnel, solving other problems. In the bill, expenditures under section 02 "National Defense" for 2013 are provided in the amount of 2,141.2 billion rubles and exceed the volumes of 2012 by 276.35 billion rubles, or 14.8% in nominal terms. National defense spending in 2014 and 2015 is provided for in the amount of 2,501.4 billion rubles and 3,078.0 billion rubles, respectively. The growth of budget allocations compared to the previous year is envisaged in the amount of 360.2 billion rubles (17.6%) and 576.6 billion rubles (23.1%). In accordance with the draft law, in the planned period, the growth in the share of national defense spending in total federal budget expenditures will be 16.0% in 2013 (14.5% in 2012), 17.6% in 2014 and 17.6% in 2015. - 19.7%. The share of planned spending on national defense in relation to GDP in 2013 will be 3.2%, in 2014 - 3.4% and in 2015 - 3.7%, which is higher than the parameters of 2012 (3.0%) .

Military service

military service in Russian Armed Forces provided both by contract and by conscription. The minimum age of a serviceman is 18 years (for cadets of military educational institutions it may be less at the time of enrollment), the maximum age is 65 years.

Acquisition

Army, aviation and navy officers serve only under contract. The officer corps is trained mainly in higher military educational institutions, after which the cadets are awarded the military rank of "lieutenant". The first contract with cadets - for the entire period of study and for 5 years of military service - is, as a rule, concluded in the second year of study. Citizens who are in the reserve, including those who have received the rank of "lieutenant" and are assigned to the reserve after training at military departments (faculties of military training, cycles, military training centers) at civilian universities.

Private and junior officers are recruited both by conscription and by contract. All male citizens of the Russian Federation liable for military service between the ages of 18 and 27 are subject to conscription. The term of service on conscription is one calendar year. Conscription campaigns are carried out twice a year: spring - from April 1 to July 15, autumn - from October 1 to December 31. After 6 months of service, any soldier can submit a report on the conclusion of the first contract with him - for 3 years. The age limit for the conclusion of the first contract is 40 years.

The overwhelming majority of military personnel are men, in addition, about 50 thousand women are serving in the military: 3 thousand in officer positions (including 28 colonels), 11 thousand ensigns and about 35 thousand in private and sergeant positions. At the same time, 1.5% of female officers (~45 people) serve in primary command positions in the troops, the rest - in staff positions.

A distinction is made between the current mobilization reserve (the number to be drafted in the current year), the organized mobilization reserve (the number of those who previously served in the Armed Forces and are enlisted in the reserve) and the potential mobilization reserve (the number of people who can be drafted into the troops (forces) in case of mobilization). In 2009, the potential mobilization reserve amounted to 31 million people (for comparison: in the USA - 56 million people, in China - 208 million people). In 2010, the organized mobilized reserve (reserve) amounted to 20 million people. According to some domestic demographers, the number of 18-year-olds (the current mobilization reserve) will be reduced by 4 times by 2050 and will amount to 328 thousand people. Making a calculation based on the data of this article, the potential mobilization reserve of Russia in 2050 will be 14 million people, which is 55% less than in 2009.

Number of members

In 2011, the number of personnel Russian Armed Forces was about 1 million people. The million army was the result of a gradual long-term reduction from 2,880 thousand in the armed forces in 1992 (-65.3%). By 2008, almost half of the personnel were officers, ensigns and midshipmen. During the military reform of 2008, the positions of warrant officers and midshipmen were reduced, and about 170 thousand officer positions were also eliminated, whereby the share of officers in the states was about 15%[ source not specified 562 days], but later, by decree of the President, the established number of officers was increased to 220 thousand people.

In staffing sun includes ordinary and junior command staff (sergeants and foremen) and officers serving in military units and central, district and local military authorities in military positions provided for by the staff of certain units, in commandant's offices, military commissariats, military missions abroad, as well as cadets of higher military educational institutions of the Ministry of Defense and military training centers. Outside the state are servicemen transferred to the disposal of commanders and chiefs due to the temporary absence of vacancies or the impossibility of dismissing a serviceman.

Cash allowance

The monetary allowance of military personnel is regulated by the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of November 7, 2011 N 306-FZ "On the monetary allowance of military personnel and the provision of certain payments to them." The salaries for military positions and salaries for military ranks are established by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 5, 2011 No. 992 "On the establishment of salaries for the monetary maintenance of military personnel serving under a contract."

The monetary allowance of military personnel consists of salary salaries (salary according to military position and salary according to military rank), incentive and compensatory (additional) payments. Additional payments include:

• for seniority
• for excellent qualification
• for work with information constituting a state secret
• for special conditions of military service
• for the performance of tasks directly related to the risk to life and health in peacetime
• for special achievements in service

In addition to six monthly additional payments, annual bonuses are provided for conscientious and efficient performance of official duties; the established coefficient to the salary of military personnel serving in areas with adverse climatic or environmental conditions, outside the territory of Russia, and so on.

Military training

In 2010, more than 2 thousand events were held with practical actions of formations and military units. This is 30% more than in 2009.

The largest of them was the operational-strategic exercise "Vostok-2010". Up to 20 thousand military personnel, 4 thousand units of military equipment, up to 70 aircraft and 30 ships took part in it.

In 2011, it is planned to hold about 3,000 practical events. The most important of them is the Center-2011 operational-strategic exercise.

The most important event in the Armed Forces in 2012 and the end of the summer training period were the strategic command and staff exercises "Kavkaz-2012".

Food for military personnel

To date, the diet of military personnel Russian Armed Forces is organized according to the principle of building food rations and is built "on a system of natural rationing, the structural basis of which is a physiologically based set of products for the corresponding contingents of military personnel, adequate to their energy consumption and professional activities." According to Vladimir Isakov, head of the logistics of the Russian armed forces, “... today, the diet of a Russian soldier and sailor has more meat, fish, eggs, butter, sausages and cheeses. For example, the daily norm of meat for each serviceman, according to the norm of combined arms rations, has increased by 50 g and now stands at 250 g. Coffee appeared for the first time, and the norms for issuing juices (up to 100 g), milk and butter were also increased ... ".

By decision of the Minister of Defense of Russia, 2008 was declared the year of improving the nutrition of the personnel of the armed forces of the Russian Federation.

The role of the armed forces in politics and society

According to the Federal Law "On Defense" armed forces form the basis of the defense of the state and are the main element in ensuring its security. Armed forces in Russia they are not an independent political entity, they do not take part in the struggle for power and the formation of state policy. At the same time, it is noted that a distinctive feature of the Russian system of state power is the decisive role of the President in the relationship between power and armed forces, whose order actually outputs sun from under the report and control of both the legislative and executive branches, with the formal presence of parliamentary oversight. In the recent history of Russia, there were cases when armed forces directly intervened in the political process and played a key role in it: during the coup attempt in 1991 and during the constitutional crisis of 1993. Among the most famous political and state figures of Russia in the past, active military personnel were V.V. Putin, the former governor of the Krasnoyarsk Territory Alexander Lebed, the former plenipotentiary representative of the President in the Siberian Federal District Anatoly Kvashnin, the governor of the Moscow region Boris Gromov and many others. Vladimir Shamanov, who headed the Ulyanovsk region in 2000-2004, continued his military service after resigning as governor.

Armed forces are one of the largest objects of budget financing. In 2011, about 1.5 trillion rubles were allocated for national defense purposes, which amounted to more than 14% of all budget expenditures. For comparison, this is three times more spending on education, four times more on healthcare, 7.5 times more on housing and communal services, or more than 100 times more on environmental protection. However, military personnel, civil servants Armed Forces, workers in defense production, employees of military scientific organizations make up a significant proportion of the economically active population of Russia.

Russian military installations abroad

Current

• Russian military installations in the CIS
• On the territory of the city of Tartus in Syria, there is a MTO point of Russia.
• Military bases on the territory of partially recognized Abkhazia and South Ossetia.

Planned to open

• According to some Russian media, in a few years Russia will have bases for its warships on the island of Socotra (Yemen) and Tripoli (Libya) (due to the change of power in these states, plans will most likely not be implemented).

Closed

• In 2001, the Russian government decided to close military bases in Cam Ranh (Vietnam) and Lourdes (Cuba) due to changes in the geopolitical situation in the world.
• In 2007, the Georgian government decided to close Russian military bases in its country.

Problems

In 2011, 51 conscript soldiers, 29 contract soldiers, 25 ensigns and 14 officers committed suicide (for comparison, in the US Army in 2010, 156 military personnel committed suicide, in 2011 - 165 military personnel and in 2012 - 177 servicemen). The most suicidal year for the Russian Armed Forces was 2008, when 292 people in the army and 213 in the navy committed suicide.

There is a direct relationship between suicide and the loss of social status - what is called the "King Lear complex". Thus, a high suicide rate among retired officers, young soldiers, people taken into custody, recent pensioners

Corruption

Employees of the Military Investigation Department of the Russian Investigative Committee conduct pre-investigation checks on the fact of the activities of not only the central office of Slavyanka, but also its regional divisions. Most of these inspections develop into investigations into embezzlement of budgetary funds. So, the other day, military investigators near Moscow opened a criminal case on the fact of the theft of about 40,000,000 rubles received by the Solnechnogorsky branch of Slavyanka OJSC. This money was supposed to be used to repair the buildings of the Ministry of Defense, but it turned out to be stolen and “cashed out”.

Problems of realization of freedom of conscience

The establishment of the institution of military priests can be considered a violation of freedom of conscience and religion.

There are many positions in the army and for every taste. Every young person who joins the ranks will be able to maximize their abilities. Service in the army will make any young man a real man, capable of responsible decisions and ready to protect his loved ones. It tempers the character, brings up the best human qualities through physical and spiritual development, prepares young people for adult life, full of trials and difficulties.

Conscription or urgent service

A citizen entering this type of service does not have any civil support and preferences, unlike contract army employees. First of all, the future fighter needs to be in the military register. The draft commissions that select young people for the armed forces are located within municipal districts, urban districts, and in intra-urban areas. Military commissars in these institutions hold the highest representative and leading positions. It was the same in the Red Army.

Conscripts on the agenda are subject to a medical examination, after which their suitability for service is decided. The call also includes sending the future soldier to the military commissariat and his presence here before the service begins. In the future, he will have the status of a military man.

in the sun

Contract positions in the army can also be held by foreign citizens. They serve on an equal footing with others in certain positions. This applies only to ranks that can be replaced by soldiers, sailors, sergeants and foremen of the Russian army. The position under the contract is paid and involves state social support for each fighter who has Russian citizenship.

Certain requirements are put forward for the fighters of these units: to age, education, physical and mental condition, special professional training (when assigning a category). A conscript soldier who wishes to serve under a contract is provided with a list of vacant positions in the army. After submitting an application, a citizen must undergo tests and checks that determine his physical data, level of military training, and professional qualities. This is followed by the issuance of a military ID and enrollment in contract service in the armed forces. Here, as an ordinary shooter, you can earn about 18 thousand monthly, with an increase in length of service, both the social package and salary increase.

Positions in the armed forces

The draft board determines what military and professional obligations a soldier will have. Psychological and professional selection, educational and special training, the results of the medical commission affect the position and rank in the army. Military personnel are obliged to improve their military and physical training, follow orders, take measures to preserve their health, refrain from addictions, and comply with the regulations.

The regiment commander occupies a leading position and is responsible for various incidents and violations that could lead to death or serious bodily injury, for taking measures against the criminal actions of employees, for the safety in the operation of weapons and military equipment and for fire safety, monitors the health of soldiers . Shooting, exercises and various activities are controlled by his deputy. Deputies for logistics, educational work, armaments supervise the relevant units.

Military positions such as Chief of Artillery and Regimental Services involve responsibility for environmental protection and security during military activities, the correct use of equipment, ammunition, and the preservation of equipment and weapons.

Salaries and ranks of contractors

Qualifications, length of service, conditions of threat to life and health, possession of special skills and knowledge of foreign languages, work with state secrets - all this affects contract service in the army, position, salary, social benefits. The squad leader with up to 5 years of service receives a salary of about 33 thousand, a sergeant with up to 10 years of service - about forty, and the highest salary, taking into account allowances, from the platoon commander (foreman) - almost 60 thousand.

Financial support is due from the state - military personnel receive bonuses for special merits, they have the opportunity to receive housing. If during the service the military was not provided with housing, and he was forced to enter into a lease, then this amount may be partially compensated. When moving, payments and housing are also due.

Features of women's positions in the army

A female citizen can be accepted for any vacant positions in the army. There are also requirements for age, health and professional training. Mostly women hold posts in the medical, food, clothing services, become commanders in the rear.

The chiefs of the medical regimental service are obliged to carry out medical and preventive measures, monitor the conditions in which the fighters serve, identify soldiers with physical and mental disabilities, check the quality of water and food products, the sanitary condition of the premises from the medical point of view, prevent and prevent the risk of outbreaks of infectious diseases and etc. The regimental psychologist is engaged in strengthening discipline in military units and especially monitors the state of psychologically unstable employees. The workers of the food service exercise control over good-quality nutrition, the maintenance of warehouses and canteens.

Who can become a soldier

Now the household duties in the army are performed by the relevant workers, while the soldiers receive the rank of private, and then they can enter into an officer's position. In the army, these include the positions of lieutenant), senior officer (major), senior officer (marshal, general, admiral). Lieutenants rise to the ranks of captains and lieutenant commanders, and majors become colonels.

Depending on the type of armed forces (land, air force, naval, missile, airborne, defensive or engineering), fighters can occupy technological, operator, command, driver and other positions. For example, a specialist in the information sphere could prove himself in the place of an operator in the computer department, a graduate of the Faculty of Chemistry and Biology can try himself as a chemist or a specialist in the operation of chemical (flamethrower, incendiary, thermal, radiation) means, and serving engineers become telephone operators, craftsmen or mechanics.

Company positions

As a soldier or sailor, a citizen undertakes to observe the safe operation of equipment and weapons. The duties of the foreman of the company include keeping the living and working premises clean and tidy, monitoring lower-ranking employees. The platoon commander is responsible for military education, discipline of soldiers, and the correct use of equipment and guns.

His deputy for armaments - a senior technician - carries out work on the maintenance of technical equipment and the implementation of fire-fighting measures. The obligations of the deputy for educational work include meeting the needs of the staff, resolving disputes and conflicts, and conducting pedagogical events. All of the above duties are within the competence of the company commander.

How to choose the right specialty

All specialties that are provided in the army are taught there. With this experience, the soldier can continue to serve on a contract basis in the future. Of course, it is impossible to choose a branch of the armed forces, this is determined by the relevant commission. And you can easily take any position according to your skills, abilities and physical data.

For many young guys, service in the army with all its reasonable restrictions, with discipline and strict order, becomes not a burden, because they find a business in which they are good, which they did before the army. You only need to choose based on your abilities, and not on the principle of "which is easier", then the service will seem easy and interesting.

Civilian and alternative positions in the military

Medical and welfare services for soldiers, logistics, repair and construction, cultural and leisure work are carried out by employees of civilian positions in the army. These auxiliary functions ensure the full functioning of the military unit.

The alternative service provides for the recruit not to be in a military unit, but at a state enterprise, where he works for 18 or 21 months. At this time, the citizen is deprived of the right to additional earnings. He is protected by the Labor Code, but does not have the opportunity to terminate the employment contract on his own initiative. Only citizens recognized as fit for military service may be involved in such work.

Obtaining a specialty before the start of service

You can get a military specialty even before the start of conscription into the army. Young men at the age of 17 can receive such training, including students of vocational schools, technical schools, and colleges. The selection is carried out by the military commissariat with the help of representatives of educational organizations. They form lists of citizens and an indication of the military specialties in which they will be trained.

Before the start of training, a control medical examination and an interview are carried out. Young people must correspond to the chosen branch of the military and have no criminal record. At the end of the training, the graduate already has the position of a driver of cars or military vehicles, a specialist in the operation of various equipment (aerodrome mobile power units, gas production and charging stations, etc.).

The staff strength of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (RF Armed Forces) since January 1, 2018 - by 293 people, or 0.016%, from 1 million 903 thousand 51 people to 1 million 902 thousand 758 people.

At the same time, the number of military personnel remained the same: 1 million 13 thousand 628 people. The TASS-DOSIER editors have prepared a certificate on how the staffing of the Russian armed forces has changed.

The number of the Armed Forces after the collapse of the USSR

The number of military personnel in the USSR Armed Forces by the end of 1991 reached 3.7-3.8 million people (not including civilian personnel). On May 7, 1992, Russian President Boris Yeltsin signed a decree "On the Creation of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation." This document, among other things, required the Ministry of Defense to develop and submit proposals for "reducing the size and combat strength of the RF Armed Forces." At that time, according to various estimates, there were 2.5-2.8 million military personnel in Russia.

According to data from open sources, by 1994 the number of military personnel in Russia had decreased to 2.1 million, by 1996 - to 1.7 million (by 40% compared to 1992). On May 31, 1996, Yeltsin signed the Defense Law. Article 4 of the document stated that the powers of the head of state include the approval of the authorized number of military personnel of the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations and bodies. From that moment on, the number of military personnel is established by decrees of the President of the Russian Federation. In total, seven such decrees have been published since 1997 (excluding the decree of November 17, 2017).

Decrees on the number of military personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

On July 16, 1997, Yeltsin, by decree "On Priority Measures to Reform the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and Improve Their Structure," established from January 1, 1999, the staff strength of the Armed Forces at 1.2 million people. On March 24, 2001, there was a further reduction in the staffing level of the Armed Forces. By Putin's decree "On Ensuring the Construction and Development of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Improving Their Structure", the regular number of military personnel was reduced by 16.7% from January 1, 2006, to 1 million.

On November 28, 2005, by his decree, for the first time after the collapse of the USSR, Putin increased the number of military personnel (by 13%) - from 1 million to 1 million 134 thousand 800 people (since January 1, 2006). The same decree established for the first time the authorized strength of the RF Armed Forces (including civilian personnel) - 2 million 20 thousand 500 people.

On January 1, 2008, Putin left the number of military personnel unchanged from the date of signing the decree, slightly reducing only the total staff strength of the Armed Forces - to 2 million 19 thousand 629 people.

On December 29, 2008, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev, by decree "On Certain Issues of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation", again reduced the total number of military personnel by 12%, to 1 million. At the same time, as part of the military reform launched by Defense Minister Anatoly Serdyukov, it was announced the liquidation of the institute midshipmen and warrant officers, as well as the reduction of the central apparatus and administration of the Ministry of Defense by 2.5 times - from 22 thousand to 8.5 thousand people. In the same 2008, Serdyukov promised to reduce the officers of the Armed Forces by 2.3 times - from 355 thousand to 150 thousand.

However, already in 2011, the scale of the reduction of the officer corps was reduced. The institute of warrant officers and warrant officers was returned to the Armed Forces by the new Minister of Defense Sergei Shoigu. In April 2015, Deputy Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation Nikolai Pankov said that the number of officer corps in Russia is about 200 thousand people.

On July 8, 2016, Putin signed a decree "On the regular strength of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation", which left the number of military personnel unchanged (1 million), but increased the total number of the Armed Forces by 542 - up to 1 million 885 thousand 371 people.

On March 28, 2017, for the first time since 2005, Putin increased the number of military personnel of the Armed Forces by 1.3% - from 1 million to 1 million 13 thousand 628 people. By the same decree, the total staffing of the Armed Forces (including civilian personnel) was increased from January 1, 2017 by 0.6% - up to 1 million 897 thousand 694 people, and from July 1, 2017 - by another 0.3% - up to 1 million 903 thousand 51 people.

Military service on conscription in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

1. Legal basis for military service on conscription in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
2. Features of the passage of military service by military conscripts.

Legal basis for conscription military service in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

Military service appeared in our country many centuries ago. A well-organized army existed even in the Muscovite state. The nobles carried out permanent service, and the rest of the population was called up only in cases of special need.

At the beginning of the XX century. the term of active service in the infantry and foot artillery was 3 years, in other branches of the ground forces - 4 years, in the navy - 5 years. Some categories of citizens were granted benefits. For example, the term of military service of young people who graduated from the course of an educational institution of the 1st category (as well as 6 classes of a gymnasium) was 2 years. Completely unable to carry weapons for health reasons, they were completely exempted from service. Some ministers of the church were also exempted from military service.

After the Bolsheviks came to power, the Decree of 1918 “On forced recruitment into the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army” had a pronounced class character and provided for compulsory military service for workers who had reached the age of 18. Later, in 1930, a new Soviet law was adopted - "On Compulsory Military Service", according to which the defense of the USSR with arms in hand was carried out only by workers. The non-working classes were entrusted with the performance of other duties - the service of the army. Thus, the class approach to the performance of military service duties by citizens was preserved.

4 years after the end of the Great Patriotic War, a law was passed according to which the conscription of male citizens was carried out once a year in November-December. In addition, new terms of service were established in the Armed Forces of the USSR: in the Ground Forces and the Air Force - 3 years, in the Navy - 4. Later, in 1968, the term of military service was reduced to 2 years in the Ground Forces and up to 3 - in the Navy. Graduates of institutes who did not receive military training served for 1 year. In addition to the autumn draft, the spring draft was also introduced.

Currently, the legal basis for military service in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is: the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Federal Laws "On military duty and military service" (as amended and supplemented), "On the status of military personnel", "On defense", Regulations on the order military service and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation in the field of defense, as well as international treaties of the Russian Federation.

On June 14, 2006, the State Duma of Russia adopted amendments to the Law "On Military Duty and Military Service", establishing for male citizens called up on October 1, 2007, the term of military service on conscription is 18 months, and from January 1, 2008 - 12 months and at the same time canceling a number of previously existing conscription deferrals, significantly reducing the number of military departments in civilian universities and tightening the requirements for their graduates.

In accordance with the current legislation, male citizens aged 18 to 27 years old, registered or not, but obliged to be registered and not in reserve, are subject to conscription. All citizens are required to be registered with the military, with the exception of:
- exempted from military duty in accordance with the Federal Law "On military duty and military service";
- passing military service;
- serving a sentence of imprisonment;
- female persons who do not have a military registration specialty;
- Permanently residing outside the Russian Federation.

Citizens who have been granted a deferment from conscription for military service are not called up for military service.

Reasons for delay:
1. Education in secondary school, vocational school, technical school, college, university (with some reservations).
2. Postgraduate studies.
3. Category of suitability "temporarily unfit" for health reasons.
4. Permanent care for the father, mother, wife, brother, sister, grandfather, grandmother or adoptive parent, if there are no other persons obliged by law to support these citizens, and also on condition that the latter are not fully supported by the state and need for health reasons in accordance with the conclusion of the federal institution of medical and social expertise at the place of residence of citizens called up for military service, in constant outside care (assistance, supervision). In fact, the last requirement is tantamount to the presence of a disability of group I.
5. Custody or guardianship of a minor brother or sister of a minor in the absence of other persons obliged by law to support these citizens.
6. The presence of a child, provided that he is brought up without a mother.
7. Having two or more children.
8. Having a disabled child under the age of three.
9. Entering the service in the internal affairs bodies, the State Fire Service, institutions and bodies of the penitentiary system, bodies for controlling the circulation of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances and the customs authorities of the Russian Federation immediately after graduation from educational institutions of higher professional education of these bodies and institutions, respectively , in the presence of higher professional education and special titles - for the period of service in these bodies and institutions.
10. Having a child and a wife who is at least 26 weeks pregnant.
11. Election as a deputy of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, a deputy of the legislative (representative) bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, a deputy of the representative bodies of municipalities or the head of municipalities and the exercise of his powers on a permanent basis - for the term of office in these bodies.
12. Registration in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on elections as candidates for positions filled through direct elections or for membership in bodies (chambers of bodies) of state power or local self-government - for a period up to the day of official publication (promulgation) of the general election results, inclusive, and in case of early withdrawal - until the day of withdrawal inclusive.

A citizen is exempt from conscription for military service if he:
- declared unfit or partially fit for military service for health reasons;
- has already completed or is undergoing military service in the Russian Federation;
- has already completed or is undergoing alternative civilian service;
- completed military service in another state in cases stipulated by international treaties of the Russian Federation.

A citizen has the right to exemption from conscription if he:
a) has a scientific degree provided for by the state system of scientific attestation;
b) is the son (sibling):
- a serviceman who did military service by conscription, who died (deceased) in connection with the performance of his duties of military service, and a citizen who underwent military training, who died (deceased) in connection with the performance of his duties of military service during the period of military training;
- a citizen who died as a result of injury (wounds, injuries, contusions) or diseases received in connection with the performance of his duties of military service during the period of military service by conscription, after dismissal from military service or after deduction from military training or the end of military training.
Whether to use this right, the citizen decides for himself. If yes, then it is advisable to officially declare this by writing an appropriate application to the draft board.

Features of the passage of military service by military conscripts

Conscription for military service of citizens who are not in the reserve includes:
- Appearance for a medical examination and a meeting of the draft board;
- appearance at the time and place specified in the agenda of the military commissariat for sending to the place of military service and being at the military commissariat until the start of military service.

A recruiting committee is created to carry out the call. A citizen subject to conscription for military service undergoes a medical examination. Based on its results, as well as taking into account other data, the draft board makes one of the following decisions:
- on conscription for military service;
- on assignment to alternative service;
- on granting a deferment from conscription for military service;
- exemption from military duty.

Those who are recognized by a medical examination as fit for military service or fit for military service with minor restrictions are subject to conscription for military service. As a rule, citizens who have a category of fitness for military service with minor restrictions are not sent to the Air Force, the Marine Corps, the floating composition of the Navy, and some other units.

Citizens recognized as temporarily unfit for military service are granted a deferment from conscription for examination and treatment for a period of 6 or 12 months.

Those recognized as limited fit are credited to the reserve, and once every three years they are subject to examination until they reach the age of 27. Those recognized as unfit for military service are removed from the military register.

The beginning of military service for citizens who are not in the reserve and called up for service is considered the day when the military rank of private is awarded.

The term of military service is calculated from its first day. It does not include time:
- stay in a disciplinary military unit and the time of serving a disciplinary arrest;
- unauthorized abandonment of a military unit or a place of military service established outside the military unit, regardless of the reasons for the abandonment, lasting more than 10 days.

For a serviceman released from a disciplinary military unit, subject to his impeccable military service, the time spent in a disciplinary military unit may be included in the term of his military service in accordance with the Regulations on the procedure for military service.

For military personnel, a special uniform and insignia are established.

The first military rank of a private is assigned to a citizen of the Russian Federation who does not have a military rank, called up for military service, upon his departure from the military commissariat to the place of military service. The military rank of a sailor is assigned to a serviceman called up for military service when he is enrolled in the lists of personnel of a military unit, where the state provides for the military rank of a sailor.

The next military rank is assigned to a serviceman on the day of the expiration of his military service in the previous military rank, if he occupies the corresponding position.

The next military rank to a soldier may be awarded ahead of schedule for special personal merits, but not higher than the military rank provided by the state for his military position.

In addition, conscripted military personnel who have the military ranks of sergeants (foremen) may be assigned military ranks ahead of schedule. This category also provides for the assignment of regular military ranks one step higher than the military rank provided for the full-time military position: sergeants (foremen) - not higher than the military rank of foreman (chief ship foreman).

While serving a sentence in the form of restriction in military service or arrest, a soldier cannot be awarded the next military rank.

Military personnel called up for military service are appointed to full-time military positions in accordance with the military registration specialties they have received.

Soldiers, sailors, sergeants and foremen are appointed to military positions by order of the commander of a regiment, a separate battalion (separate company) or their equal commanders (chiefs).

When appointing to a military position, the military man's education, his professional, moral and psychological qualities and state of health are taken into account.

The appointment of soldiers, sailors, sergeants and foremen to the highest military positions is made depending on their compliance with these positions and the availability of vacancies.

The preferential right to appointment to the highest military positions is enjoyed by conscripted military personnel who have class qualifications, who are excellent students of combat training and who do not have disciplinary sanctions.

Soldiers, sailors, sergeants and foremen who are recognized by the military medical commission as fit for military service or fit with minor restrictions, but not fit for military service in a particular specialty, are appointed to military positions, the duties for which they can perform taking into account their state of health. If there are no such military posts in the military unit, then the servicemen are transferred to other military units. Sailors and foremen who do military service on ships and vessels of the Navy and are recognized as unfit for military service on them for health reasons are transferred to coastal military units of the fleet.

Soldiers, sailors, sergeants and foremen, as a rule, do military service in those military units to which they were sent when they were called up for military service or arrived after completing training in training military units.

Conscripted military personnel may be sent (including as part of subdivisions, military units, formations) to perform tasks in armed conflicts (to participate in hostilities) after they have completed military service for at least 6 months and after training in the relevant specialty.

Transfers of servicemen to a new place of military service from one military unit to another within the Armed Forces are carried out in the following cases: as needed; in order of promotion; for health reasons in accordance with the conclusion of the military medical commission; in connection with organizational activities.

Conscripted military personnel are transferred to a new place of military service without their consent.

Military personnel undergoing military service by conscription, having sick and retired parents, who during the period of military service have the right to perform it near the place of residence of the family, upon presentation of the relevant documents, can be transferred to a new place of military service for family reasons.

The special significance of military service is manifested in more stringent sanctions for violations or evasion of military service. For example, a serviceman may be held criminally liable for leaving a military unit without permission, while other civil servants are subject to a more lenient punishment for a similar violation.

The day of the end of military service is the day of exclusion of a serviceman from the lists of personnel of a military unit in connection with his dismissal from military service.

Soldiers, sailors, sergeants and foremen who have served the established terms of military service by conscription, if they have not expressed a desire to continue military service under the contract, are dismissed from military service.

Servicemen dismissed from military service, on the day of exclusion from the lists of personnel of the military unit, must be fully provided with the established types of allowances. Before carrying out all the necessary calculations with the servicemen, they are not excluded from the lists of personnel of the military unit without their consent.

Soldiers, sailors, sergeants and foremen who are being discharged from military service and who have been conscripted for military service are sent to the military commissariats at their place of residence. Their direction to other points is allowed only in cases of a change in the place of residence of their families, confirmed by documents.

Before dismissal from military service, servicemen are explained the rights and benefits provided for them by regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation.

In conclusion, it should be noted that the leadership of the state and the Armed Forces is currently considering new ways to create a mobilization reserve in the country.

Thus, in his Address to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation in 2013, President of Russia Vladimir Putin proposed, without giving up deferrals for students, to change the system of military training in universities; to give all students the opportunity to undergo military training during their studies and subsequent military training and receive a military specialty. This mechanism will make it possible to train the required number of reservists in the most demanded, primarily technical, military specialties, without conscripting them into the Armed Forces.

Guidelines
When considering the first question, the leader of the lesson should emphasize that military service is a special type of federal public service performed by citizens in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies. Its passage is a legally regulated process of changing the legal status of military personnel in connection with the occurrence of certain legal facts in the performance of military service from the moment it begins to its end.
When studying the second question, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that, along with the rights, a citizen subject to conscription for military service also has duties in accordance with Russian legislation. In the Russian Federation, legal regulation has been established in the field of military duty and military service in order to fulfill citizens' constitutional duty and obligation to protect the Fatherland. Russian legislation determines the procedure for conscription of citizens for military service and the procedure for its passage by this category.

Recommended literature:
1. Federal Law "On military duty and military service" No. 53-F3 of March 28, 1998.
2. Federal Law "On Defense" No. 61-FZ of May 31, 1996.
3. Federal Law "On the status of military personnel" No. 76-FZ of May 27, 1998.
4. Regulations on the procedure for military service (approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1237 of September 16, 1999).
5. Address of the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on December 12, 2013.

Major Boris IVANOV

The Federation, unofficially called the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the number of which in 2017 is 1,903,000 people, is supposed to repel aggression directed against the Russian Federation, protect its territorial integrity and the inviolability of all its territories, and fulfill the tasks corresponding to international treaties.

Start

Created in May 1992 from the Armed Forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation had a much larger number at that time. It consisted of 2,880,000 people and had the world's largest stockpiles of nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction, as well as a well-developed system in their delivery vehicles. Now the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation regulate the number in accordance with the decrees of the President of the Russian Federation.

At the moment, there are 1,013,000 military personnel in the state of the Armed Forces, since the last published presidential decree came into force in March 2017. The total strength of the RF Armed Forces is indicated above. Military service in Russia takes place both by conscription and by contract, and in recent years it has prevailed. On conscription, young people go to serve in the army for one year, their minimum age is eighteen years. For military personnel of the Russian Federation, the maximum age is sixty-five years. Cadets of special military schools may be somewhat under the age of eighteen at the time of enrollment.

How is the compilation

The army, aviation and navy accept officers into their ranks for service solely and exclusively under a contract. This entire corpus is trained in relevant higher educational institutions, where after graduation the cadets are awarded the rank of lieutenant. For the period of study, sophomores conclude their first contract for five years, thus, service begins already within the walls of a military educational institution. Citizens who are in the reserve and have an officer's rank often replenish the number of personnel of the RF Armed Forces. They can also enter into a contract for military service. Including those graduates who studied at the military departments of civilian universities and were assigned to the reserve after graduation, also have the right to conclude a contract with the Armed Forces.

This also applies to the faculties of military training, and its cycles at military training centers. Junior officers and rank and file can be recruited both by contract and by conscription, to which absolutely all male citizens from eighteen to twenty-seven years old are subject. They serve on conscription for one year (calendar), and the conscription campaign is carried out twice a year - from April to July and from October to December, in spring and autumn. Six months after the start of service, any serviceman of the RF Armed Forces can submit a report on the conclusion of a contract, the first contract is for three years. However, after forty years, this right is lost, since forty is the age limit.

Composition

Women are extremely rare in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the overwhelming majority here are men. Among the almost two million, there are less than fifty thousand, and only three thousand of them have officer positions (there are even twenty-eight colonels).

Thirty-five thousand women are in sergeant and soldier positions, and eleven thousand among them are ensigns. Only one and a half percent of women (that is, approximately forty-five people) hold primary command positions, while the rest serve in headquarters. Now about the important thing - about the security of our country in case of war. First of all, it is necessary to distinguish between three types of mobilization reserve.

Mobilization

The current mobilization reserve, which shows the number of recruits in the current year, as well as the organized one, which adds the number of those who have already served and transferred to the reserve, and the potential mobilization reserve, that is, the number of people that can be counted on in case of war during mobilization into the troops. Here the statistics reveal a rather alarming fact. In 2009, thirty-one million people were in the potential mobilization reserve. Let's compare: there are fifty-six of them in the USA, and two hundred and eight million in China.

In 2010, the reserve (organized reserve) amounted to twenty million people. Demographers calculated the composition of the RF Armed Forces and the current mobilization reserve, the numbers turned out to be bad. Eighteen-year-old men will almost disappear in our country by 2050: their number will be reduced by four times and will amount to only 328 thousand people from all territories. That is, the potential mobilization reserve in 2050 will be only fourteen million, which is 55% less than in 2009.

Headcount

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation consists of privates and junior officers (foremen and sergeants), officers who serve in the troops, in local, district, central government bodies in various positions (they are provided for by the staff of units), in military commissariats, in commandant's offices, in representative offices abroad. This also includes all cadets who study at educational institutions of the Ministry of Defense and military training centers.

In 2011, the entire structure of the strength of the RF Armed Forces did not exceed one million people, this was the result of a long-term and powerful reduction from 2,880,000 people who were in the Armed Forces in 1992 to one million. That is, more than sixty-three percent of the army has disappeared. By 2008, slightly less than half of the entire personnel were midshipmen, ensigns and officers. Then came the military reform, during which the positions of midshipmen and warrant officers were almost eliminated, and with them more than one hundred and seventy thousand officer positions. Fortunately, the president responded. The reductions stopped, and the number of officers returned to two hundred and twenty thousand people. The number of generals of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (army generals) is now sixty-four people.

What do the numbers say

We will compare the size and composition of the Armed Forces in 2017 and 2014. At the moment, the military control bodies in the apparatus of the Ministry of Defense of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are 10,500 military personnel. The General Staff has 11,300. The ground forces have 450,000 people, the air force has 280,000. The navy has 185,000, the strategic missile forces have 120,000, and the aerospace defense forces have 165,000 people. make up 45,000 fighters.

In 2014, the total strength of the RF Armed Forces was 845,000, of which 250,000 were ground forces, 130,000 were the Navy, 35,000 were the Airborne Forces, 80,000 were strategic nuclear forces, and 150,000 were the Air Force, and pay attention! - command (plus maintenance) was 200,000 people. More than all the members of the Air Force! However, the figures for 2017 indicate that the strength of the RF Armed Forces is growing slightly. (And still, now the main composition of the army is men, there are 92.9% of them, and there are only 44,921 female military personnel.)

Charter

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, as a military organization of any other country, has general military regulations, which are a set of main rules through which, in the process of studying, the military personnel form a general idea of ​​​​how to protect their own rights and interests of the country from external, internal and any other threats. In addition, the study of this set of rules helps to master military service.

The Charter of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is the most important part when undergoing initial training for service; with its help, a soldier or sailor gets acquainted with the basic terms and concepts. There are four types of charter in total, and each must be carefully studied by absolutely every soldier. From there, the general duties and rights, the features of the routine, the rules of interaction become known.

Types of statutes

The disciplinary charter reveals the essence of military discipline and dictates the obligations to comply with it, tells about various types of penalties and rewards. This is what distinguishes it from the Charter of the internal service. It defines the prescribed measures of responsibility for certain violations of the statutory rules. The Charter of the guard and garrison service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation contains the designation of the goals, the procedure for organizing and carrying out the guard and garrison service. It also contains the rights and obligations of all official military personnel and persons who perform official duties.

The combat charter determines the order of movement with and without weapons, combat techniques, types of formation of units with equipment and on foot. After a thorough study of the charter, each serviceman is obliged to understand the essence of military discipline, understand the ranks, be able to allocate time, perform the duties of a duty officer and orderly in a company, perform the tasks of a sentry, sentry, and many others.

Command

RF Armed Forces - President V.V. Putin. If aggression is undertaken against Russia or there is an immediate threat of it, it is he who will have to introduce martial law on the territory of the country or in certain regions in order to create all the conditions for preventing or repelling aggression. Simultaneously or immediately, the president informs the Federation Council and the State Duma about this in order to approve this decree.

The use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation outside the country is possible only after receiving the relevant resolution of the Federation Council. When there is peace in Russia, the Supreme Commander-in-Chief leads the overall leadership of the Armed Forces, and during the war he manages the defense of Russia and the repulse of aggression. Also, it is the president who forms the Security Council of the Russian Federation and heads it, he also approves, appoints and dismisses the high command of the RF Armed Forces. In his department is and he approves the military doctrine of the Russian Federation, as well as the concept and plan for the construction of the Armed Forces, the plan for mobilization, civil defense, and much more.

Ministry of Defence

The Ministry of Defense of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is the governing body of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, its tasks are the development and implementation of state policy in terms of the country's defense, legal regulation and defense standards. The Ministry organizes the use of the Armed Forces in accordance with federal constitutional laws and international treaties, it maintains the necessary readiness, carries out measures for the construction of the Armed Forces, and provides social protection for military personnel, as well as members of their families.

The Ministry of Defense takes part in the development and implementation of state policy in the field of international cooperation. Under his department are military commissariats, command and control bodies of the RF Armed Forces for military districts, as well as many other military command and control bodies, including territorial ones. Heads appointed and dismissed by the President of the Russian Federation. Under his leadership, there is a collegium, which includes deputy ministers, heads of services, commanders-in-chief of all branches of the RF Armed Forces.

RF Armed Forces

The General Staff is the central body of military command and control of the Armed Forces. Here, the coordination of the activities of the border troops and the FSB of the Russian Federation, the troops of the National Guard, railway, civil defense and all others, including the foreign intelligence service, is carried out. The General Staff includes main directorates, directorates and many other structures.

The main tasks of the Ministry of Defense of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are strategic planning for the use of the Armed Forces, troops and other formations and military bodies, taking into account the military administrative division of the Russian Federation, conducting mobilization and operational work to prepare the Armed Forces, transferring the Armed Forces to the composition and organization of wartime. The General Staff organizes the strategic and mobilization deployment of the armed forces and other troops, formations and bodies, coordinates the activities of military registration activities, organizes intelligence activities for defense and security, plans and organizes communications, as well as topographic and geodetic support for the Armed Forces.