Management of state and moon debt: concept, tasks, eff. Har-ka of the main methods of managing state and moon debt

In the system of power of the Russian Federation, there are institutions of municipal and state service. What are their features?

Facts about public service

Under civil service It is customary to understand the labor activity of citizens in various government bodies - mainly representing the executive branch. That is (if we talk about the Russian model of the civil service), these will be ministries and departments subordinate to them.

State power in the Russian Federation functions at 2 levels - federal and regional. At the same time, the institutions of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are directly subordinate to structures in Moscow and accountable to them. In turn, the civil service is also actually represented by two levels - federal and regional.

It is worth noting that civil servants are not persons who receive their positions in the system of power based on the results of elections or due to the significant influence of their results. In particular, these are the President of the Russian Federation, the Chairman of the Government, ministers, deputies of the State Duma. Judges are not considered civil servants (while ordinary employees of the judiciary may well be in the civil service).

The Russian civil service system provides for 4 main types of positions: managers, assistants, specialists, as well as providing specialists. At the same time, they are also additionally classified into groups: the highest, the main, the leading, sometimes the older and the younger.

A distinctive feature of the civil service is the ability of a person holding a position in a particular government body to receive a class rank. It is assigned to a person upon successful passing of a qualifying exam or in accordance with the norms for assigning class ranks for some higher positions (in particular, managers, in some cases assistants).

Facts about municipal service

Under municipal service in the Russian Federation, it is customary to understand the labor activity of citizens in local authorities - administrations and councils of cities, districts, settlements. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, municipal power is separated from state power. This is what largely determines the distinction between the types of service under consideration. As in the case of the civil service, persons who have received their position in the order of election cannot become municipal employees.

Positions within the municipal service are classified into higher, main, leading, senior and junior. Their specific lists are fixed in the legal acts adopted by the authorities in the subjects of the Russian Federation.

Municipal employees can also receive class ranks. As a rule, their assignment depends on the level of the position occupied by the person, as well as on the length of service of the employee of the local authority. In addition, the level of professional training and experience of the worker affects the prospects for obtaining a class rank within the framework of the municipal service.

The qualification exam in the municipal service is rather an optional condition for obtaining a class rank - in contrast to the civil service, where its successful completion is considered as the main condition for acquiring the appropriate status. The need for this exam should be recorded in the local regulations of a particular authority.

Comparison

The main difference between the municipal service and the state is that the first is the labor activity of persons carried out in local authorities, the second - at the level of regional and federal structures. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, municipal and state authorities in Russia are independent of each other. Therefore, municipal employees are not accountable to state structures.

However, the types of services under consideration have much in common:

1. qualification requirements for potential civil servants and persons employed in the municipal service are generally the same;
2. length of service in the civil service is taken into account in the municipal service - and vice versa;
3. the principles of wages, as well as social guarantees in the civil service and the municipal service as a whole are very similar.

Both types of service have a classification of posts into similar categories. But as for the assignment of class ranks - this procedure in the civil service in most cases involves a qualification exam. It is optional in the municipal service.

Thus, the differences between the civil service and the municipal service are reduced mainly to the legal differentiation of the levels of functioning of the authorities in which people work, carrying out the types of labor activity under consideration.

Having studied the difference between the municipal and public service, we will reflect the conclusions in the table.

Table

For many, it is still a mystery what the specialty "state and municipal administration" includes. What skills are taught at universities within the framework of this profile, and most importantly - where to go to work later.

State and municipal administration: what kind of profession?

Russia is a state with its own administrative apparatus, which is divided into three levels: federal, regional and municipal. Each stage is designed to solve a range of its issues within the competence: from the adoption of legislation to the cleaning of adjacent house areas in each individual city or village.

In order for the power structures to work effectively and not violate the law and the rights of an individual citizen, highly qualified personnel are needed, the training of which takes place precisely in the profile of “state and municipal management”. Graduates of this specialty can competently organize the work of power structures, distribute the budget, process citizens' appeals, equalize economic stability, and much more.

How did this specialty come about?

The expression “the country can be ruled by a cook” has long been irrelevant and fundamentally wrong. The townsfolk do not even assume that a person in the public service must be deeply versed in various fields: from law to biology and geography, in order to make high-quality management decisions.

Advanced countries have been training specialists in this field for a long time, in our country the system of state and municipal government began to receive competent personnel only in the 2000s.

At a time when the country was just rising from its knees, without a stable regulatory framework behind it, there was a need for professionals who, thanks to their knowledge and competencies, would develop and implement projects aimed at improving the lives of citizens and the state as a whole.

Since 1995, the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation has issued several standards for training in this specialty at universities and secondary professional institutions. At that time, people did not know what state and municipal administration included, who to work with, what to do, so only a few went to study, at the moment this program is one of the most popular among humanitarian areas.

Many artists, politicians, public figures send their children to this direction because of the versatility of the knowledge gained.

Where can you go to get a job after training?

The prestige of this work has recently risen a lot, but when choosing the specialty "state and municipal administration", not everyone understands who to work then. What power structures are open to graduates of this profile?

• Administrations of different levels, and this may be the presidential administration.
• Various executive bodies: committees, departments, departments dealing with issues of economy, housing and communal services, education, healthcare, transport, social protection, ecology.
• Legislative structures, whether it be the State Duma, the regional or regional Legislative Assembly or the Council of People's Deputies directly in the municipality. Here you can speak directly on a professional basis, as well as in the support apparatus of the entire body or a single deputy.
• Diplomatic departments, departments for foreign economic relations.
• Supervisory authorities (tax service, law enforcement, bailiff service).
• Various civil institutions dealing with issues of social protection, insurance, pension provision.
• Multifunctional centers providing public services to the population.

In addition, you can stay as a teacher at the university (having previously studied at the magistracy and graduate school), go to research centers.

Also, commercial organizations where managerial personnel are needed very often prefer applicants with a diploma of state and municipal management.

Benefits of working in government

1. If you choose the profession of state and municipal administration, you will be provided with a job. The market for vacant positions is constantly updated, and the demand for specialists is observed both in federal bodies and in municipal ones.
2. The employer is the state. Accordingly, all norms of labor legislation will be observed, and wages will always come on time.
3. Career growth can begin in the ordinary municipal administration, and end in the State Duma - it all depends on the employee's ambitions, his skills and efforts.
4. The knowledge gained during the training and in the process of work will allow you to quickly and effectively solve your own everyday problems, as you will know exactly what you need to pay attention to in contracts, where you need to apply for a particular problem, what rights you have .
5. Many employees have business trips at work, so you will have the opportunity to visit different parts of Russia and beyond.
6. Being a manager is prestigious. Employees are referred to the modern intelligentsia.

Training program

In order to become a competent specialist, you need a broad outlook, which universities try to develop as much as possible. The student must master the basic disciplines for general development, such as: philosophy, history, mathematics, life safety, a foreign language, the concept of modern natural science, physical education, ecology, political science.

In addition, there are a number of disciplines in the specialty: office work, jurisprudence (both general and narrower: civil, criminal, administrative, land, and so on), economics (global, macro-, micro-), theory of state and municipal government , project management, territory management, territorial organization, management, marketing, a complex of disciplines in computer science and many others.

There are also disciplines designed to develop the personal qualities of students and their innovative vein: psychology, sociology, ethics, business communications, consulting, cultural studies, logic, rhetoric, innovation management, public relations management and similar courses.

Thus, knowledge and experience, a broad outlook and a craving for research, the development of creative and rule-making abilities, as well as a huge range of competencies that are applicable in various fields, provide training in the specialty of state and municipal management. Whom then to work, the student will decide without problems, since in addition to the public service, such a base is also required in other organizations, both commercial and non-commercial.

What issues should a graduate be aware of?

• Know the Constitution, basic federal and regional laws.
• Navigate the power structures and the system of government.
• Be able to find reliable legal information.
• To know the economic laws, the political situation in the country, the problems in the social sphere.
• Be able to make sound management decisions.
• Own various methods of analysis, forecasting, statistics and reporting.
• The most important thing is to understand after receiving the specialty of state and municipal administration, who then to work with.

What qualities do you need to have to become a successful manager?

1. Strive for knowledge.
2. Be punctual.
3. Have patience and willpower.
4. Know how to correct mistakes.
5. Think a few steps ahead.
6. Do not be afraid to bring something new into your life and work.

Where can you get an education?

In Russia, you can get this specialty almost everywhere in large cities and regional centers. In fact, every classical and economic university offers training and retraining in the direction of state and municipal management. Who to work after training, the average salary in the field, the vacancy market within the subject - these questions can be asked directly to the selection committee in order to unequivocally determine the profile of training.

As a rule, this specialty is paid, but there are exceptions. You can enter based on the results of the Unified State Examination, as well as on an interview if you already have a secondary specialized education.

At the moment, you can unlearn the full undergraduate program, get additional education or take courses.

State and municipal administration is an opportunity to gain broad knowledge, skills of working with people, learn the basics of office work, in addition, a person will eventually move up the career ladder, which is important for many.

Career growth: where to start?

After graduation, you need to write a resume. Further, on the official websites of power structures, study vacant offers and choose the most attractive ones for yourself.

In the civil service, a position is taken only by competition, so it is worth carefully studying the regulatory framework of the relevant body and the main acts relating to the civil service.

It is necessary to prepare in advance all the necessary package of documents, which must be brought to the place of the interview. As a rule, filling a position lasts 1-2 months.

Thus, do not be afraid to enter the state and municipal administration. Whom then to work, you will definitely decide during the training, since during the work experience you will get acquainted with various bodies directly, and you will highlight what is more interesting: social, legislative, economic, law enforcement, environmental sphere or something else. Even if you understand that this profession is not for you, then with the qualifications and competencies you have, you can easily find another job that is more interesting for you outside the civil service.

Currently, the popularity of the specialty "state and municipal management" is growing. Who can work after graduation?

General points

It would seem that such a prestigious specialization, a high passing score when entering a higher educational institution should be a guarantee of an excellent career, fast and profitable employment. But in practice the situation is somewhat different. Graduated from the Faculty of State and Municipal Administration? Whom to work - do not know? To begin with, we highlight the features of this direction.

Features of the profession

A logical question arises for those who have chosen for “state and municipal administration”: who can work after completing their studies? Yesterday's students have three alternative paths at once:

• work in a private organization;
• get a job in a state structure;
• get a position in an institute or research laboratory.

Such prospects for the specialization "state and municipal administration", who to work with - the choice remains with the holder of the diploma. When hiring, the applicant must take into account financial needs, his own ambitions. After training for five years in the basics of forecasting and analysis, there should not be any particular problems in working out all the advantages of the proposed position.

Career

In real life, graduates of the “state and municipal administration” direction do not choose who to work with, but agree to any proposals regarding office work. Such a position can hardly be called the ultimate dream, but, despite the low salary, a significant amount of work, the clerk has every chance for a good career growth. But this is relevant only in those organizations in which subsequent promotion is possible. Holders of a diploma in the direction of "state and municipal administration", who they work with, must choose for themselves.

Service to the State

If a graduate has chosen to work in a state organization, he must understand the full burden of responsibility that lies with him. In fact, such an employee is an intermediary between the institutions of power and ordinary people. Are you discussing who to work after the “state and municipal management” faculty? At first, you can count in state structures only for the position of a specialist of the 2nd category. The salary that will be offered to a young specialist does not exceed 20-25 thousand rubles. But on the part of the state in many regions of the country, various support measures are offered, for example, benefits for children entering preschool educational institutions, free travel in public transport, and treatment in local sanatoriums. As the length of service increases, the size automatically increases, it becomes possible to move up the career ladder.

Private companies

Do you have a diploma with a specialization in “municipal and state administration”, where to work, have not decided yet? Try to get a job in a private company. In this case, even without experience, you can count on a good salary. If you want to get momentary material profit, immediately look for vacancies in non-state companies. Graduates who dream of serving their country faithfully should be prepared for low wages and irregular work schedules. The main advantage of such a choice can be considered the opportunity to maximize the satisfaction of one's personal ambitions. You have a specialty "state and municipal management", who to work with, have not decided yet? In this case, try to first apply for a job in a large corporation. In any company there is a special department, whose employees are engaged in establishing relationships with government agencies.

Requirements for a private company employee

In order to count on high wages, to work in the department dealing with relations with government agencies, you must have certain skills:

• conduct a complete analysis of the actions of the authorities, the laws adopted, the policies pursued;
• find ways of effective interaction with state structures;
• support and implement programs that are aimed at joint activities with local governments;
• identify the main needs of the company.

Not every private company has interaction with public authorities at such a high level that would allow creating special departments and hiring qualified employees. Only huge corporations and large monopolists are engaged in such activities. In them, the state is the main shareholder and founder, so it will be difficult for a yesterday's graduate to find a job in such a serious company, even if he has a profession of "state and municipal management." Where to work for newly minted specialists?

Consulting firms and think tanks

Employment in such organizations does not guarantee high wages. In addition, it will be difficult to count on rapid career growth here. But for those people who are interested in forecasting, analysis, working in a consulting center or an analytical agency will be an excellent option. If the forecasts that you make turn out to be accurate and successful, there is a chance in a few years to gain a positive image, to become a respected member of the team. Gradually, you will gain some weight in a certain circle, your suggestions and ideas will be listened to, you will be systematically invited to various analytical programs and programs. At the same time, it is necessary to understand that only a few can make a full-fledged career, everyone else will have to be content with secondary roles and perform very prosaic duties. There is a small chance to be an employee of an international consulting company, to get the opportunity to realize your own potential.

Work as an official

There are certain requirements that an employer imposes on a graduate of a higher educational institution. In order to count on a prestigious job, it is necessary to demonstrate to a potential employer the following qualities:

• Analysis. It is necessary to have information about the main changes taking place in the financial market, in tax policy, to follow political trends, to be aware of the possible risks of managerial work.
• Organization of activities. Be able to create and plan new projects, including the development of programs for the whole region.

In addition to the skills listed above, the official must establish full-fledged relations with the public, speak several languages, and provide advice to private firms. If a young employee has all these qualities, he will find a very promising and highly paid job, he will be in demand.

Conclusion

After five years of study, having received the specialty "state and municipal administration", it is up to the holder of the diploma to decide who to get a job. It is important not to forget all the skills and knowledge that were acquired in the course of study, to fully implement in practice. This specialty is considered one of the most modern and young in our country. In 2015, the Russian Federation introduced a new federal educational standard for the training of specialists in state and municipal administration. At the moment, this specialization is one of the most sought after among applicants, so high scores in the unified state exam are required to enter the Faculty of Management. Successful graduates of general education schools try to get into this particular specialization, realizing that after completing their studies they will have a real chance to work in commercial structures and public administration.

This specialty is one of the youngest in the Russian Federation. At the moment, the main universities of the country define this direction as one of the most promising and in demand in the near future. Since 2015, a new federal educational standard has been in force, which orients the training program in this specialty to the needs of the labor market.

The activities of future graduates will be related to work as representatives of the civil civil service in both municipal and commercial structures. But more on that later. Today, there is also a great demand for competent specialists in the field of management in the research field. The specialty "State and Municipal Administration" can definitely become a good impetus for a worthy career in the future.

Advice. Although no one has yet canceled patronage in the civil service, one should not “give up” ahead of time: over the past few years, there has been a strong trend towards an increase in the number of successful managers precisely due to the knowledge gained in the course of studying at a university.

Entrance examinations and study program in universities

The standard course of study at the university for obtaining a specialist diploma is four years. To enroll in this specialty, you must pass several entrance exams in the following disciplines:

• social science;
• Russian / foreign (at the discretion of the educational institution) language.

Students receive knowledge in the field of law, entrepreneurship, finance, office work, management and many other areas. In addition, future management professionals will learn:

• organize the work of officials in the public service (preparation of documents, receipt of electronic messages and calls, formation of a calendar of meetings, etc.);
• develop draft legal and regulatory framework for the organization;
• eliminate or prevent conflicts in the service;
• be a full-fledged participant in budget planning;
• competently conduct office work and document management;
• create and promote a high-quality positive image of an enterprise, a state structure;
• fully work with information databases to make competent decisions as a manager;
• establish and strengthen relations with the public and the media in government bodies;
• create effective development programs at the local and regional level in the social and economic spheres;
• perform the function of a consultant for various structures (both municipal and commercial);
• direct the work of the enterprise in the external environment in the right direction;
• make a competent analysis of the economic risks of the enterprise;
• identify and correctly diagnose violations in the work of the organization;
• fluently communicate in a foreign language chosen during training.

Directions for future work

After completing the training, only a few understand where to start and "where to go." Many mistakenly believe that the work of an accountant or an economist is the ultimate dream of graduates. But in reality this is absolutely not the case. Having received a full higher education, you can count on 3 directions for the development of your career:

• in the state structure. If you decide on this option, you should fully realize that you are in fact the link between the people and the authorities. Having only a diploma in hand, you can only count on the position of a specialist of the 2nd category. But this is normal, in principle, for a graduate with any other specialty.

Advice. At first, you will most likely receive job offers only as a clerk. But you should not “cut in the heat of the moment”, as the majority does, motivating your refusal with a small salary, huge responsibility and lack of prospects. No one is forcing you to get stuck in one place. It just might be a good start experience for your career.

• in a commercial structure. Unbelievable, but true: having a specialty in public administration, you can work in a non-state structure. Every reputable company has its own department that deals with relations with government agencies. The salary in such organizations is very attractive for young professionals. But it should be borne in mind that the maximum in such a structure can only be the position of the head of the department.
• In an independent research structure. Working in such an organization does not promise you either a huge salary or power. But if you are interested in the forecast and everything connected with it, then with hard work and high-quality performance of your functions, you can create a name for yourself in a certain environment in a couple of hours and become a venerable specialist. Then we will talk about completely different money.

We have introduced you to the basic information about the rather "young" specialty "State and municipal administration". Now you know what you will need in order to enter the university and what you will be taught, as well as what you can learn in the future from the public administration profession.

Specialty State and municipal administration: video

I. Issues of the Department of State and Municipal Administration

The concept and properties of the system. Large and complex systems.

A system is a collection of interrelated parts.

The concept of a system is revealed through properties, those properties that are necessary to solve the problem are taken into account.

Properties:

· Static- "instant photo", what the system has at any, but a fixed point in time:

- integrity- the system acts as a kind of separate whole, allows you to divide the world into 2 parts: the system and the environment.

-openness- "black box model", a set of inputs and outputs, communication with the environment.

- heterogeneity– distinguishability of parts, “composition model” - a list of parts of a given system

- structuredness- "structure model" - a set of connections within the system

· Dynamic– change of the system over time:

- functionality- all systems are functional, perform some function.

- stimulation- the impact on the system from the outside is called incentives. There are many incentives, the most common are controlled and uncontrolled inputs

- volatility systems over time - the system changes over time: components, structure

- being in a constantly changing environment– all systems change over time, and as a result, the environment also changes

· Synthetic properties– interaction of the system with the environment

- emergence- each system has some properties that its constituent parts cannot have, the structure is responsible for the new properties.

- inherence– the degree of coordination with the environment and the degree of efficiency in the performance of system functions in this environment

- inseparability into parts- if we want to preserve the properties of the system, we cannot delete anything from it.

- expediency- the system is created to achieve any goals, the system is a means to achieve the goal. The subjective goal is the desired future state of the system, the objective goal is the future real state of the system.

Large systems- the model is true, but inadequate, but there are not enough resources to achieve the goal at the right time. 2 ways to manage: simplify the model (to get the result on time), or attract additional resources.

Complex systems- the model of this system is inadequate (something is unknown to us), therefore, we do not get the goal at the output. To simplify the system, there are 2 ways: to replenish the model with the necessary information until we get the goal at the output, or to simplify the system itself (From complex to simple - we know how to manage it). But for some subjects it will be simple, and for others it will be difficult.

The basic principles of the organization of the state system. and mun. management.

SSMU can be called one of the most important disciplines of the management cycle. The subject of SSMU are territorial entities. The role of a territorial entity can be any territorial settlement that has its own administrative boundaries, which is the main part of the region and is endowed with the possibility of self-government. The control system is divided vertically and horizontally. The vertical division is the division into levels of power, and the horizontal division is into branches of power.
Levels of power - the division of powers in accordance with the vesting of certain powers - from the highest levels of government to the lowest. The levels of authority define the way in which administrative responsibility is shared.
Branches of power - the vertical division of power to maintain a democratic regime in the country. Vertical ordering of management activities. Traditionally, the branches of government include executive, legislative and judicial. The division of SSMS into vertical and horizontal components is designed to ensure more rational and efficient management in the country.
SGIMU contains two types of management: State and municipal. Public administration is called upon to regulate social relations, to ensure the protection of the state as an integrity and its institutions. Management in this area is carried out "from top to bottom", so the state assumes the right to realize the public interest. Public administration is the process of regulating relations within the country. It is aimed at protecting the interests of the country, its institutions and the interests of citizens living in it. State administration is carried out with the help of state power, which can be called a body of legal enforcement in the interests of the majority, while respecting the interests of the state. As a system, the GU implements some functions:

Institutional: creates certain institutions for solving state issues
- regulatory: regulates the behavior of subjects through a system of norms and rules
- goal-setting: chooses the most priority ways of the country's development
- functional: supports all economic infrastructures of the country
- ideological: forms a national idea to unite people within the state.
MU, on the contrary, is carried out “from the bottom up”, in order to adapt the municipal interest to the state one. The meaning of such adaptation is to equip the human environment, to establish a connection between the territories. All the work of the MU is aimed at solving issues of local importance. This is justified by the fact that only people directly residing in this territory can understand and solve issues of this nature. The main principles of the formation of the SSU: - the principle of separation of powers. This principle was introduced by Montesquieu. Just this scientist proposed to divide power into three components - legislative, executive and judicial. This separation should lead to an increase in the effectiveness of control over the work of state authorities.
- the principle of complementarity. Provides continuity in the system of power. Equal distribution of power functions. Empowerment from both above and below.
- the principle of subsidiarity. Determines how powers will be distributed and redistributed between the administrative levels of government. Determines how the authorities should exercise their powers and what responsibility they bear to the population. This principle has two dimensions. Vertical - how power is distributed between levels of government, from local to state. The horizontal distribution of power is characterized by the distribution of powers at the federal, regional and local levels.

The principle of sovereignty. Assumes independence. That is, sovereignty should help to ensure that the state in the international framework was independent.
- the principle of democracy. He says that the population should take a direct active part in the GIMU. Those. should take part in the election of government bodies.
- the principle of homogeneity. The advantage of federal law over regional law. This principle suggests that regional legislation should be in relation to subordination to federal legislation.