Field Marshals of Russia. Portraits of the highest officials of the Russian Empire
Portraits of senior officials Russian Empire. Field Marshals General.PORTRAIT
Chin Field Marshal General introduced by Peter I in 1699 instead of the existing position of “Chief Governor of a Large Regiment”. The rank was also established Field Marshal Lieutenant General, as a deputy field marshal, but after 1707 it was not assigned to anyone.
In 1722, the rank of field marshal was introduced into the Table of Ranks as a military rank of 1st class. Awarded not necessarily for military merit, but also for long-term public service or as a sign of royal favor. Several foreigners, not being in Russian service, were awarded this rank as an honorary title.
In total, 65 people were awarded this rank (including 2 field marshal-lieutenant generals).
The first 12 people were granted by Emperors Peter I, Catherine I and Peter II:
01. gr. Golovin Fedor Alekseevich (1650-1706) from 1700
Copy of Ivan Spring from an unknown original of the early 18th century. State Museum of the History of St. Petersburg.
02. grc. Croagh Karl Eugen (1651-1702) from 1700
No portrait found. There is only a photograph of his preserved body, which until 1863 lay in a glass coffin in the Revel (Tallinn) Church of St. Nicholas.
03. gr. Sheremetev Boris Petrovich (1652-1719) from 1701
Ostankino Palace Museum.
04. Ogilvy George Benedict (1651-1710) from 1702 (Field Marshal-Lieutenant General)
Engraving from an unknown 18th century original. Source: Beketov’s book “Collection of portraits of Russians famous for their deeds...”, 1821.
05. Goltz Heinrich (1648-1725) from 1707 (Field Marshal-Lieutenant General)
06. St. book Menshikov Alexander Danilovich (1673-1729) from 1709, generalissimo from 1727.
Unknown artist of the 18th century. Museum "Kuskovo Estate".
07. book. Repnin Anikita Ivanovich (1668-1726) from 1724
Portrait of work unknown. artist of the early 18th century. Poltava Museum.
08. book. Golitsyn Mikhail Mikhailovich (1675-1730) from 1725
Unknown artist of the 18th century.
09. gr. Sapega Jan Casimir (1675-1730), from 1726 (Great Hetman of Lithuania in 1708-1709)
Unknown artist of the 18th century. Rawicz Palace, Poland.
10. gr. Bruce Yakov Vilimovich (1670-1735) from 1726
Unknown artist of the 18th century.
11. book. Dolgorukov Vasily Vladimirovich (1667-1746) from 1728
Portrait by Groot. 1740s. State Tretyakov Gallery.
12. book. Trubetskoy Ivan Yurievich (1667-1750) from 1728
Unknown artist of the 18th century. State Tretyakov Gallery.
Field Marshals promoted to the rank by Empresses Anna Ioannovna, Elizaveta Petrovna and Emperor Peter III:
13 gr. Minich Burchard Christopher (1683-1767) from 1732
Portrait by Buchholz. 1764. State Russian Museum.
14 gr. Lassi Petr Petrovich (1678-1751) from 1736
Unknown artist of the 18th century. Source M. Borodkin "History of Finland" vol. 2 1909
15 Ave. Ludwig Wilhelm of Hesse-Homburg (1705-1745) from 1742
Unknown artist ser. XVIII century. Private collection.
16 books Trubetskoy Nikita Yuryevich (1700-1767) from 1756
Unknown artist ser. XVIII century. State Museum arts of Georgia.
17 gr. Buturlin Alexander Borisovich (1694-1767) from 1756
copy of the 19th century from a painting by an unknown artist from the mid-18th century. Museum of the History of St. Petersburg.
18 gr. Razumovsky Alexey Grigorievich (1709-1771) from 1756
Unknown artist of the 18th century.
19 gr. Apraksin Stepan Fedorovich (1702-1758) from 1756
Unknown artist of the 18th century.
20 gr. Saltykov Pyotr Semyonovich (1698-1772) from 1759
Copy of Loktev from the portrait by Rotary. 1762 Russian Museum.
21 gr. Shuvalov Alexander Ivanovich (1710-1771) from 1761
Portrait of Rotary work. Source - Vel. Book Nikolai Mikhailovich "Russian portraits of the 18th-19th centuries"
22 gr. Shuvalov Pyotr Ivanovich (1711-1762) from 1761
Portrait by Rokotov.
23 Ave. Peter August Friedrich of Holstein-Beck (1697-1775) from 1762
Lithograph of Tyulev from unknown. original from the 18th century. Source: Bantysh-Kamensky’s book “Biographies of Russian Generalissimos and Field Marshals”, 1840.
24 ave. Georg Ludwig of Schleswig-Holstein (1719-1763) from 1762
Lithograph of Tyulev from unknown. original from the 18th century. Source - Bantysh-Kamensky's book "Biographies of Russian Generalissimos and Field Marshals" 1840. Follow the link: http://www.royaltyguide.nl/images-families/oldenburg/holsteingottorp/1719%20Georg.jpg - there is another portrait of him of unknown origin and questionable authenticity.
25 grz. Karl Ludwig of Holstein-Beck (1690-1774) from 1762
He was not in Russian service; he received the rank as an honorary title. Unfortunately, despite a long search, it was not possible to find his portrait.
Field Marshals promoted to the rank by Empress Catherine II and Emperor Paul I. Please note that gr. I.G. Chernyshev was promoted to the rank of Field Marshal in 1796 "by fleet".
26 gr. Bestuzhev-Ryumin Alexey Petrovich (1693-1766) from 1762
Copy by G. Serdyukov, from the original by L. Tokke. 1772. State Russian Museum.
27 gr. Razumovsky, Kirill Grigorievich (1728-1803) from 1764
Portrait by L. Tokke. 1758
28 books Golitsyn Alexander Mikhailovich (1718-1783) from 1769
Portrait of work unknown. artist of the late 18th century. State military history Museum of A.V. Suvorov. St. Petersburg
29 gr. Rumyantsev-Zadunaysky Peter Alexandrovich (1725-1796) from 1770
Portrait of work unknown. artist. 1770s State Historical Museum.
30 gr. Chernyshev Zakhar Grigorievich (1722-1784) from 1773
A copy of a portrait by A. Roslen. 1776 State. military history Museum of A.V. Suvorov. St. Petersburg
31 lgr. Ludwig IX of Hesse-Darmstadt (1719-1790) from 1774. He was not in Russian service, he received the rank as an honorary title.
Portrait of work unknown. artist ser. XVIII century. Museum of History. Strasbourg.
32 St. book Potemkin-Tavrichesky Grigory Alexandrovich (1736-1791) from 1784
Portrait of work unknown. artist. 1780s State Historical Museum.
33 books. Suvorov-Rymniksky Alexander Vasilyevich (1730-1800), from 1794, generalissimo from 1799
Portrait of work unknown. artist (Levitsky type). 1780s State Historical Museum.
34 St. book Saltykov Nikolai Ivanovich (1736-1816) from 1796
Portrait by M. Kvadal. 1807 State Hermitage Museum.
35 books Repnin Nikolai Vasilievich (1734-1801) from 1796
Portrait of work unknown. artist con. XVIII century. State Historical Museum.
36 gr. Chernyshev Ivan Grigorievich (1726-1797), Field Marshal General of the Navy from 1796
Portrait by D. Levitsky. 1790s. Pavlovsk Palace.
37 gr. Saltykov Ivan Petrovich (1730-1805) from 1796
Miniature by A.H. Ritt. end of the 18th century. State Hermitage Museum. St. Petersburg
38 gr. Elmpt Ivan Karpovich (1725-1802) from 1797
Lithograph of Tyulev from unknown. original from the 18th century. Source: Bantysh-Kamensky’s book “Biographies of Russian Generalissimos and Field Marshals”, 1840.
39 gr. Musin-Pushkin Valentin Platonovich (1735-1804) from 1797
Portrait by D. Levitsky. 1790s
40 gr. Kamensky Mikhail Fedotovich (1738-1809) from 1797
Portrait of work unknown. artist con. XVIII century. State military history Museum of A.V. Suvorov. St. Petersburg
41 grc de Broglie Victor Francis (1718-1804), from 1797 Marshal of France from 1759
Portrait of work unknown. fr. artist con. XVIII century. Museum "Invalides" Paris.
Field Marshals promoted to the rank by Emperors Alexander I and Nicholas I.
42 gr. Gudovich Ivan Vasilievich (1741-1820) from 1807
Portrait by Breze. Source book N. Schilder "Emperor Alexander I" vol. 3
43 books. Prozorovsky Alexander Alexandrovich (1732-1809) from 1807
Portrait of work unknown. artist of the late 18th - early 19th centuries.
44 St. book Golenishchev-Kutuzov-Smolensky Mikhail Illarionovich (1745-1813) from 1812
Miniature by K. Rosentretter. 1811-1812 State Hermitage Museum. St. Petersburg
45 books Barclay de Tolly Mikhail Bogdanovich (1761-1818) from 1814
Copy unknown artist from the original by Senf, 1816. State Museum. Pushkin. Moscow.
46 grz Wellington Arthur Wellesley (1769-1852) from 1818 British field marshal from 1813. He was not in Russian service, he received the rank as an honorary title.
Portrait by T. Lawrence. 1814
47 St. book Wittgenstein Peter Christianovich (1768-1843) from 1826
48 books Osten-Sacken Fabian Wilhelmovich (1752-1837) from 1826
Portrait by J. Doe. 1820s Military gallery of the Winter Palace. St. Petersburg
49 gr. Dibich-Zabalkansky Ivan Ivanovich (1785-1831) from 1829
Portrait by J. Doe. 1820s Military gallery of the Winter Palace. St. Petersburg
50 St. book Paskevich-Erivansky-Varshavsky Ivan Fedorovich (1782-1856) from 1829
Miniature of S. Marshalkevich from a portrait of F. Kruger, 1834. State Hermitage Museum. St. Petersburg
51 Erzgrts. Johann of Austria (1782-1859) from 1837 Austrian field marshal from 1836. He was not in Russian service, he received the rank as an honorary title.
Portrait by L. Kupelweiser. 1840 Schenna Castle. Austria.
52 gr. Radetzky Joseph-Wenzel (1766-1858) since 1849 Austrian field marshal since 1836. He was not in Russian service, he received the rank as an honorary title.
Portrait by J. Decker. 1850 Military Museum. Vein.
53 St. book Volkonsky Pyotr Mikhailovich (1776-1852) from 1850
Portrait by J. Doe. 1820s Military gallery of the Winter Palace. St. Petersburg
The last 13 people were awarded the rank of Field Marshal by Emperors Alexander II and Nicholas II (under the Emperor Alexandra III there were no awards).
54 St. book Vorontsov Mikhail Semyonovich (1782-1856) since 1856
55 books Baryatinsky Alexander Ivanovich (1815-1879) from 1859
56 gr. Berg Fedor Fedorovich (1794-1874) from 1865
57 Archgrtz Albrecht of Austria-Teschen (1817-1895) from 1872, Field Marshal of Austria from 1863. He was not in Russian service, he received the rank as an honorary title.
58 Ave. Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia (Frederick III, Emperor of Germany) (1831-1888) since 1872, Prussian Field Marshal General since 1870. He was not in Russian service, he received the rank as an honorary title.
59 gr. von Moltke Helmut Karl Bernhard (1800-1891) from 1872, Field Marshal of Germany from 1871. He was not in Russian service, he received the rank as an honorary title.
60 Ave. Albert of Saxony (Albert I, Cor. Saxony) (1828-1902) from 1872, Field Marshal of Germany from 1871. He was not in Russian service, he received the rank as an honorary title.
61 vel. book Nikolai Nikolaevich (1831-1891) since 1878
62 vel. book Mikhail Nikolaevich (1832-1909) since 1878
63 Gurko Joseph Vladimirovich (1828-1901) since 1894
64 gr. Milyutin Dmitry Alekseevich (1816-1912) since 1898
65 Nicholas I, King of Montenegro (1841-1921) from 1910. He was not in Russian service, he received the rank as an honorary title.
66 Carol I, King of Romania (1839-1914) from 1912. He was not in Russian service, he received the rank as an honorary title.
Appeared in the Holy Roman Empire. Later it began to be used in other German states (Saxony, Bavaria, Brunswick), as well as in Sweden, the Netherlands, and Great Britain (since 1736). From the middle of the 18th century, the imperial field marshal began to be called Austrian (since 1867 - Austro-Hungarian).
Germany
Rank "Field Marshal" by country
Countries in which the title currently exists
Rank (rank) of field marshal and ranks (ranks) equivalent to it (mushir, English. mushir , voivode (Serbia), captain general, farik, English. fariq ), available in:
- Australia (honorary title),
- Brazil (on May 13, 2009, the only holder of this title in the country, Marshal Waldemar Levi Cardoso, died; the title was awarded in 1966),
- Brunei (in addition to the existing rank of field marshal, there is the highest military rank (rank) awarded to the Sultan of Brunei, which approximately corresponds to the rank of generalissimo),
- Jordan (the holders of the title are usually the kings of Jordan or members of the royal family),
- Yemen (on December 24, 1997, the rank of marshal was awarded to the President of the Republic, Ali Abdullah Saleh),
- Lesotho (only has the King of Lesotho
- Malaysia (existing rank Yang di-Pertuan Agong translated as Supreme\Supreme Ruler is assigned to the newly elected head of state (king) from the heads of the Malaysian states and only for the duration of his tenure),
- Morocco (has the King of Morocco),
- New Zealand (honorary title, awarded in 1954 to Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh,
- Portugal (honorary title),
- Saudi Arabia (there are two field marshal ranks in the country's armed forces - field marshal And Field Marshal 1st Class (musheer) which is assigned to the King of Saudi Arabia upon his accession to the throne, that is, this rank (rank) can be equated to the rank (rank) of Generalissimo),
- Swaziland (only held by the King of Swaziland and only as an honorary title),
- Sri Lanka (first awarded to Saratha Fonseka in 2015).
Countries in which the title previously existed
- Zaire (assigned to the country's president Mobutu Sese Seko)
- Iraq (1979-2003, the last holder of the title was Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, the title was awarded in 1979)
- Spain (there is a title captain general approximately equivalent to the rank of field marshal; this title was held by: Francisco Franco (), Agustin Muñoz Grandes () and Camillo Alonso Vega (), today only the King of Spain (with ) as Supreme Commander has this title)
- Manchukuo (in 1932-45 in the army of this state there was the rank Zong Shi Ling, which was the highest military rank and corresponded to the rank of field marshal in other countries)
- Mozambique (1975-1990) (Mozambican President Samora Moises Machel held the rank of Marshal),
- Portugal (exists only as an honorary title)
- Russian Empire (see Field Marshal General (Russia))
- North Yemen (1962-1990)
- Taiwan (in the air force of this country the rank existed from T'e-Chi Shang-Chiang, which corresponds to the rank of field marshal in other countries)
- Uganda (the only holder of the title, President Idi Amin, died; the title was awarded in)
- Philippines (rank given to Douglas MacArthur)
- Finland (16 May 1933 the title was awarded to Carl Gustav Mannerheim (1867-1951))
- Montenegro (in - there was a title Vrhovni Komandant, which only King Nicholas I of Montenegro had)
- Chile (last holder of the title captain general, equivalent to the title field marshal was Augusto Pinochet)
- Yugoslavia (the only holder of the title was Josip Broz Tito)
- Ethiopia (the title existed until 1976; its holders: from November 2, 1930 - Emperor of Ethiopia Haile Selassie I and from 1934 - His Highness Prince Seyum Mangasha Tigray (-)).
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Links
- (English) . Bambooweb Dictionary. Retrieved September 16, 2009. .
- (English) . Retrieved September 16, 2009. .
- Saudi Royal Guard Regiment
- (English)
Excerpt characterizing Field Marshal
Here, on the extreme left flank, Bennigsen spoke a lot and passionately and made, as it seemed to Pierre, an important military order. There was a hill in front of Tuchkov’s troops. This hill was not occupied by troops. Bennigsen loudly criticized this mistake, saying that it was crazy to leave the height commanding the area unoccupied and place troops under it. Some generals expressed the same opinion. One in particular spoke with military fervor about the fact that they were put here for slaughter. Bennigsen ordered in his name to move the troops to the heights.This order on the left flank made Pierre even more doubtful of his ability to understand military affairs. Listening to Bennigsen and the generals condemning the position of the troops under the mountain, Pierre fully understood them and shared their opinion; but precisely because of this, he could not understand how the one who placed them here under the mountain could make such an obvious and gross mistake.
Pierre did not know that these troops were not placed to defend the position, as Bennigsen thought, but were placed in a hidden place for an ambush, that is, in order to be unnoticed and suddenly attack the advancing enemy. Bennigsen did not know this and moved the troops forward for special reasons without telling the commander-in-chief about it.
Prince Andrei, on this clear August evening on the 25th, lay leaning on his arm in a broken barn in the village of Knyazkova, on the edge of his regiment's location. Through the hole in the broken wall, he looked at a strip of thirty-year-old birch trees with their lower branches cut off running along the fence, at an arable land with stacks of oats broken on it, and at bushes through which the smoke of fires—soldiers’ kitchens—could be seen.
No matter how cramped and no one needed and no matter how difficult his life now seemed to Prince Andrei, he, just like seven years ago at Austerlitz on the eve of the battle, felt agitated and irritated.
Orders for tomorrow's battle were given and received by him. There was nothing else he could do. But the simplest, clearest thoughts and therefore terrible thoughts did not leave him alone. He knew that tomorrow's battle was going to be the most terrible of all those in which he participated, and the possibility of death for the first time in his life, without any regard to everyday life, without consideration of how it would affect others, but only according to in relation to himself, to his soul, with vividness, almost with certainty, simply and horribly, it presented itself to him. And from the height of this idea, everything that had previously tormented and occupied him was suddenly illuminated by a cold white light, without shadows, without perspective, without distinction of outlines. His whole life seemed to him like a magic lantern, into which he looked for a long time through the glass and artificial lighting. Now he suddenly saw, without glass, in bright daylight, these poorly painted pictures. “Yes, yes, these are the false images that worried and delighted and tormented me,” he said to himself, turning over in his imagination the main pictures of his magic lantern of life, now looking at them in this cold white light of day - a clear thought of death. “Here they are, these crudely painted figures that seemed like something beautiful and mysterious. Glory, the public good, love for a woman, the fatherland itself - how great these pictures seemed to me, what deep meaning they seemed fulfilled! And all this is so simple, pale and rough in the cold white light of that morning which I feel rising for me.” Three major sorrows of his life in particular occupied his attention. His love for a woman, the death of his father and the French invasion that captured half of Russia. “Love!.. This girl, who seemed to me full of mysterious powers. How I loved her! I made poetic plans about love, about happiness with it. Oh dear boy! – he said out loud angrily. - Of course! I believed in some kind of ideal love, which was supposed to remain faithful to me during the whole year of my absence! Like the tender dove of a fable, she was to wither away from me. And all this is much simpler... All this is terribly simple, disgusting!
My father also built in Bald Mountains and thought that this was his place, his land, his air, his men; but Napoleon came and, not knowing about his existence, pushed him off the road like a piece of wood, and his Bald Mountains and his whole life fell apart. And Princess Marya says that this is a test sent from above. What is the purpose of the test when it no longer exists and will not exist? will never happen again! He's gone! So who is this test for? Fatherland, death of Moscow! And tomorrow he will kill me - and not even a Frenchman, but one of his own, just as yesterday a soldier emptied a gun near my ear, and the French will come, take me by the legs and head and throw me into a hole so that I don’t stink under their noses, and new conditions will arise lives that will also be familiar to others, and I will not know about them, and I will not exist.”
He looked at the strip of birch trees with their motionless yellow, green and white bark, glistening in the sun. “To die, so that they would kill me tomorrow, so that I wouldn’t exist... so that all this would happen, but I wouldn’t exist.” He vividly imagined the absence of himself in this life. And these birches with their light and shadow, and these curly clouds, and this smoke from the fires - everything around was transformed for him and seemed something terrible and threatening. A chill ran down his spine. Quickly getting up, he left the barn and began to walk.
Voices were heard behind the barn.
- Who's there? – Prince Andrei called out.
The red-nosed captain Timokhin, the former company commander of Dolokhov, now, due to the decline of officers, a battalion commander, timidly entered the barn. He was followed by the adjutant and the regimental treasurer.
Prince Andrei hastily stood up, listened to what the officers had to convey to him, gave them some more orders and was about to let them go, when a familiar, whispering voice was heard from behind the barn.
- Que diable! [Damn it!] - said the voice of a man who bumped into something.
Prince Andrei, looking out of the barn, saw Pierre approaching him, who tripped on a lying pole and almost fell. It was generally unpleasant for Prince Andrei to see people from his world, especially Pierre, who reminded him of all those difficult moments that he experienced on his last visit to Moscow.
- That's how! - he said. - What destinies? I didn't wait.
While he was saying this, in his eyes and the expression of his entire face there was more than dryness - there was hostility, which Pierre immediately noticed. He approached the barn in the most animated state of mind, but when he saw the expression on Prince Andrei’s face, he felt constrained and awkward.
“I arrived... so... you know... I arrived... I’m interested,” said Pierre, who had already senselessly repeated this word “interesting” so many times that day. “I wanted to see the battle.”
- Yes, yes, what do the Masonic brothers say about the war? How to prevent it? - said Prince Andrei mockingly. - Well, what about Moscow? What are mine? Have you finally arrived in Moscow? – he asked seriously.
- We've arrived. Julie Drubetskaya told me. I went to see them and didn’t find them. They left for the Moscow region.
The officers wanted to take their leave, but Prince Andrei, as if not wanting to remain face to face with his friend, invited them to sit and drink tea. Benches and tea were served. The officers, not without surprise, looked at the thick, huge figure of Pierre and listened to his stories about Moscow and the disposition of our troops, which he managed to travel around. Prince Andrei was silent, and his face was so unpleasant that Pierre addressed himself more to the good-natured battalion commander Timokhin than to Bolkonsky.
FIELD MARSHAL
(German: Feldmarschall) - the highest general rank in the pre-revolutionary era. Russia and certain other states (Great Britain, Prussia, Germany, Austria, Austria-Hungary, etc.), corresponding to the rank of marshal in other countries. First introduced in the 16th century. in Austria; in the 17th century - in Prussia; introduced in Russia in 1699 (cancelled in 1917) and was awarded to the commander-in-chief of the army for the successful conduct of the war, to prominent military officers. and state figures, members of the imperial family, as well as some foreigners. military figures. In total, from 1699 to 1917 in Russia there were 62 F. and 2 F.-lieutenants (G. B. Ogilvy (1702) and G. Golts (1707)). The title of F. has been preserved in Great Britain and certain other countries.
F. in Russia (year of rank conferred in brackets): F. A. Golovin (1700), K. E. de Croa (1700), B. P. Sheremetev (1701), A. D. Menshikov (1709), A. . I. Repnin (1725), M. M. Golitsyn (1725), Y. K. Sapega (1726), Y. V. Bruce (1726), V. V. Dolgorukov (1728), I. Yu. Trubetskoy ( 1728), B. K. Minikh (1732), P. P. Lasi (1736), A. G. Razumovsky (1756), N. Yu. Trubetskoy (1756), A. B. Buturlin (1756), S. F. Apraksin (1756), P. S. Saltykov (1759), A. I. Shuvalov (1761), P. I. Shuvalov (1761), A. P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin (1762), K. G. Razumovsky (1764), A. M. Golitsyn (1769), P. A. Rumyantsev (1770), Z. G. Chernyshev (1773), G. A. Potemkin (1784), A. V. Suvorov (1794), N . I. Saltykov (1796), N. V. Repnin (1796), I. G. Chernyshev (1796), I. P. Saltykov (1796), I. K. Elmpt (1797), V. P. Musin- Pushkin (1797), M. F. Kamensky (1797), V. F. de Broglie (1797), A. A. Prozorovsky (1807), I. V. Gudovich (1807), M. I. Kutuzov (1812) , M. B. Barclay de Tolly (1814), P. X. Wittgenstein (1826), F. V. Osten-Sacken (1826), I. I. Dibich-Zabalkansky (1829), I. F. Paskevich (1829), P. M. Volkonsky (1843), M. S. Vorontsov (1856), A. I. Baryatinsky (1859), P. P. Berg (1865), lead. book Nikolai Nikolaevich (1878), leader. book Mikhail Nikolaevich (1878), I. V. Gurko (1894), D. A. Milyutin (1898). In addition, the rank of Russian. F. had foreign state and military figures: book. Ludwig Wilhelm of Hesse-Coburg (1742), Duke Karl Ludwig of Holstein-Beck (1761), Prince Peter August of Holstein-Beck (1762), Prince Georg Ludwig of Holstein-Schleswig (1762), Landgrave Ludwig IX of Hesse-Darmstadt (1774), A Wellington (1818), Austrian Archduke Johann (1837), J. Radetzky (1849), Austrian. Archduke Albrecht (1872), Prussian. Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm (1872), X. Moltke the Elder (1872), King Nikola Njegos of Montenegro (1910).
Lit.: Bartenev A., Biographies of generalissimos and field marshals of the Russian Empire. Army, "Military historical collection," 1911-13, No. 1-4; 1914, No. 1-3.
Soviet historical encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ed. E. M. Zhukova. 1973-1982 .
Synonyms:See what "FIELDMARSHAL" is in other dictionaries:
Field Marshal... Spelling dictionary-reference book
- (German, from Feld field, and Marschall marshal). The main military rank in the Russian, German and English armies. Dictionary foreign words, included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. FIELD MARSHAL, the highest military rank in the Russian army. Dictionary… … Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
- (German Feldmarchall) the highest military rank in the armies of some states. In the 16th century in the German states, in 1700 in Russia the military rank of general field marshal was introduced. The rank of field marshal has been preserved in Great Britain and some other countries... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
German, see General Field Marshal, one and the same. Under Paul there was a field marshal in the fleet, gr. Ivan Grig. Chernyshev. Field Marshal's baton, bestowed upon this rank; spyglass, with black double-headed eagles on gold. Field marshalship, rank, rank, rank... ... Dictionary Dahl
- (German Feldmarchall) the highest military rank in the armies of some states. In the 16th century in the German states, in 1700 in Russia the military rank of field marshal was introduced. The rank of field marshal has been preserved in Great Britain and some other countries... Political science. Dictionary.
Cm … Synonym dictionary
- (German Feldmarchall) the highest military rank in the armies of some states. In the 16th century in the German states, in 1700 the military rank of General F. was introduced in Russia. The rank of F. was preserved in Great Britain and some other states... Legal dictionary
FIELD MARSHAL, field marshal, husband. (German Feidmarschall) (military pre-revolutionary and Western). The highest military rank in the Russian Tsarist army and some Western armies. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
FIELD MARSHAL, ah, husband. In the pre-revolutionary Russian and some other armies: the highest rank of general, as well as the person holding this rank. | adj. Field Marshal, oh, oh. F. rod. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
- (German Feldmarschall), or general field marshal (German Generalfeldmarschall) the highest military rank that existed in the armies of the German states, the Russian Empire, the Holy Roman Empire and the Austrian Empire. Corresponds... ... Wikipedia
A; m. [German] Feldmarschall] B Russian army before 1917 and some other armies: the highest rank of general; person holding this rank. F. Kutuzov. ◁ Field Marshal, oh, oh. F. rod. F. uniform. * * * Field Marshal (German: Feldmarshall), highest... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Books
- Field Marshal Rumyantsev, Arseny Aleksandrovich Zamostyanov. Field Marshal Count Pyotr Aleksandrovich Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky is one of the most glorious commanders in the history of Russia. More than once he managed to defeat the strongest army of that time -...
Same. Under Paul there was a field marshal in the fleet, gr. Ivan Grig. Chernyshev. Field Marshal's baton, bestowed upon this rank; spyglass, with black double-headed eagles on gold. Field marshalship, rank, rank, title. Feldwebel, senior non-commissioned officer in the company. Feldfebelsky, related to him. Sergeant major, his wife. Feldzeigmeister, chief commander of all artillery. Feldzeigmeistersky, related to him. The paramedic is distorted. Fershel, assistant doctor. A paramedic's kit, a preparation kit with equipment for bloodletting, etc. A paramedic, his wife. Feldspar m. fossil feldspar. Courier, messenger, messenger, courier for the highest government, in a military rank. Courier road. Courier, his wife.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov
field marshal
field marshal, m. (German: Feidmarschall) (military pre-revolutionary and foreign). The highest military rank in the Russian tsarist army and certain armies of the West.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova.
field marshal
A, m. In pre-revolutionary Russian and some other armies: the highest rank of general, as well as the person holding this rank.
adj. Field Marshal, -aya. -oh. F. rod.
New explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.
field marshal
The highest military rank - general - (in the armies of some states and in the army of the Russian state until 1917).
A person holding such a rank.
Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998
field marshal
FIELD MARSHALL (German: Feldmarchall) is the highest military rank in the armies of some states. In the 16th century in the German states, in 1700 in Russia the military rank of field marshal general was introduced. The rank of field marshal has been preserved in Great Britain and some other countries.
Large legal dictionary
field marshal
(German: Feldmarchall) - the highest military rank in the armies of some states. In the 16th century in the German states, in 1700 in Russia the military rank of general-F was introduced. The title of F. has been preserved in Great Britain and some other states.
Field Marshal
(German: Feidmarschall), the highest military rank in the ground forces of some states. See Field Marshal.
Wikipedia
Field Marshal
Field Marshal- rank, the highest military rank that existed in the armies of the Holy Roman Empire (later the Austrian Empire) and the German states, then many other states.
Corresponds to the rank of marshal in some other countries.
Field Marshal (UK)
Field Marshal- the highest military rank in the British Army.
Field Marshal (Sweden)
Field Marshal- the highest military rank in Sweden. From 1561 to 1824 it was assigned to 77 military leaders. Legally saved in the system military ranks Swedish army before the 1972 reform.
The title of field marshal came to Sweden from Germany in the second half of the 16th century. Initially, it was not the highest military rank and was given only during any military enterprises. During the reign of Gustav II Adolf, the position of the field marshal changed. Thus, Field Marshal Christer Some was the commander-in-chief in Småland in 1611, Jesper Mattson Kroes was the second person after Duke Johan during the king’s absence in the country, and Evert Horn and Karl Karlsson Yllenhjelm were Jacob Delagardie’s closest people during the Time of Troubles in Russia. In 1621, during the campaign against Riga, Herman Wrangel was promoted to field marshal and continued to retain this rank after its completion.
During the Thirty Years' War, the system of military ranks in Sweden acquired a clearer structure, and the rank of field marshal began to be worn by army commanders who independently conducted military operations. Field marshals were still subordinate to the Riksmars, as well as to the Generalissimo and even to the king's "own lieutenant general" when such a rank existed; but nevertheless, they were already ranked among the highest military ranks.
In 1648, the rank of field marshal-lieutenant appeared in the Swedish army, but it did not take root and has not been used since the beginning of the 18th century.
After Yu. A. Sandels, promoted to field marshal in 1824, no one else received this title.
Examples of the use of the word field marshal in literature.
But on the other hand, old field marshal, after his smart friends, the farmers, presented him with the Neudeck estate as a sign of gratitude on behalf of the entire nation, he became imbued with a love for agriculture.
We left field marshal Apraksin, when he sent urgent dispatches to St. Petersburg with Belov, that is, at the very beginning of September.
Field Marshal, brilliantly distinguished himself in the Turkish wars, commander of the Teutonic Knightly Order in Heilbronn, commandant of the Heidelberg Fortress during the war with France.
Kawabe said that all well-meaning Japanese, imbued with a sense of sincere gratitude to His Excellency field marshal for his truly humane attitude towards defeated Japan and for his successful tireless efforts towards the democratization of the country and the suppression of attempts by destructive elements to spread pernicious ideas, they consider it a high honor for themselves to participate in the fulfillment of the moisture-loving plans of his Excellency regarding the establishment of the cardinal principles of democracy.
Entering Hitler's office at this late hour, Hakha immediately noticed next to the Fuhrer not only Ribbentrop and Weizsacker, but also field marshal Goering, urgently summoned from San Remo, where he was vacationing, and General Keitel, however, did not see Hitler’s doctor, a charlatan named Theodor Morell.
Edna Grün was thirty years younger field marshal, and there is nothing strange in the fact that a widower fell in love.
Doriot approved it, called Guyot, he passed it on to Maurice, and the plan for the future field marshal was taken into action at the highest level.
In the last days of peace, the Egyptians witnessed a strange performance: field marshal Viscount Montgomery arrived in the country for a week-long visit, lasting from 3 to 10 May.
When I finally arrived at the Narva camp field marshal Ogilvy, taken at the insistence of Patkul from Vienna to the Moscow service for a considerable salary, in addition to feeding and all wine and other allowances - three thousand gold efimkas a year - Pyotr Alekseevich handed over command to him and impatiently rushed to Yuryev.
Please accept my congratulations on the occasion of the surrender field marshal Paulus and on the occasion of the end of the 6th German Army.
And then the peasant son stood up - Marshal Soviet Union and, looking straight into the eyes of the cadet's son-- field marshal fascist Germany, said: “Do you have an act of unconditional surrender in your hands, have you studied it and do you have the authority to sign this act?”
They were also released field marshal Schörner, who did not submit to the act of surrender, generals Heusinger, Wenck, Manteuffel, Manstein, the head of Hitler's Imperial Chancellery Lammers, Finance Minister Count Schwerin von Krosick, Armaments Minister Sauer, etc.
Excited by the prospect of conquering Egypt, he postponed the assault on Malla until early September, and Rommel now field marshal, to the surprise of the Italians, it was allowed to occupy the relatively narrow passage between El Alamein and the Qattara Depression as a springboard for future operations, the ultimate goal of which was the Suez Canal.
Concept field marshal was to break through the weak English defenses at the edge of the Qattara Depression, then turn north, east of Alam el Halfa, and make a swift dash to the shore at El Hammam.
On the evening of the day when Goebbels made the already mentioned speech, high-ranking guests gathered at his home, in the palace built on his orders near the Brandenburg Gate shortly before the start of the war, including field marshal Milch, Minister of Justice Thierak, State Secretary of the Ministry of the Interior Stuckart, State Secretary Kerner, as well as Funk and Ley.
Already during the time of Peter I, there were two field marshals in the Russian army (F.A. Golovin and de Croix, then F.A. Golovin and B.P. Sheremetev, then B.P. Sheremetev and A.D. Menshikov, in In 1724, the second Field Marshal General A.I. Repnin was appointed to A.D. Menshikov, who had fallen into disgrace.
Under Peter I, there was also the rank of field marshal-lieutenant general (that is, deputy field marshal general, above general chief), it was awarded only to two foreigners accepted into Russian service: Georg Benedict Ogilvy (, from the Saxon service) and Heinrich Goltz ( , dismissed from service), was not subsequently assigned.
Often the rank was assigned in the form honorary award foreign military leaders who did not serve in the Russian army. Among them are such famous military leaders as the Duke of Wellington, Austrian Field Marshal Johann Joseph Radetzky and Prussian Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, as well as several monarchs and members of their families (Alexander II granted field marshal's batons to four Hohenzollerns).
Of all Russian emperors Only under Ivan Antonovich and under Alexander III (the Peacemaker) were the ranks of field marshal not awarded. According to some reports, Alexander II himself unofficially wore field marshal insignia (without a formal order to assign such a rank to himself).
By the time the Table of Ranks was abolished in 1917, only one Russian field marshal general was alive - Nikola Petrovich Njegosh (Nicholas I, King of Montenegro). The last field marshal general of the Russian service, Dmitry Alekseevich Milyutin, died in 1912.
List of Russian field marshals
List of Russian Field Marshals General, perhaps not everyone who had this rank is represented:
Curiosities
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Notes
Literature
- Bantysh-Kamensky, D. N.. - M.: Culture, 1991.
- Egorshin V. A. Field marshals and marshals. - M.: “Patriot”, 2000.
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Excerpt characterizing Field Marshal General (Russia)
- Really? - Anna Mikhailovna exclaimed. - Oh, this is terrible! It’s scary to think... This is my son,” she added, pointing to Boris. “He himself wanted to thank you.”Boris bowed politely again.
- Believe, prince, that a mother’s heart will never forget what you did for us.
“I’m glad that I could do something pleasant for you, my dear Anna Mikhailovna,” said Prince Vasily, straightening his frill and in his gesture and voice showing here, in Moscow, before the patronized Anna Mikhailovna, even greater importance than in St. Petersburg, at Annette’s evening Scherer.
“Try to serve well and be worthy,” he added, turning sternly to Boris. - I'm glad... Are you here on vacation? – he dictated in his dispassionate tone.
“I’m waiting for an order, your Excellency, to go to a new destination,” answered Boris, showing neither annoyance at the prince’s harsh tone, nor a desire to engage in conversation, but so calmly and respectfully that the prince looked at him intently.
- Do you live with your mother?
“I live with Countess Rostova,” said Boris, adding again: “Your Excellency.”
“This is the Ilya Rostov who married Nathalie Shinshina,” said Anna Mikhailovna.
“I know, I know,” said Prince Vasily in his monotonous voice. – Je n"ai jamais pu concevoir, comment Nathalieie s"est decidee a epouser cet ours mal – leche l Un personnage completement stupide et ridicule.Et joueur a ce qu"on dit. [I could never understand how Nathalie decided to come out marry this dirty bear. A completely stupid and funny person, and a player, they say.]
– Mais tres brave homme, mon prince, [But a kind person, Prince,” Anna Mikhailovna remarked, smiling touchingly, as if she knew that Count Rostov deserved such an opinion, but asked to have pity on the poor old man. – What do the doctors say? - asked the princess, after a short silence and again expressing great sadness on her tear-stained face.
“There is little hope,” said the prince.
“And I really wanted to thank my uncle again for all his good deeds to both me and Borya.” C"est son filleuil, [This is his godson," she added in such a tone, as if this news should have greatly pleased Prince Vasily.
Prince Vasily thought and winced. Anna Mikhailovna realized that he was afraid to find in her a rival in the will of Count Bezukhy. She hastened to reassure him.
“If it weren’t for my true love and devotion to my uncle,” she said, pronouncing this word with particular confidence and carelessness: “I know his character, noble, straightforward, but he has only the princesses with him... They are still young...” She bowed her head and she added in a whisper: “Did he fulfill his last duty, prince?” How precious are these last minutes! After all, it can’t be worse; it needs to be cooked if it is that bad. We women, Prince,” she smiled tenderly, “always know how to say these things.” It is necessary to see him. No matter how hard it was for me, I was already used to suffering.
The prince apparently understood, and understood, as he did at the evening at Annette Scherer’s, that it was difficult to get rid of Anna Mikhailovna.
“Wouldn’t this meeting be difficult for him, here Anna Mikhailovna,” he said. - Let's wait until evening, the doctors promised a crisis.
“But you can’t wait, Prince, at these moments.” Pensez, il va du salut de son ame... Ah! c"est terrible, les devoirs d"un chretien... [Think, it’s about saving his soul! Oh! this is terrible, the duty of a Christian...]
From interior rooms The door opened, and one of the count's princesses, the count's nieces, entered, with a gloomy and cold face and a strikingly disproportionate long waist to her legs.
Prince Vasily turned to her.
- Well, what is he?
- All the same. And as you wish, this noise... - said the princess, looking around Anna Mikhailovna as if she were a stranger.
“Ah, chere, je ne vous reconnaissais pas, [Ah, dear, I didn’t recognize you,” Anna Mikhailovna said with a happy smile, walking up to the count’s niece with a light amble. “Je viens d"arriver et je suis a vous pour vous aider a soigner mon oncle. J'imagine, combien vous avez souffert, [I came to help you follow your uncle. I can imagine how you suffered," she added, with participation rolling my eyes.
The princess did not answer anything, did not even smile, and immediately left. Anna Mikhailovna took off her gloves and, in the position she had won, sat down on a chair, inviting Prince Vasily to sit next to her.
- Boris! “- she said to her son and smiled, “I’ll go to the count, to my uncle, and you go to Pierre, mon ami, in the meantime, and don’t forget to give him the invitation from the Rostovs.” They call him to dinner. I think he won't go? – she turned to the prince.
“On the contrary,” said the prince, apparently out of sorts. – Je serais tres content si vous me debarrassez de ce jeune homme... [I would be very glad if you would save me from this young man…] Sitting here. The Count never asked about him.
He shrugged. The waiter led the young man down and up another staircase to Pyotr Kirillovich.
Pierre never had time to choose a career for himself in St. Petersburg and, indeed, was exiled to Moscow for rioting. The story told by Count Rostov was true. Pierre participated in tying up the policeman with the bear. He arrived a few days ago and stayed, as always, at his father's house. Although he assumed that his story was already known in Moscow, and that the ladies surrounding his father, always unkind to him, would take advantage of this opportunity to irritate the count, he still went after his father’s half on the day of his arrival. Entering the drawing room, the usual abode of the princesses, he greeted the ladies who were sitting at the embroidery frame and behind a book, which one of them was reading aloud. There were three of them. The eldest, clean, long-waisted, stern girl, the same one who came out to Anna Mikhailovna, was reading; the younger ones, both ruddy and pretty, differing from each other only in that one had a mole above her lip, which made her very beautiful, were sewing in a hoop. Pierre was greeted as if he were dead or plagued. The eldest princess interrupted her reading and silently looked at him with frightened eyes; the youngest, without a mole, assumed exactly the same expression; the smallest one, with a mole, of a cheerful and giggling character, bent over the embroidery frame to hide a smile, probably caused by the upcoming scene, the funnyness of which she foresaw. She pulled the hair down and bent down, as if she was sorting out the patterns and could hardly restrain herself from laughing.
“Bonjour, ma cousine,” said Pierre. – Vous ne me hesonnaissez pas? [Hello, cousin. Don't you recognize me?]
“I recognize you too well, too well.”
– How is the count’s health? Can I see him? – Pierre asked awkwardly, as always, but not embarrassed.
– The Count is suffering both physically and morally, and it seems that you took care to cause him more moral suffering.
-Can I see the count? - Pierre repeated.
- Hm!.. If you want to kill him, completely kill him, then you can see. Olga, go and see if the broth is ready for your uncle, it’s time soon,” she added, showing Pierre that they were busy and busy calming his father down, while he was obviously busy only upsetting him.
Olga left. Pierre stood, looked at the sisters and, bowing, said:
- So I’ll go to my place. When it is possible, you tell me.
He went out, and the ringing but quiet laughter of the sister with the mole was heard behind him.
The next day, Prince Vasily arrived and settled in the count's house. He called Pierre to him and told him:
– Mon cher, si vous vous conduisez ici, comme a Petersbourg, vous finirez tres mal; c"est tout ce que je vous dis. [My dear, if you behave here as in St. Petersburg, you will end very badly; I have nothing more to tell you.] The Count is very, very sick: you don’t need to see him at all.
Since then, Pierre was not disturbed, and he spent the whole day alone upstairs in his room.
While Boris entered his room, Pierre was walking around his room, occasionally stopping in the corners, making threatening gestures towards the wall, as if piercing an invisible enemy with a sword, and looking sternly over his glasses and then starting his walk again, uttering unclear words, shaking shoulders and arms outstretched.
- L "Angleterre a vecu, [England is finished," he said, frowning and pointing his finger at someone. - M. Pitt comme traitre a la nation et au droit des gens est condamiene a... [Pitt, as a traitor to the nation and people rightly, he is sentenced to ...] - He did not have time to finish his sentence on Pitt, imagining himself at that moment as Napoleon himself and, together with his hero, having already made a dangerous crossing through the Pas de Calais and conquered London - when he saw a young, slender and handsome officer entering him He stopped. Pierre left Boris as a fourteen-year-old boy and definitely did not remember him; but, despite this, in his characteristic quick and welcoming manner, he took him by the hand and smiled friendly.
- Do you remember me? – Boris said calmly, with a pleasant smile. “I came with my mother to the count, but he seems to be not entirely healthy.
- Yes, he seems unwell. “Everyone worries him,” Pierre answered, trying to remember who this young man was.
Boris felt that Pierre did not recognize him, but did not consider it necessary to identify himself and, without experiencing the slightest embarrassment, looked him straight in the eyes.
“Count Rostov asked you to come to dinner with him today,” he said after a rather long and awkward silence for Pierre.
- A! Count Rostov! – Pierre spoke joyfully. - So you are his son, Ilya. As you can imagine, I didn’t recognize you at first. Remember how we went to Vorobyovy Gory with m me Jacquot... [Madame Jacquot...] a long time ago.
“You’re mistaken,” Boris said slowly, with a bold and somewhat mocking smile. – I am Boris, the son of Princess Anna Mikhailovna Drubetskaya. Rostov's father is called Ilya, and his son is Nikolai. And I didn’t know any m me Jacquot.
Pierre waved his arms and head as if mosquitoes or bees were attacking him.
- Oh, what is this! I got everything mixed up. There are so many relatives in Moscow! Are you Boris...yes. Well, you and I have agreed. Well, what do you think about the Boulogne expedition? After all, the British will have a bad time if only Napoleon crosses the canal? I think the expedition is very possible. Villeneuve would not have made a mistake!
Boris knew nothing about the Boulogne expedition, he had not read the newspapers, and this was the first time he had heard about Villeneuve.
“Here in Moscow we are more busy with dinners and gossip than with politics,” he said in his calm, mocking tone. – I don’t know anything about it and don’t think anything about it. Moscow is most busy with gossip,” he continued. “Now they’re talking about you and the count.”
Pierre smiled his kind smile, as if he was afraid for his interlocutor, lest he might say something for which he would repent. But Boris spoke distinctly, clearly and dryly, looking directly into Pierre’s eyes.
“Moscow has nothing better to do than gossip,” he continued. “Everyone is busy with who the count will leave his fortune to, although perhaps he will outlive us all, which is what I sincerely wish...
“Yes, this is all very difficult,” Pierre picked up, “very difficult.” “Pierre was still afraid that this officer would accidentally get into an awkward conversation for himself.
“And it must seem to you,” Boris said, blushing slightly, but without changing his voice or posture, “it must seem to you that everyone is busy only with getting something from the rich man.”
“So it is,” thought Pierre.
“But I just want to tell you, in order to avoid misunderstandings, that you will be very mistaken if you count me and my mother among these people.” We are very poor, but I, at least, speak for myself: precisely because your father is rich, I do not consider myself his relative, and neither I nor my mother will ever ask or accept anything from him.
Pierre could not understand for a long time, but when he understood, he jumped up from the sofa, grabbed Boris’s hand from below with his characteristic speed and awkwardness and, flushed much more than Boris, began to speak with a mixed feeling of shame and annoyance.
- This is strange! I really... and who could have thought... I know very well...
But Boris interrupted him again:
“I’m glad I expressed everything.” Maybe it’s unpleasant for you, excuse me,” he said, reassuring Pierre, instead of being reassured by him, “but I hope I didn’t offend you.” I have a rule of saying everything directly... How can I convey it? Will you come to dinner with the Rostovs?