How to make a chimney for a stove with your own hands. How to make a chimney Chimney pipe in the chimney of a brick oven

The flue is an important part of the heating devices working on gas, solid or liquid fuel. In fireplaces, stoves, saunas and boilers, it is important to maintain a certain level of draft in order to purify the air from combustion products. The correct choice of the chimney pipe is the basis for the safe operation of the heater. Errors in the construction of the chimney can lead to life-threatening situations.

Chimney pipes are made of metal, ceramics and bricks. Metal pipes are currently in the greatest demand. Of all the varieties of this material, it is recommended to choose steel. Steel pipes for chimneys are coated with special solutions that make the material resistant to all adverse effects of the chimney's internal environment.

When choosing a pipe, it is necessary to take into account the parameters of heating devices and the fuel used. The material from which the pipes are made must withstand higher temperatures than the fuel can create.

When using some types of heating devices, chemically active substances come across among the incompletely oxidized combustion products. They can damage the chimney, which is not sufficiently resistant to chemicals. Some unburned particles can ignite, creating sparks. Therefore, the material from which the pipe is made must be refractory.

This is interesting! When choosing a pipe, it is necessary to pay attention to the melting point of the material from which it is made. The melting temperature of steel exceeds 1000 0C - the highest possible indicator encountered in the operation of coal-fired heating appliances.

The advantages of steel pipes are:

• Ease of installation. Steel pipes do not require the installation of a special foundation, they do not require complex engineering solutions or special installation tools. You can install them yourself without prior preparation. Due to the plasticity of the material, complex technical structures can be created.
• Light weight. It is easy to transport, lift and move them independently without a team of workers, which also simplifies installation.
• Resistant to high temperatures. Steel products are suitable for appliances that run on any fuel. They do not melt at maximum temperature loads.
• chemical inertness. Steel does not interact with chemicals that can be formed as under-oxidized combustion products. These substances are not capable of destroying it.
• Corrosion resistance. This advantage applies to specially coated pipes and stainless steel. The material itself corrodes quickly. It should be borne in mind that in addition to the internal environment, external adverse factors, such as precipitation, affect the chimney pipe. Preference should be given to coated pipes.
• Smooth inner walls. On a rough surface, combustion products settle, turning into soot, gradually reducing the clearance. This reduces the draft in the chimney. Steel is completely smooth, the risk of soot settling on their surface is minimal.

Believe that the correct scheme, the design of the chimney is very important.

I myself encountered this when the stove began to smoke in a freshly built sauna due to an incorrect calculation of the height of the pipe above the ridge, the smoke was so strong that the expensive lining was covered with a layer of black soot in a few months, which of course was not pleasing.

A stove, a fireplace, a heating boiler, and even an ordinary gas water heater have one thing in common: they require the disposal of air saturated with combustion products. Attention to this topic is the key not only to comfort, but also to safety.

Fuel costs, the ratio of produced and lost heat, indoor air purity and fire safety depend on the correct design and construction of the chimney. When creating a duct for the removal of combustion products, you must be guided by building codes, the instructions of the equipment manufacturer and common sense. First, we will talk about the general requirements for a chimney and what not to do. And then we will consider the features and subtleties of the operation of individual structures.

Correct chimney

The fundamental characteristic of the chimney is its material. Recently, chimneys made of acid-resistant stainless steel with the addition of molybdenum have become increasingly popular. But for fireplaces and stoves, in which flue gases do not have high acidity, good old brick can also be used.
The optimal shape of the chimney is a cylinder. The more obstacles in the path of smoke caused by angularity, the more difficult it is for it to pass and the more soot will be deposited on the walls.

Dimensions are determined by the diameter and height of the structure.

The first characteristic is calculated based on the power of the equipment, the width of its outlet, the number and nature of obstacles in the path of smoke. The height of the chimney is calculated in accordance with building codes, taking into account the height of the building, the type of roof and the dimensions of neighboring buildings (diagram). When designing, it is important to comply with the requirements for horizontal sections of the chimney. Their length should not exceed 1 m, because warm air moves vertically, not horizontally. Failure to comply with this requirement will cause poor traction and increased soot deposits in this area.

Connecting a boiler or fireplace insert to a chimney is often associated with a diameter mismatch problem. In such cases, a reduction adapter is used. The equipment connection zone with the chimney is treated with a special sealant. The subsequent assembly of the chimney from the pipes is carried out along the course of the condensate, that is, with expansion upwards. This will prevent condensate from reaching the outer wall of the pipe.
A brick chimney is assembled in accordance with the project. Each fireplace and each stove requires its own masonry, which is prescribed in layers. The general wish is this: minimize the roughness on the inner walls and monitor the tightness of the building.

If the house has an old brick chimney and they want to use it for a gas boiler, a sleeve should be made. An acid-resistant steel pipe is installed in the old chimney, leaving a technical gap between the new pipe and the masonry. When creating most chimneys, tees are used. They need to take into account the corners of the outlet and provide inspection doors. One of the main requirements of gas boilers is the construction of a condensate outlet. This can be a vertical condensate collector or a tee with a watering can. It is important that water vapor is properly removed.

Insulation of the chimney ensures the safety of both himself and the house. Insulation allows you to accelerate the heating of the pipe and reduce the formation of condensate. If the pipe passes near combustible materials, then insulation will save them. When laying a chimney through ceilings, it is necessary to comply with all fire regulations, depending on the material of the ceiling and the temperature of the pipe.
It is better if the surfaces of the walls and ceiling located near the chimney channel are finished with non-combustible materials. Otherwise, they will have to be covered with a metal sheet with a layer of non-combustible material.
The part of the chimney pipe that goes outside must be protected from the wind and additionally fixed. Protection from atmospheric precipitation and debris is provided by deflectors, nets and even weather vanes. However, it must be remembered that such protection is not suitable in all cases. If for a fireplace and a stove a cap is the norm, then for gas equipment it is a violation of the security of the system.

On a note:

What are weathervanes made of?

The weather vane can be made of plastic and even plywood. However, only metal is suitable for serious products. Flat weathercocks are made of stainless steel or steel roofing sheet coated with powdered enamel, special paints or polymers. Volumetric, as a rule, are made of copper. Forged
copies. The variety of weather vanes is limited only by the imagination of their manufacturers. Traditions also play a significant role. In ancient China and Japan, for example, weathercocks were made in the form of dragons, which at the same time protected houses from evil spirits. In Europe, family coats of arms, flags, signs of the zodiac, as well as figurines of angels, fairy-tale creatures, animals, etc. were often erected on the roof. Today, like hundreds of years ago, weathercocks with a cockerel, a symbol of vigilance and a talisman against theft and fires, are especially popular.

Wrong chimney

Mistakes made in the chimney business can be fraught with serious consequences, so it is important to comply with all building codes and requirements. Some consequences of improper design will cause costly rework, while others can cause fire or poisoning by combustion products.

Experts do not recommend using materials that are not intended for these purposes, such as asbestos and aluminum. If we are talking about a gas boiler, then brick is not the best option. An acidic environment can destroy it in a few years. And altering the chimney is not the most pleasant prospect.
Changing the diameter of the chimney during operation without the involvement of a specialist will at least reduce the efficiency of the system. The load on the base of the chimney must not exceed a value that can lead to the destruction of the building.
Combining several installations into one chimney network is possible only if there are supporting engineering calculations made by a specialized specialist.
Among the most dangerous mistakes are:

• insufficient thermal insulation of the chimney, leading to charring or ignition of adjacent materials;
• the use of ventilation ducts for smoke removal or the unifying protection of two channels with one fungus. This error causes the destruction of the ventilation system, as a result of which smoke enters the house;
• modification and unauthorized repair without preliminary calculations.

The device of a technically correct and functional chimney is not an easy task. Each case has its own nuances and requires consultation with a specialist, at least at the design stage.

Chimneys for stoves

SNiP Heating, ventilation and air conditioning - fundamental rules and instructions for designing a furnace heating system. He talks about all the requirements for both the stove and the chimney.
So, one stove should be provided for heating no more than three rooms located on the same floor. In two-story buildings, two-story stoves with separate fireboxes and chimneys for each floor are allowed. The use of wooden beams in the ceiling between the upper and lower tiers of the furnace is unacceptable.
In addition, you cannot:

• arrange artificial exhaust ventilation, not compensated by the corresponding supply;
• remove smoke into the ventilation ducts by installing ventilation grilles on the smoke ducts.

Stoves, as a rule, should be placed against internal walls and partitions made of non-combustible materials. Smoke channels can be placed in external walls made of non-combustible materials, if necessary, insulated from the outside to prevent moisture condensation from exhaust gases. In the absence of walls in which flue ducts can be placed, wall-mounted or root chimneys should be used to remove smoke.
For each furnace, as a rule, a separate chimney or a separate channel is provided. It is possible to connect two furnaces located on the same floor to one pipe. When connecting two pipes, it is necessary to provide for cuts with a thickness of 0.12 m and a height of at least 1 m from the bottom of the pipe connection. As well as consistent installation for tight valves, and on the channels of the livers, working on coal or peat, - one valve With a hole with a diameter of 15 mm.

Chimneys must be designed vertically without ledges.

And at the base of pipes made of clay bricks with walls at least 120 mm thick or from heat-resistant concrete at least 60 mm thick - provide pockets 250 mm deep with cleaning holes, sealed with bricks on the edge with clay mortar and equipped with doors.

Permissible deviations of pipes from the vertical by 30 °, with a slope of not more than 1 m.

Inclined sections must be smooth, with a constant cross section and an area not less than the sectional area of ​​the vertical sections.

Chimneys on buildings with roofs made of combustible materials must be equipped with spark arresters made of metal mesh with holes no larger than 5 × 5 mm.
Structures made of combustible or slow-burning materials adjacent to furnaces, chimneys and ventilation ducts located next to chimneys must be protected from fire by cuttings made of non-combustible materials, and the gaps between ceilings, walls, partitions and cuttings must be filled with non-combustible materials.
The distance between the top of the furnace ceiling and the protected combustible ceiling depends on the nature of combustion and is 250-700 mm. With an unprotected ceiling - 350 and 1000 mm. For a metal furnace with insulated ceiling - 800 mm. with uninsulated - 1200 mm.
The distance from brick or concrete chimneys to combustible and slow-burning parts of the roof must be at least 130 mm, from ceramic pipes without insulation - 250 mm. and in case of thermal insulation with non-combustible or hardly combustible materials with a heat transfer resistance of 0.3 m2 ° C / W-130 mm.

Chimneys for fireplaces

The requirements for a chimney for a fireplace echo those for stoves. The fuel is the same, and the principle of operation of the systems is similar. For example, fireplaces can be used for heating. If we are not talking about large-scale heating, you can limit yourself to a radiator pipe - a special device made of plates that increase the heat transfer area. You can regulate the intensity of combustion by controlling the air exchange. Alternatively, a slide gate is used.
As with other chimney designs, the smoke from the fireplace must be removed in the simplest possible way. It is better if it is a straight vertical chimney (more than 6 m high) or more complex, but with bends with an angle of less than 45 °. If it is necessary to use a knee, a tee is installed to facilitate access for subsequent cleanings.
In addition to the shape, the location of the chimney and the appropriate degree of thermal insulation are important. Smoke heats the chimney, which means that wall materials and ceilings must be protected from fire. If a sandwich chimney (multilayer) passes near plastic or wood, they are insulated with basalt-based material. The place where the chimney passes should also be protected from the cold. For example, it is not allowed to place a single-wall pipe (made of stainless steel with a thickness of 0.5-0.6 mm) on the street. Protect the chimney with a fungus or a weather vane installed at the end.

Chimney for solid fuel boilers

Solid fuel boilers are close to both stoves with fireplaces and gas boilers. They are united with the former by one of the possible types of fuel (wood) and the frequent need for cleaning from ashes, with the latter by the similarity in the distribution of thermal energy for heating. The solid fuel boiler connection diagram is generally suitable for other systems. Knowing their requirements, you can adapt this scheme, for example, remove the deflector when it comes to gas equipment.

Chimney for baths and saunas

The firebox and chimney of the sauna need thermal insulation. The floors are insulated by analogy with the described chimneys, and the wall material near the firebox is covered with metal sheets.
Excess heat generated by the chimney can be used for business. A popular option for increasing efficiency is a metal mesh into which stones are poured. They envelop the hot chimney and glow. Another useful addition can be a combustion intensity regulator.
The chimney draft must maintain combustion at the required level, without releasing all the heat to the street, and create a temperature of 70-80 ° C in the room. It is clear that the ingress of smoke into the steam room is out of the question.

Chimney for gas boilers and water heaters

Few developers study building codes and understand the "classic" requirements for exhaust ducts in general and for gas boiler ducts in particular. Practice shows that even the fundamental requirements and norms are not observed. But when building or repairing, first of all, it is necessary to solve technical issues.
The chimney for a gas boiler must:

1. Comply with SNiPs
2. Have your own channel - It is allowed to connect two devices to one channel, but at a distance of at least 750 mm;
3. be sealed. Leakage of carbon monoxide is unacceptable (laying a brick chimney does not guarantee reliable gas insulation);
4. Be resistant to condensation. Modern high-performance boilers produce 1-3 thousand liters of condensate per year. Due to the low temperature of the outlet gases (it rarely exceeds 100 ° C), the condensate does not evaporate, but flows down the walls of the chimney, penetrating into the brick and destroying it;
5. Don't reduce traction. The ideal section for any exhaust duct is round. A rough, uneven inner surface of the channel impairs traction. In addition, the cross section of the channel must be no less than the cross section of the gas outlet
   pipes on the connected device. For example, if the cross-sectional diameter of the outlet on a gas boiler is 150 mm, then the cross-sectional diameter of the exhaust duct must be at least 150 mm;
   but to be warm. There is less condensation in the warm duct;
6. Go straight to the sky, without visors and coverings.

All these requirements are easy to take into account at the stage of construction or repair, but it is very difficult to correct shortcomings during operation.

COAXIAL CHIMNEY

It is easy to guess that the smoke discharged to the street consists of air taken from the room. Accordingly, its stocks need to be replenished, for example, take it from the street. This means that the supply air will be fresh, but cold.
Some systems allow you to solve the problem of removing useful air. Forced draft boilers with a built-in fan are equipped with a coaxial chimney, which compares favorably with multi-meter pipes.
This chimney has two pipes. Fresh air from the street enters one of them to maintain combustion, and smoke comes out of the other. The system is completely closed, that is, the air from the room does not participate in the operation of the boiler. Air supply and exhaust are optionally carried out through one chimney, divided into two parts. There are also models with separate pipes. Often, coaxial chimneys are horizontal, although, if necessary, they also make a vertical outlet.

How to clean a chimney?

It is considered that the pipe needs to be cleaned if the soot layer on its inner surface is thicker than 2 mm. If the soot deposits are very dense, the first step is to use a scraper for cleaning. Then comes the turn of a stiff brush with a long multi-link handle. The length of the latter is changed in accordance with the course of cleaning - from the top of the chimney to the bottom.
In order to get as little soot into the room as possible, the furnace hole is covered with plastic wrap or a thick sheet during cleaning. In addition, we advise you to prevent drafts and cover the furniture.
Used for cleaning and chemicals. Most often these are powders or “miracle logs”. Burning in the furnace, such substances emit a non-toxic gas, under the influence of which soot lags behind the walls of the chimney. It should be noted that it is very difficult to clean a heavily polluted chimney with "chemistry", it is best to combine chemical and mechanical cleaning.
People recommend once a year to heat the stove or fireplace well with aspen wood. When aspen burns, the flame reaches a great height and burns out the soot from the chimney. However, this advice is only suitable if there is not too much accumulated in the chimney. Otherwise, a fire cannot be ruled out. In addition, potato peelings can be burned in the furnace: the resulting steam effectively fights soot deposits.

Diameter (section) of the chimney

The minimum cross-section of smoke channels depending on the heat output of the furnace, mm:

• 140×140 - up to 3.5 kW;
• 140 m 200 - 3.5-5.2 kW;
• 140×270-5.2-7.2 kW.

The cross-sectional area of ​​the round smoke ducts must not be less than the area of ​​the said rectangular ducts.

Chimney height

The chimney must rise at least

1. 0.5 M ABOVE the ridge of the roof when the pipe is located at a distance of up to 1.5 m from the ridge;
2. Be not lower than the roof ridge when the chimney is located at a distance of 1.5 - 3 m FROM THE RIDGE;
3. Be not lower than the line drawn from the ridge down at an angle of 10 ° to the horizon, when the chimney is located at a distance of more than 3 m from the ridge;
4. For flat roofs, a chimney above 1 m is required.
5. Regardless of the angle of inclination of the roof, chimneys that are 1.5 m above its level must be additionally fixed with braces on the bracket

Chimneys and chimneys

When calculating the height of a pipe, several aspects must be taken into account. The higher the pipe, the better draft it provides, but passing through a high pipe, the gases cool and form condensate, which leads to a decrease in draft and smoke in the room.

To ensure reliable draft, the chimney must be at least 5 m high, and if for some reason this is not possible, an electric exhauster is used. The minimum height of the upper part of the chimney above the roof ridge depends on how far the pipe axis is from the ridge.

In this case, the pipe in any case should rise above the roof surface by at least half a meter.

So, if the axis of the chimney is from the ridge at a distance of up to 1.5 m, then the pipe should rise above the ridge by 0.5 m. If the distance from the chimney to the ridge is from 1.5 to 3 m, then the upper part of the pipe can be located flush with a skate. If the distance from the pipe to the ridge is more than 3 m, it is allowed to build a chimney below the roof ridge at an angle of 10 degrees to the horizon.

Not everything is simple and with the internal section of the chimney, which must correspond to the size of the firebox. Through a pipe that is too narrow, the smoke does not have time to go out, and the stove begins to smoke. Through too large a cross section, the gases pass slowly, cool quickly, which leads to condensate settling and a decrease in thrust.

Pipe characteristics

The material for the construction of the furnace chimney must ensure high thermal stability of the future pipe, because it must withstand a constant temperature of +500 ° C, and also withstand heat up to +1,000 ° C for half an hour. While the flue gases passing through the pipe are heated to a temperature not exceeding +300 ° C, a thermal stability margin is necessary, since soot can ignite inside the chimney, the combustion temperature of which is much higher.

Also, according to the requirements, the outer side of the pipe should not heat up more than +90°C, and in case of contact with flammable structures - more than +65°C. Among other things, the upper part of the pipe that goes outside must withstand winter frosts, and the material of the chimney must be resistant to the chemical composition of flue gases.

The traditional chimney has long been made of bricks. This material fully complies with the requirements for chimneys. In fireplace chimneys, the temperature is higher than in stove chimneys, and reaches + 400 ° C, therefore it is recommended to build chimneys of chimneys from heat-resistant bricks. However, furnace work requires skill, and the considerable weight of a brick pipe leads to the need for increased strength of the foundation under the fireplace or stove. All this often forces us to look for alternative materials for the manufacture of chimneys and chimneys.

Sometimes asbestos-cement pipes are used for this purpose. They are inexpensive, light weight, and easy to install. However, asbestos cement also has disadvantages: at high temperatures, pipes can crack, and insufficient heat resistance and rapid heating of the surface contribute to the creation of a fire hazard. Therefore, asbestos-cement pipes are more often used in small country houses, summer kitchens, and when arranging areas for barbecues and barbecues.

Steel pipes are also far from ideal. When installing such a chimney, it is necessary to ensure that the surface of the pipe is insulated with non-combustible material, since the metal heats up so much that it can cause a fire. Abundant condensate, leading to corrosion, makes black steel pipes short-lived, they fail relatively quickly and require replacement. Stainless steel is resistant to corrosion and has higher strength characteristics, but pipes made from it will cost significantly more.

Sandwich chimneys

Sandwich chimneys are becoming increasingly popular. Prefabricated, they meet the necessary requirements for resistance to high temperatures and oxidation.

Manufacturers produce reliable and safe sandwich pipes of various diameters, which allows you to choose the right option. They are easily assembled from meter lengths and mounted right on the spot.

Due to their three-layer structure, such pipes have excellent performance and at the same time weigh little, which not only facilitates the installation process, but also allows you to significantly save on the foundation for a fireplace or stove. The inside of stainless steel is covered with heat-insulating material, which is covered with galvanized steel on top.

With undeniable advantages, sandwich pipes also have disadvantages, among which the main ones are considered to be high cost and non-ideal tightness due to the composite design of such chimneys. It is no coincidence that the manufacturer, as a rule, is limited to a 10-year warranty period, after which one should be puzzled by the replacement of the pipe.

In this regard, modular chimneys compare favorably with a longer service life (about 30 years), not too different from sandwich pipes in terms of price. Prefabricated modular pipes meet all the necessary requirements, which are provided by a three-layer structure: a layer of thermal insulation is also laid between the inner refractory side and the outer shell of lightweight concrete.

Decent place for a chimney

The most effective option for the location of the chimney is to place it in one of the internal walls. Then the heat of the stove will work to the maximum to heat the room, and the vertical chimney will provide the best draft.

The location of the chimney on the outside greatly facilitates its installation, since it will not be necessary to remove the pipe through the floors and the roof, which is associated with great hassle. In addition, this option is less flammable. The disadvantages of such a placement of the chimney are the not very presentable appearance of the pipe, the need for additional space and the mandatory thermal insulation of the entire part located outside to prevent it from cooling and condensate.

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In new private houses equipped with heating boilers, to remove flue gases, they install traditional brick chimneys, and are increasingly using chimney systems made of steel or ceramics.

Which chimney to choose? How to make a chimney for a boiler in a private house? Where could I buy quality chimney pipes of steel?

For a solid fuel boiler - a brick chimney

Brick chimney, usually is cheaper than modern chimney systems. The traditional ceramic brick chimney can easily withstand the high flue gas temperatures. The pipe withstands even ignition of soot accumulations in the chimney.

A brick chimney for a boiler in a private house is a rather heavy structure. The chimney is located on the foundation or solid reinforced concrete floor. The construction of such a chimney requires certain skills, it is better to entrust the laying of a sealed and durable chimney to a qualified stove-setter.

Channels and chimneys and ventilation are often placed in a brick chimney

The laying of the chimney is carried out from high-quality solid ceramic bricks of grade not lower than M125 on a conventional masonry mortar. The upper section of the pipe, above the roof, can be laid out of facing or clinker bricks. The wall thickness of the chimney must be at least 120 mm(half a brick).

The size of the chimney and ventilation channels is chosen as a multiple of the size of the brick, taking into account the thickness of the vertical joints. For example, channel section can be 140x140 mm(1/2x1/2 bricks) or 140x200 mm(1/2x3/4 bricks), or 140x270 mm(1/2 x 1 brick). In practice, a smoke channel is often made with a size of 20 x 20 cm(3/4x3/4 bricks). In such a channel, if necessary, it is easy to pick up and insert a round steel or ceramic insert of the appropriate diameter.

The flue gases in the chimney duct must not cool too much. Therefore, they try to build the chimney into the masonry of the inner wall of the house or attach it to the wall. Chimney sections that pass through an unheated room (attic) or outside the house insulated with mineral wool.

Brick the chimney reliably and for a long time serves only at a high temperature of the flue gases, which prevents the formation of condensate in the pipe. As a rule, this condition is met when the chimney is operated with a conventional one.

When working with modern gas or liquid fuel boilers, as well as with solid fuel pyrolysis boilers, pellet and others that operate for a long time in low-intensity slow burning mode, the brick chimney collapses rather quickly.

Modern boilers are designed so that the exhaust gases have a fairly low temperature. As a result, the water vapor contained in the flue gases condenses in the chimney. The walls of the pipe are constantly moistened. In addition, when combined with other combustion products, water forms aggressive chemical compounds on the inner surface of the pipe.

In particular, the exhaust gases of boilers contain sulfur, which, interacting with water, forms sulfuric acid in the chimney, corroding its walls. External signs of destruction are dark wet spots on the outer surface of a brick pipe.

The operating mode of the solid fuel pyrolysis boiler also contributes to the formation of aggressive condensate in the chimney, which quickly destroys the brick chimney.

The rough walls of the chimney contribute to the accumulation of soot solid particles on them. The roughness of the walls and the rectangular shape of the chimney channel make it difficult to clean the chimney from deposits.

For connection to a brick chimney of gas and other boilers with a low flue gas temperature, it is necessary to place an insert in the brick channel - a pipe of a steel or ceramic chimney.

Chimney made of ceramic pipes - a universal solution for a boiler in a private house

Chimneys from special chimney ceramic pipes can be applied to all types of boilers. The material is resistant to high temperatures and to any aggressive chemical compounds that may form in the chimney during the combustion of various types of fuel. This type of chimney is the most durable.

Ceramic chimney pipes are distinguished by the permissible maximum flue gas temperature.

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A do-it-yourself chimney for a stove can be erected if there is a masonry scheme at hand, and the home master himself has at least minimal skills in the work of a bricklayer. The construction of this department requires no less serious approach than, since the efficiency of heating, the safety of those living in the house, and the overall life of the entire heating structure will depend on the quality of its masonry.

When working on a chimney, it must be remembered that its internal surfaces must be as neat and even as the external ones, since this factor directly affects the creation of good traction.

Varieties of brick chimneys

Chimney pipes are divided into types depending on the location of their installation relative to the furnace itself. So, they are root, mounted and wall.

• The most common design of a brick chimney is a wall-mounted one. It is installed directly on top of the heater and is its continuation. Such chimneys are often installed during the construction of a heating or bath stove.

• The second most popular is the root chimney. This type of pipe is distinguished by the fact that it is installed next to the furnace or is included in its design and is placed on one of its sides.

Root pipes can be installed for both brick and cast iron stoves. In addition, one root structure is often used for several heaters. For example, in a two or three-story house, one chimney is passed through all floors and furnaces are connected to it. If it is planned to use the pipe in this way, then in this case, an accurate calculation of its parameters must be made, otherwise there will be no normal draft, which means that the efficiency of the furnaces will also decrease, and the risk of combustion products entering the premises will increase.

• The wall pipe is built into the main internal or external walls. But, in the latter case, the walls of the chimney will have to be very well insulated, since due to the large difference in external and internal temperatures, condensate will actively collect inside the duct, which will significantly impair the operation of the furnace, reducing draft and contributing to the rapid growth of the chimney with soot.

It should be noted that although this structure is distinguished by a separate type, it can be both root and mounted.

Construction of a brick chimney

The chimney has several sections. To understand its fundamental design, we can take the structure of a packed pipe as an example, since most often it is the design engineers who choose it when drawing up furnace ordering schemes.

So, the design of the extension pipe with its passage through the attic floor and the truss system includes the following departments and elements:

1 - Metal cap or umbrella. It can have a variety of forms, but its function is always to protect the interior of the chimney from the penetration of various types of precipitation, as well as dust and dirt.

2 - The head of the pipe consists of bricks protruding outward, which will protect the neck of the structure from raindrops that will flow down the protective cap. The metal umbrella is fixed, including on the protruding parts of the head.

3 - The neck of the pipe.

4 - Cemented or otherwise waterproofed inclined surface of the otter, designed to drain water that has fallen on the neck of the pipe.

5 - Otter. This part of the structure has thicker walls than the pipe neck. The otter should be located at the point where the chimney passes through the rafter system and the roof. The thick walls of the otter will protect the combustible materials of the crate under the roof from overheating.

6 - Roofing material.

7 - Lathing of the truss system.

8 - Rafter.

9 - Pipe riser. This department is located in the attic of the house.

10 - Fluff. This part of the chimney starts under the ceiling inside the house, passes through the attic floor and ends in the attic, just above or flush with the floor beams. The fluff, like the otter, has thicker walls than the neck and riser of the pipe. The increased thickness also protects wooden beams and other combustible materials of the attic or interfloor floor from overheating.

It should be noted that in some cases, instead of fluffing in its place, a metal box is mounted around the pipe, filled with non-combustible materials, such as sand, vermiculite or expanded clay. The functions of this layer, having a thickness of 100 ÷ 150 mm, are also the protection of combustible floor materials from overheating.

11 - Floor beams.

12 - Insulation, which is most often made from asbestos, is in any case necessary to create fire safety, since the walls of the chimney will come into contact with the wood of the floor beams and other materials that make up the floor and ceiling.

13 - Smoke damper, located in the room, in the upper part of the pipe, which allows you to adjust the intensity of the discharged streams of heated air and combustion products.

14 - The neck of the pipe, which begins at the top of the furnace - the ceiling.

Calculations of the parameters of the chimney pipe

The principle of operation of the chimney system is the movement of air masses from the combustion chamber to the exit to the street, that is, from the lower point to the upper one. This process occurs through the creation of traction, which occurs due to temperature and pressure changes. It is thanks to all these factors that the normal functioning of the chimney system is carried out.

To create optimal aerodynamic processes, the size of the pipe channel must correspond to the power of the furnace, which, in turn, largely depends on the size of the furnace. The surfaces of the internal chimney space must have smooth walls, along which the air flows will slide freely without turbulence, and due to this, no reverse draft will be created. That is why quite often an insert from a round ceramic pipe is built into a brick square chimney, which has an absolutely smooth surface and no internal corners.

Section size

In connection with the factors mentioned, it is necessary to carefully calculate the internal size of the chimney, while taking into account its length, since the larger this parameter, the higher the draft in the pipe.

Of great importance for the creation of normal traction and the high-quality functioning of the heating device is the correspondence of the parameters of the chimney passage and power, as well as the size and number of channels provided for by the design and passing inside the furnace.

If the parameters of the internal dimensions of the chimney in the cross section exceed the calculated value, this will lead to a rapid cooling of the heated air in it and the formation of condensate, and hence a decrease in thrust. In this case, the necessary balance will be violated, and the streams cooling in the upper part of the pipe may return down, creating smoke in the room.

The size of the chimney opening is calculated as follows:

• The size of the chimney of an open hearth fireplace corresponds approximately to the proportions of 1:10 (chimney section (f) / firebox window area (F)). This formula generally works for both a square or rectangular, and a cylindrical type of pipe, but not directly, but taking into account the cross-sectional shape of the channel and the total height of the chimney.
• The size of the chimney of a furnace with a closed combustion chamber has a proportion of 1:1.5. In the case when the heat transfer of the heating structure is less than 300 kcal / h, then the cross section usually has a size of 130 × 130 mm or half a brick (at least). When making calculations, it must be taken into account that the cross-sectional size of the chimney should not be less than the inlet of the blower.

When calculating the fireplace chimney, you can use the following table.

Pay attention to the direct dependence of the chimney cross-section not only on the parameters of the furnace, but also on the height of the pipe. Probably, sometimes in the calculations it will be more expedient to build on this parameter. For example, a pipe 11 meters high on a one-story country house will look absolutely ridiculous.

The same dependence, but more accurately represented in the form of a graph.

Suppose you need to calculate the cross section of the chimney for a fireplace with a firebox, the window dimensions of which are 500×700 mm, that is, the total area - 0.35 m². It is assumed that a pipe with a total height of 7 meters.

• Let's look at the graphic scheme:

- for a circular section of the chimney, the optimal ratio f/F=9.9%;

- for square - 11,1% ;

- for rectangular - 11,7% .

• It is easy to calculate the optimal cross-sectional area of ​​​​the chimney channel:

- a circle: 0.35×0.099 = 0.0346 m²;

- square: 0.35 × 0.11 = 0.0385 m²;

- rectangle: 0.35 × 0.117 = 0.041 m².

• Now, using the simplest geometric formulas, it is easy to bring areas to linear dimensions:

- diameter of the round pipe: d = 2×√S/π = 2×√0.0346/3.14 ≈ 0.209 m = 210 mm.

- side of the square tube: a = √S = √0.0385 ≈ 0.196 m = 196 mm.

- a rectangle can have different options - for example 0.130 × 0.315 m or 130×315mm.

The calculation will be much easier if you use the calculator below, which already contains all the mentioned dependencies.

Homeowners, as a rule, take the organization of heating in their home with all seriousness, choose the safest models of boilers, turn to experienced stove-makers. However, it is sometimes overlooked that incorrect chimney installation is often even more dangerous.

The chimney is the most important element of the heating system in a private house, which is assembled in accordance with building codes and fire safety requirements. Installing a chimney without following these rules is fraught with irreversible consequences - a fire or carbon monoxide poisoning in the house. Today's article will tell about the types of chimneys, the device and installation methods.

The chimney pipe serves to transfer smoke and combustion products into the atmosphere, it starts from the inlet pipe of the heater in the house and ends above the roof ridge with a protective umbrella. In private construction, the following types are mainly used:

The material from which the chimney is made can be correctly selected based on three factors: compliance with the material of the heater, low thermal conductivity and tightness of the joints.

Chimney outlet methods

The main task of the chimney is to remove smoke outside the house, which can be organized in several ways. The choice of pipe insertion point depends on the location of the heater, the free area and the type of chimney. Use the following pipe placement options:

External placement is well suited for the bulky construction of a brick chimney, and if you bring a metal pipe through the wall, you will have to take care of additional insulation or use special sandwich pipes.

Chimney Requirements

The selection of elements is carried out taking into account the requirements of the technical characteristics of the heater. In order for the system to work smoothly, the basic principles of chimney design must be observed:

1. A round shape is preferred, as combustion products and dust accumulate in the corners of the pipe. Round chimneys require less cleaning than rectangular and square ones.
2. The cross section of the pipe must not be less than the diameter of the heater nozzle. It is calculated that for every kilowatt of power, 8 sq. see section. Usually, information on the required size of the chimney is contained in the instructions for the heater.
3. Each heater requires its own chimney. In some cases, you can deviate from this rule, but then the devices should be located at the same height, the distance between the connection points is 1 m or more. And the size of the pipe section should take into account the total power of the heat generators.
4. The total length of the horizontal sections of the chimney cannot exceed 1 m; violation of this rule reduces the draft force.
5. The chimney ends 0.5-1.5 m above the ridge, on a flat roof - 0.5 m above the surface.

The main criterion for selecting pipes - fire safety requirements and compliance with a heat generating device, appearance, aesthetics and saving space inside the house - are secondary.

Mounting sequence

Installation of an internal chimney begins with drawing up a diagram and calculating the required number of pipe segments. To assemble correctly, the device is performed in the following order:

Scheme of the chimney outlet through the corrugated roof

After the installation is completed, it is necessary to start the heating system, check the draft and the tightness of the connections - even a small slight smoke indicates serious problems, the solution of which is unsafe to postpone.

Installing a chimney in a house is a responsible event, the quality of which depends on the comfort and safety of the heating system, so follow the recommendations of the manufacturers, the installation technology.

Video instruction