Types and cost of security and fire alarms. Types of fire alarms What is ops in fire safety

Fire alarm (PS) is a set of technical means, the purpose of which is to detect a fire, smoke or fire and notify a person in a timely manner. Its main task is to save people's lives, minimize the damage caused and preserve property.

It may consist of the following elements:

• Fire control panel (PPKP)- the brain of the entire system, controls the loops and sensors, turns on and off automation (fire extinguishing, smoke removal), controls annunciators and transmits signals to the control panel of a security company or a local dispatcher (for example, a security guard);
• Various types of sensors, which can respond to factors such as smoke, open flames and heat;
• Fire alarm loop (SHS)- this is a communication line between sensors (detectors) and the control panel. It also supplies power to the sensors;
• Annunciator- a device designed to attract attention, there are light - strobe lamps, and sound - sirens.

According to the method of control over the loops, fire alarms are divided into the following types:

PS threshold system

It is also often referred to as traditional. The principle of operation of this type is based on a change in resistance in the loop of fire alarm systems. Sensors can only be in two physical states "norm" and "fire". If the fire factor is fixed, the sensor changes its internal resistance and the control panel issues an alarm signal on the loop in which this sensor is installed. It is not always possible to visually determine the place of drawdown, because. in threshold systems, an average of 10-20 fire detectors are installed on one loop.

To determine the malfunction of the loop (and not the state of the sensors), an end-of-line resistor is used. It is always installed at the end of the loop. When using fire tactics "PS triggering by two detectors", to receive a signal "Attention" or "probability of fire" additional resistance is installed in each sensor. This allows the use of automatic fire extinguishing systems at the facility and the elimination of possible false alarms and damage to property. Automatic fire extinguishing starts only in case of simultaneous operation of two or more detectors.

PPKP “Granit-5”

The following FACPs can be attributed to the threshold type:

• series "Nota", manufacturer Argus-Spectrum
• VERS-PK, manufacturer VERS
• devices of the "Granit" series, manufacturer NPO "Siberian Arsenal"
• Signal-20P, Signal-20M, S2000-4, manufacturer NPB Bolid and other fire appliances.

The advantages of traditional systems include ease of installation and low cost of equipment. The most significant drawbacks are the inconvenience of maintaining a fire alarm and a high probability of false alarms (resistance can vary from many factors, sensors cannot transmit information about dust content), which can only be reduced by using a different type of fire alarm system and equipment.

Address-threshold system PS

A more advanced system is able to automatically periodically check the status of the sensors. Unlike threshold signaling, the principle of operation lies in a different algorithm for polling sensors. Each detector is assigned its own unique address, which allows the control panel to distinguish them and understand the specific cause and location of the malfunction.

The Code of Rules SP5.13130 ​​allows the installation of only one addressable detector, provided that:

• The PS does not manage fire alarm and fire extinguishing installations or fire warning systems of the 5th type, or other equipment that, as a result of launch, can lead to material losses and reduce the safety of people;
• the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room where the fire detector is installed is not larger than the area for which this type of sensor is designed (you can check it according to the passport of the technical documentation for it);
• the sensor performance is monitored and in the event of a malfunction, a “fault” signal is generated;
• It is possible to replace a faulty detector, as well as its detection by external indication.

Sensors in the address-threshold signaling may already be in several physical states - "norm", "fire", "fault", "Attention", "dustiness" and others. In this case, the sensor automatically switches to another state, which allows you to determine the location of a malfunction or fire with an accuracy of the detector.

PPKP "Dozor-1M"

The following control panels can be attributed to the addressable-threshold type of fire alarm:

• Signal-10, manufacturer of airbag Bolid;
• Signal-99, manufacturer PromService-99;
• Dozor-1M, manufacturer Nita, and other fire appliances.

Address-analogue system PS

The most advanced type of fire alarm to date. It has the same functionality as the address-threshold systems, but differs in the way the signals from the sensors are processed. The decision to switch to "fire" or any other state, it is the control panel that takes it, and not the detector. This allows you to adjust the operation of the fire alarm to external factors. The control panel simultaneously monitors the state of parameters of installed devices and analyzes the obtained values, which can significantly reduce the likelihood of false alarms.

In addition, such systems have an undeniable advantage - the ability to use any address line topology - tire, ring and star. For example, in the event of a break in the ring line, it will split into two independent wire loops, which will fully retain their performance. In star-type lines, special short-circuit insulators can be used, which will determine the location of a line break or short circuit.

Such systems are very convenient in maintenance, because. you can identify in real time the detectors that need to be purged or replaced.

The following control panels can be attributed to the analog addressable type of fire alarm:

• Two-wire communication line controller S2000-KDL, manufacturer NPB Bolid;
• A series of addressable devices "Rubezh", manufactured by Rubezh;
• RROP 2 and RROP-I (depending on the sensors used), manufacturer Argus-Spectrum;
• and many other devices and manufacturers.

Scheme of an addressable analog fire alarm system based on the S2000-KDL control panel

When choosing a system, designers take into account all the requirements of the customer's technical specifications and pay attention to the reliability of operation, the cost of installation work and the requirements for routine maintenance. When the reliability criterion for a simpler system starts to drop, designers move on to using a higher level.

Radio channel options are used in cases where laying cables becomes economically unprofitable. But this option requires more money for maintenance and maintenance of devices in working order due to the periodic replacement of batteries.

Classification of fire alarm systems according to GOST R 53325–2012

Types and types of fire alarm systems, as well as their classification are presented in GOST R 53325–2012 “Fire fighting equipment. Technical means of fire automatics. General technical requirements and test methods".

We have already considered address and non-address systems above. Here you can add that the first ones allow you to install non-address fire detectors through special expanders. Up to eight sensors can be connected to one address.

According to the type of information transmitted from the control panel to the sensors, they are divided into:

• analog;
• threshold;
• combined.

According to the total information capacity, i.e. the total number of connected devices and loops are divided into devices:

• small information capacity (up to 5 loops);
• medium information capacity (from 5 to 20 loops);
• large information capacity (more than 20 loops).

According to information content, otherwise, according to the possible number of issued notices (fire, malfunction, dustiness, etc.), they are divided into devices:

• low information content (up to 3 notifications);
• medium information content (from 3 to 5 notifications);
• high information content (from 3 to 5 notifications);

In addition to these parameters, systems are classified according to:

• Physical implementation of communication lines: radio channel, wire, combined and fiber optic;
• In terms of composition and functionality: without the use of computer technology, with the use of SVT and the possibility of its use;
• Control object. Management of various fire extinguishing installations, smoke removal facilities, warning and combined facilities;
• Expansion possibilities. Non-expandable or expandable, allowing mounting in a housing or separate connection of additional components.

Types of fire alarm systems

The main task of the warning and evacuation management system (SOUE) is the timely notification of people about a fire in order to ensure safety and prompt evacuation from smoky premises and buildings to a safe area. According to FZ-123 "Technical regulations on fire safety requirements" and SP 3.13130.2009, they are divided into five types.

The first and second type of SOUE

For most small and medium-sized objects, according to fire safety standards, it is necessary to install the first and second type of notification.

At the same time, the first type is characterized by the mandatory presence of a sound annunciator - a siren. For the second type, more “exit” light displays are added. A fire alarm should be triggered simultaneously in all premises with permanent or temporary stay of people.

Third, fourth and fifth type of SOUE

These types belong to automated systems, the launch of an alert is completely assigned to automation, and the role of a person in managing the system is minimized.

For the third, fourth and fifth types of SOUE, the main method of notification is speech. Pre-designed and recorded texts are transmitted, which allow the evacuation to be carried out as efficiently as possible.

In the 3rd type additionally, “exit” light indicators are used and the order of notification is regulated - first for the service personnel, and then for all the rest according to a specially developed sequence.

In the 4th type there is a requirement for communication with the control room inside the warning zone, as well as additional light indicators for the direction of movement. Fifth type, includes everything listed in the first four, plus the requirement that there is a separation of the inclusion of light indicators for each evacuation zone is added, full automation of the management of the warning system and the organization of multiple evacuation routes from each warning zone is provided.

To ensure a high level of security at real estate, special electronic systems are used. These include burglar and fire alarms.

In order not to install two independent alarms, which would require large financial costs, an integrated OPS system was developed, what it is and how it is used will be discussed below.

OPS is a fire and burglar alarm, which are combined in one multifunctional system.

The advantage of such complexes is that they have a single software and hardware module that controls the operation of all security and fire sensors, as well as external systems and devices that maintain security at the facility.

Modern security and fire alarms can be part of:

1. automatic fire extinguishing systems;
2. smoke protection;
3. integrated security systems;
4. access control systems.

The purpose of the OPS

In accordance with the GOST 26342-84 standard, the main task that a security and fire alarm system must solve is to receive alarm signals from sensors, process them, then transmit an alarm signal to the security and fire services consoles, and also provide users with information about an attempt to enter the premises or about fire.

Purpose of means of the security and fire and disturbing alarm system:

• support of the round-the-clock control of the territory of the protected object;
• detection of fires at the earliest stages;
• accurate determination of the place of penetration to the object or the beginning of a fire;
• providing security and fire services, as well as property owners with information about a burglary attempt or the start of a fire;
• management of warning devices, autonomous fire extinguishing, smoke removal, personnel evacuation;
• automatic self-diagnosis of security and fire sensors, as well as executive systems;
• support for full alarm functionality when powered by redundant power supplies.

OPS classification

Fire and security alarm systems have their own classification, which includes three categories.

address

This security and fire alarm system is designed to monitor large and medium-sized facilities, protecting them from robbery and fire.

Such alarms allow you to determine the exact location of the start of a fire or penetration.

This feature is associated with the ability of the sensors used to transmit to the central console, in addition to the alarm signal, also data on which of the sensors and in which loop worked.

Thanks to this, it is possible to accurately determine a dangerous place, which will allow timely liquidation of a fire or neutralize intruders.

Non-targeted

This type of security and fire alarm system is designed to protect small-scale objects.

Its difference from the previous system is that it allows you to determine only the number of the loop, the sensor of which transmitted an alarm signal. To determine the exact place where the danger is detected, this type of system does not allow.

Addressable analog

Fire and security alarms of this class are among the most highly efficient and reliable systems that continuously monitor the protected object by analyzing various telemetric information: air temperature, presence of smoke, strong mechanical vibrations, sound waves, etc.

The main difference from all previous OPS is that the decision to notify a hazard at the facility is made by the central processor based on the analysis of a set of indicators obtained from different sensors and sensors installed at the facility.

This type of security and fire alarm system is a complex electronic complex, which is distinguished by high accuracy in determining the places of danger and practically does not have false positives.

In addition, this type of alarm provides for the constant receipt of information from the sensors about the controlled parameter, so if a sensor breaks down, this can be instantly found out through a visual notification of the alarm control panel.

Standard set of OPS

A fire and security alarm of any of the listed types incorporates a certain set of devices that ensure its functionality.

The main ones include:

1. detectors (security and fire sensors);
2. reception and control console;
3. hazard warning devices and systems;
4. communication lines between sensors and the console, as well as between the console and sirens (can be radio channel, wired loop, GSM or GPRS);
5. backup power system (this can be a battery, a gasoline / diesel generator, thanks to which the alarm system functions continuously);
6. peripheral executive devices;
7. specialized software for signaling operation control.

The sensors that are equipped with a fire and security alarm system, depending on the technology for detecting penetration into an object or the presence of a fire, are divided into the following categories:

• ultrasonic;
• infrared (passive or active);
• magnetic contact;
• radio wave;
• vibration;
• acoustic;
• light;
• combined action.

Depending on the specific tasks for which security and fire systems are designed, they may also include other types of sensors that allow you to control the parameters of the environment.

These can be sensors that control air temperature and humidity, gas and water leakage, etc.

Their use will significantly expand the purpose of automatic fire alarms, providing them with functions that are typical for systems such as "smart home".

There are many types of sensors that are equipped with security systems.

Among those used by fire alarms, the following should be highlighted:

1. smoke - determine the presence of smoke in the room (depending on the sensor used, they can be photoelectric, ionization, differential, aspiration, optoelectronic, radioisotope);
2. temperature (thermal) - fix the temperature rise above the set threshold (they can be differential, absolute, linear thermal cable, multipoint);
3. flame sensors - determine the presence of open flames (the fire alarm system can have ultraviolet, infrared, optoelectronic and multi-range);
4. gas sensors - detect the presence of a certain concentration of gas in the air (they can be semiconductor, electrochemical, optoelectronic, thermal wave, thermometric);
5. multi-sensor sensors - this type of device can detect a fire by several parameters, the number of which is determined by the number of sensors in the sensor.

Standard functionality

Regardless of model and manufacturer, every fire alarm should provide a standard feature set that includes:

• detection of fires in the early stages;
• determination of the moment of penetration to the object;
• detection of gas or water leaks in the premises;
• determination of temperature increase above the norm, as well as the appearance of smoke;
• transmission of an alarm signal to the consoles of security and fire services;
• activation of warning and alarm systems;
• management of stationary smoke removal and fire extinguishing systems;
• management of the process of evacuation of people from the facility.

From what is presented above, we can conclude that even the basic functions that the fire alarm system has will effectively protect the object from fire and robbery.

Features of the design and installation of fire alarm systems

In order for the security and fire alarms to function effectively, it is important to correctly design it and subsequently perform the installation of all functional elements with high quality.

The main points to be considered when designing an OPS system include:

1. choice of structure and type of system used;
2. determination of the number of security and fire sensors of a certain type;
3. analysis of the need to place additional functional sensors and sensors at the facility;
4. selection of the type and characteristics of the communication line through which communication will be carried out between the central console, detectors and actuators;
5. selection of the receiving and control console, which should control the operation of the alarm and communicate with the fire and security service consoles (the console must be compatible with the consoles);
6. determination of the optimal sources of autonomous power supply, thanks to which the fire and security alarm system will function without interruption.

In the design process, it is also important to consider the possibility of expanding the alarm functionality in the future. In such a case, the alarm system can be easily upgraded by adding new sensors or warning devices without the need for significant reworking of an already functioning system.

Conclusion

A modern security and fire alarm system is precisely the security tool that will protect the facility from both “uninvited guests” and a possible fire.

Today, there are a large number of both ready-made kits and individual devices, with the help of which an optimal fire alarm system for a particular object can be built.

In order for the fire safety system being created to always function correctly and be able to help in case of trouble, you should entrust the installation of such systems to professional companies.

They will competently draw up a project, select the appropriate equipment and perform its installation and configuration. Subsequently, the client will have a multifunctional and fail-safe fire and security alarm.

Video: Fire and security alarm

One of the most important elements of security is a burglar and fire alarm. These two systems have much in common with each other - communication channels, similar algorithms for receiving and processing information, giving alarm signals, etc. Therefore, they are often (for economic reasons) combined into a single security and fire alarm (OPS). The fire and security alarm is one of the oldest technical means of protection. And so far this system is one of the most effective security systems.

Modern protection systems are built on several signaling subsystems (the totality of their application allows you to track any threats):

security - fixes an attempt to penetrate;

alarm - an emergency call system for help in case of a sudden attack;

fire department - registers the appearance of the first signs of a fire;

emergency - notifies of a gas leak, water leaks, etc.

task fire alarm are the receipt, processing, transmission and presentation in a given form to consumers with the help of technical means of information about a fire at protected facilities (detection of a fire source, determination of the place of its occurrence, signaling for automatic fire extinguishing and smoke removal systems). Task burglar alarm- timely notification of intrusion or attempted intrusion into a protected facility, with fixation of the fact, place and time of violation of the security line. The common goal of both alarm systems is to provide instant response with accurate information about the nature of the event.

An analysis of domestic and foreign statistics of unauthorized intrusions into various objects shows that more than 50% of intrusions are made into objects with free access for personnel and clients; about 25% - for objects with unguarded elements of mechanical protection such as fences, gratings; about 20% - for objects with a throughput system and only 5% - for objects with an enhanced security regime, using complex technical systems and specially trained personnel. From the practice of security services in the protection of objects, six main zones of protected areas are distinguished:

zone I - the perimeter of the territory in front of the building;

zone II - the perimeter of the building itself;

zone III - premises for receiving visitors;

zone IV - employees' offices and corridors;

zones V and VI - management offices, meeting rooms with partners, storage of valuables and information.

In order to ensure the necessary level of reliability of protection of critical facilities (banks, cash desks, weapons storage areas), it is necessary to organize multi-layered protection of the facility. The first line signaling sensors are installed on the outer perimeter. The second frontier is represented by sensors installed in places of possible penetration into the object (doors, windows, vents, etc.). The third frontier is volumetric sensors in the interior, the fourth is directly guarded items (safes, cabinets, drawers, etc.). At the same time, each boundary must be connected to an independent cell of the control panel so that, if an intruder bypasses one of the security boundaries, an alarm signal is given from the other.

Modern alarm systems are often integrated with other security systems into single complexes.

In general, the fire alarm system includes:

sensors- alarm detectors that respond to an alarm event (fire, an attempt to enter an object, etc.), the characteristics of the sensors determine the main parameters of the entire alarm system;

control panels(PKP) - devices that receive an alarm signal from detectors and control actuators according to a given algorithm (in the simplest case, control over the operation of a fire and security alarm consists of turning sensors on and off, fixing alarms, in complex, branched alarm systems, control and controlled by computers).

executive devices- units that ensure the execution of a given algorithm of the system's actions in response to a particular alarm event (alert signal, activation of fire extinguishing mechanisms, auto-dial to specified phone numbers, etc.).

Typically, fire and security alarm systems are created in two versions - fire alarm system with local or closed protection of the facility or fire alarm system with transfer under protection to non-departmental security units (or a private security company) and the fire service of the Russian Emergencies Ministry.

The whole variety of fire and security alarm systems, with a certain degree of conventionality, is divided into addressable, analog and combined systems.

1. Analogue (conventional) systems built according to the following principle. The protected object is divided into areas by laying separate loops that combine a certain number of sensors (detectors). When any sensor is triggered, an alarm is generated throughout the loop. The decision on the occurrence of an event here is “taken” only by the detector, the performance of which can only be checked during the maintenance of the alarm system. Also, the disadvantages of such systems are the high probability of false alarms, signal localization accurate to the loop, and limited controlled area. The cost of such a system is relatively low, although a large number of loops must be laid. The tasks of centralized control are performed by the security and fire panel. The use of analog systems is possible on all types of objects. But with a large number of alarm areas, there is a need for a large amount of work on the installation of wired communications.

2. Address systems assume installation on one loop of the alarm system of addressable sensors. Such systems make it possible to replace the multi-core cables connecting the detectors with the alarm control panel (PKP) with one pair of data bus wires.

3. Address non-interrogation systems are, in fact, threshold, supplemented only by the possibility of transmitting the address code of the triggered detector. These systems have all the shortcomings of analog systems - the impossibility of automatic control of the fire detectors performance (in case of any failure of the electronics, the detector's connection with the control panel is terminated).

4. Address polling systems carry out periodic interrogation of the detectors, provide control of their performance in case of any type of failure, which allows you to install one detector in each room instead of two. In addressable polling OPS, complex information processing algorithms can be implemented, for example, auto-compensation for changes in the sensitivity of detectors over time. Reduces the likelihood of false positives. For example, an addressable glass break sensor, unlike a non-addressable one, will indicate which window was broken. The decision about the event that has occurred is also “taken” by the detector.

5. The most promising direction in the field of building alarm systems are combined (address-analogue) systems. Addressable analog detectors measure the amount of smoke or temperature on the object, and the signal is formed on the basis of mathematical processing of the received data in the control panel (specialized computer). It is possible to connect any sensors, the system is able to determine their type and the required algorithm for working with them, even if all these devices are included in one security alarm loop. These systems provide maximum speed of decision-making and management. For the correct operation of addressable analog equipment, it is necessary to take into account the language of communication of its components (protocol) that is unique for each system. The use of these systems makes it possible to quickly, without high costs, make changes to an existing system when changing and expanding the zones of an object. The cost of such systems is higher than the previous two.

Now there is a huge variety of detectors, control panels and sirens with different characteristics and capabilities. It should be recognized that the defining elements of the security and fire alarm are sensors. The parameters of the sensors determine the main characteristics of the entire alarm system. In any of the detectors, the processing of controlled alarm factors is, to one degree or another, an analog process, and the division of detectors into threshold and analog refers to the method of transmitting information from them.

According to the place of installation on the object, sensors can be divided into internal and external installed respectively inside and outside the protected objects. They have the same principle of operation, the differences lie in the design and technological characteristics. The installation location may be the most important factor influencing the choice of detector type.

Announcers (sensors) OPS operate on the principle of registering changes in the environment. These are devices designed to determine the presence of a threat to the security of a protected object and transmit an alarm message for timely response. Conventionally, they can be divided into three-dimensional (allowing to control space), linear, or surface, - to control the perimeters of territories and buildings, local, or point, - to control individual objects.

Detectors can be classified according to the type of controlled physical parameter, the principle of operation of the sensitive element, the method of transmitting information to the central alarm control panel.

According to the principle of generating an information signal about penetration into an object or a fire, fire alarm detectors are divided into active(the alarm generates a signal in the protected area and reacts to changes in its parameters) and passive(react to changes in environmental parameters). Such types of security detectors as passive infrared, magnetic contact glass break detectors, perimeter active detectors, combined active detectors are widely used. In fire alarm systems, heat, smoke, light, ionization, combined and manual call points are used.

The type of alarm system sensors is determined by the physical principle of operation. Depending on the type of sensors, security alarm systems can be capacitive, radio beam, seismic, responding to the closing or opening of an electrical circuit, etc.

The possibilities of installing security systems, depending on the sensors used, their advantages and disadvantages are given in Table. 2.

table 2

Contact detectors serve to detect unauthorized opening of doors, windows, gates, etc. Magnetic detectors consist of a magnetically controlled reed switch mounted on the fixed part, and a master element (magnet) mounted on the opening module. When the magnet is near the reed switch, its contacts are in a closed state. These detectors differ from each other in the type of installation and the material from which they are made. The disadvantage is the possibility of neutralizing them with a powerful external magnet. Shielded reed sensors are protected from an extraneous magnetic field by special plates and are equipped with signal reed contacts that operate in the presence of an extraneous field and warn about it. When installing magnetic contacts in metal doors, it is very important to shield the field of the main magnet from the induced field of the entire door.

Electrocontact devices- sensors that sharply change the voltage in the circuit with a certain impact on them. They can either be uniquely “open” (current flows through them) or “closed” (no current flows). The simplest way to build such an alarm is thin wires or foil strips, connected to a door or window. Wire, foil or conductive composition "Paste" are connected to the alarm system through door hinges, shutters, as well as through special contact blocks. When they try to penetrate, they are easily destroyed and form an alarm signal. Electrocontact devices provide reliable protection against false alarms.

AT mechanical door electrocontact devices the moving contact protrudes from the sensor housing and closes the circuit when pressed (door closed). The installation location of such mechanical devices is difficult to hide, they can be easily disabled by securing the lever in the closed position (for example, with chewing gum).

contact mats are made of two decorated sheets of metal foil and a layer of foamed plastic between them. Under the weight of the body, the foil sags, and this provides an electrical contact that generates an alarm signal. Contact mats operate on the "normally open" principle, and a signal is given when the electrocontact device closes the circuit. Therefore, if you cut the wire leading to the rug, the alarm will not work in the future. A flat cable is used to connect the mats.

Passive infrared detectors (PIR) serve to detect the intrusion of an intruder into a controlled volume. This is one of the most common types of security detectors. The principle of operation is based on registering changes in the flow of thermal radiation and converting infrared radiation into an electrical signal using a pyroelectric element. Currently, two- and four-area pyroelements are used. This can significantly reduce the likelihood of false alarms. In simple PIRs, signal processing is performed by analog methods, in more complex ones - digitally, using a built-in processor. The detection zone is formed by a Fresnel lens or mirrors. There are three-dimensional, linear and surface detection zones. It is not recommended to install infrared detectors in the immediate vicinity of ventilation openings, windows and doors where convection air currents are created, as well as heating radiators and sources of thermal noise. It is also undesirable to directly hit the light radiation of incandescent lamps, car headlights, the sun on the input window of the detector. It is possible to use a thermal compensation circuit to ensure operability in the high temperature range (33–37 °C), when the value of the signal from human movement sharply decreases due to a decrease in the thermal contrast between the human body and the background.

Active detectors They are an optical system of an LED emitting infrared radiation in the direction of the receiver lens. The beam of light is modulated in brightness and acts at a distance of up to 125 m and allows you to form a line of protection invisible to the eye. These emitters are both single-beam and multi-beam. If the number of beams is more than two, the possibility of false alarm is reduced, since the alarm signal is generated only when all beams cross simultaneously. The configuration of the zones is different - "curtain" (intersection of the surface), "beam" (linear movement), "volume" (movement in space). The detectors may not work in rain or heavy fog.

Radio wave volumetric detectors are used to detect penetration into the protected object by registering the Doppler shift in the frequency of the reflected microwave signal that occurs when an intruder moves in the electromagnetic field generated by the microwave module. It is possible to covertly install them on an object behind materials that transmit radio waves (fabrics, wood boards, etc.). Linear radio wave detectors consist of a transmitting and receiving unit. They generate an alarm when a person crosses their zone of action. The transmitting unit emits electromagnetic oscillations, the receiving unit receives these oscillations, analyzes the amplitude and time characteristics of the received signal, and if they correspond to the “intruder” model embedded in the processing algorithm, generates an alarm.

Microwave sensors have lost their former popularity, although they are still in demand. In relatively new developments, a significant reduction in their dimensions and energy consumption has been achieved.

Volumetric ultrasonic detectors serve to detect movement in the protected volume. Ultrasonic sensors are designed to protect premises by volume and give an alarm signal both when an intruder appears and when a fire occurs. The radiating element of the detector is a piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer that emits acoustic vibrations of the air in the protected area under the influence of electrical voltage. The sensitive element of the detector, located in the receiver, is a piezoelectric ultrasonic receiving converter of acoustic vibrations into an alternating electrical signal. The signal from the receiver is processed in the control circuit, depending on the algorithm embedded in it, and generates one or another notification.

Acoustic detectors are equipped with a highly sensitive miniature microphone that captures the sound emitted during the destruction of sheet glass. The sensitive element of such detectors is a condenser electret microphone with a built-in FET preamplifier. When glass breaks, two types of sound vibrations occur in a strictly defined sequence: first, a shock wave from vibrations of the entire glass mass with a frequency of about 100 Hz, and then a glass breaking wave with a frequency of about 5 kHz. The microphone converts the sound vibrations of the air into electrical signals. The detector processes these signals and makes a decision about the presence of penetration. When installing the detector, all sections of the protected glass must be within its direct line of sight.

Capacitive system sensor represents one or more metal electrodes placed on the structure of the protected opening. The principle of operation of capacitive security detectors is based on registering the value, speed and duration of the change in the capacitance of the sensitive element, which is used as metal objects connected to the detector or specially laid wires. The detector generates an alarm signal when the electrical capacitance of a security item (safe, metal cabinet) changes relative to the "ground", caused by a person approaching this item. Can be used to protect the perimeter of the building through stretched wires.

Vibration detectors serve to protect against penetration into a protected object by destroying various building structures, as well as protecting safes, ATMs, etc. The principle of operation of vibration sensors is based on the piezoelectric effect (piezoelectrics generate electric current when the crystal is pressed or released), which consists in changing the electric signal when the piezoelectric element vibrates. An electrical signal proportional to the level of vibration is amplified and processed by the detector circuit according to a special algorithm in order to separate the damaging effect from the interference signal. The principle of operation of vibration systems with sensor cables is based on the triboelectric effect. When such a cable is deformed, electrization occurs in the dielectric located between the central conductor and the conductive braid, which is recorded as a potential difference between the cable conductors. The sensing element is a sensor cable that converts mechanical vibrations into an electrical signal. There are also better electromagnetic microphone cables.

A relatively new principle of premises protection is to use the change in air pressure when opening a closed room ( barometric sensors) has not yet met the expectations placed on it and is almost never used in the equipment of multifunctional and large facilities. These sensors have a high false alarm rate and rather severe application restrictions.

It is necessary to dwell separately on distributed fiber optic systems to secure the perimeter. Modern fiber optic sensors can measure pressure, temperature, distance, position in space, accelerations, vibrations, mass of sound waves, liquid level, strain, refractive index, electric field, electric current, magnetic field, gas concentration, radiation dose and etc. Optical fiber is both a communication line and a sensitive element. Laser light with a high output power and a short radiation pulse is fed into the optical fiber, then the parameters of Rayleigh backscattering, as well as Fresnel reflection from the joints and ends of the fiber, are measured. Under the influence of various factors (deformation, acoustic vibrations, temperature, and with an appropriate coating of the fiber - an electric or magnetic field), the phase difference between the applied and reflected light pulses changes. The location of the inhomogeneity is determined from the time delay between the moment of pulse emission and the moment of arrival of the backscattering signal, and the losses in the line section are determined from the intensity of the backscattered radiation.

To separate the signals generated by the intruder from noise and interference, a signal analyzer based on the principle of a neural network is used. The signal to the input of the neural network analyzer is supplied in the form of a spectral vector generated by the DSP processor (Digital Signal Processing), the principle of which is based on the fast Fourier transform algorithms.

The advantages of distributed fiber-optic systems are the ability to determine the location of violation of the object's border, use these systems to protect perimeters up to 100 km long, low level of false positives and relatively low price per linear meter.

The leader among burglar alarm equipment is currently combined sensor, built on the use of two channels of human detection simultaneously - IR-passive and microwave. It is currently replacing all other devices and many alarm installers use it as the only sensor for volumetric room protection. The average operating time for a false alarm is 3-5 thousand hours, and in some conditions reaches a year. It allows you to block rooms where IR-passive or microwave sensors are not applicable at all (the first - in rooms with drafts and thermal interference, the second - with thin non-metallic walls). But the detection probability of such sensors is always less than that of any of its two constituent channels. The same success can be achieved by using both sensors (IR and microwave) separately in the same room, and an alarm is generated only when both detectors are triggered in a given time interval (usually a few seconds), using for this purpose the capabilities of the control equipment.

The following basic activation principles can be used for fire detection fire detectors:

smoke detectors - based on ionization or photoelectric principle;

heat detectors - based on fixing the level of temperature rise or some specific indicator of it;

flame detectors - based on the use of ultraviolet or infrared radiation;

gas detectors.

Manual call points necessary to force the system to switch to the fire alarm mode by a person. They can be implemented as levers or buttons covered with transparent materials (easily broken in case of fire). Most often they are installed in easily accessible public places.

Heat detectors respond to changes in ambient temperature. Certain materials burn with little or no smoke (e.g. wood), or the spread of smoke is difficult due to the small space (behind false ceilings). They are used in cases where there is a high concentration of aerosol particles in the air that have nothing to do with combustion processes (water vapor, flour in a mill, etc.). Thermal threshold fire detectors give a “fire” signal when the threshold temperature is reached, differential- fix a fire hazardous situation by the rate of temperature increase.

Contact threshold heat detector generates an alarm when the pre-set temperature limit is exceeded. When heated, the contact plate melts, the electrical circuit breaks and an alarm is generated. These are the simplest detectors. Typically, the threshold temperature is 75 °C.

A semiconductor element can also be used as a sensitive element. As the temperature rises, the resistance of the circuit decreases, and more current flows through it. When the threshold value of the electric current is exceeded, an alarm signal is generated. Semiconductor sensitive elements have a higher response speed, the threshold temperature can be set arbitrarily, and when the sensor is triggered, the device is not destroyed.

Differential heat detectors usually consist of two thermoelements, one of which is located inside the detector housing, and the second is placed outside. The currents flowing through these two circuits are fed into the inputs of a differential amplifier. As the temperature rises, the current flowing through the external circuit changes dramatically. In the internal circuit, it almost does not change, which leads to an imbalance of currents and the formation of an alarm signal. The use of a thermocouple eliminates the influence of gradual temperature changes caused by natural causes. These sensors are the fastest in response and stable in operation.

Linear heat detectors. The design consists of four copper conductors with sheaths made of a special material with a negative temperature coefficient. The conductors are packed in a common casing so that they are in close contact with their shells. The wires are connected at the end of the line in pairs with each other, forming two loops that are in contact with the shells. Principle of operation: as the temperature increases, the shells change their resistance, also changing the total resistance between the loops, which is measured by a special results processing unit. According to the magnitude of this resistance, a decision is made about the presence of ignition. The longer the cable length (up to 1.5 km), the higher the sensitivity of the device.

Smoke detectors designed to detect the presence of a given concentration of smoke particles in the air. The composition of the smoke particles can be different. Therefore, according to the principle of operation, smoke detectors are divided into two main types - optoelectronic and ionization.

Ionization smoke detector. The stream of radioactive particles (usually americium-241 is used) enters two separate chambers. When smoke particles (smoke color is not important) enter the measuring (external) chamber, the current flowing through it decreases, since this leads to a decrease in the path length of α-particles and an increase in ion recombination. For processing, the difference between the currents in the measuring and control chambers is used. Ionization detectors do not harm human health (a source of radioactive radiation is about 0.9 μCi). These sensors provide real fire protection in hazardous areas. They also have a record low current consumption. The disadvantages are the complexity of burial after the end of the service life (at least 5 years) and vulnerability to changes in humidity, pressure, temperature, air velocity.

Optical smoke detector. The measuring chamber of this device contains an optoelectronic pair. An LED or a laser (aspiration sensor) is used as a driving element. The radiation of the master element of the infrared spectrum under normal conditions does not fall on the photodetector. When smoke particles enter the optical chamber, radiation from the LED is scattered. Due to the optical effect of scattering of infrared radiation on smoke particles, light enters the photodetector, providing an electrical signal. The greater the concentration of scattering smoke particles in the air, the higher the signal level. For the correct operation of the optical detector, the design of the optical chamber is very important.

Comparative characteristics of ionization and optical types of detectors are given in Table. 3.

Table 3

Laser detector provides smoke detection at specific optical density levels approximately 100 times lower than current LED sensors. There are more expensive systems with forced air suction. To maintain sensitivity and prevent false alarms, both types of detectors (ionization or photoelectric) require periodic cleaning.

Smoke detectors indispensable in rooms with high ceilings and large areas. They are widely used in fire alarm systems, as it becomes possible to fix a fire hazardous situation at an extremely early stage. The ease of installation, configuration and operation of modern linear sensors allow them to compete in price with point detectors even in medium-sized rooms.

Combined smoke detector(ionization and optical types of detectors are assembled in one housing) operates at two light reflection angles, which allows you to measure and analyze the ratio of forward and back light scattering characteristics, identifying smoke types and reducing the number of false alarms. This is done through the use of two-angle light scattering technology. It is known that the ratio of direct scattered light to the reverse for dark smoke (soot) is greater than for light types of smoke (smoldering wood), and even higher for dry substances (cement dust).

It should be noted that the most effective is a detector that combines photoelectric and thermal sensing elements. Today they are producing 3D combined detectors, they combine the smoke optical, smoke ionization and thermal detection principles. In practice, they are rarely used.

Flame detectors. An open fire has characteristic radiation in both the ultraviolet and infrared parts of the spectrum. Accordingly, two types of devices are produced:

ultraviolet– a high-voltage gas-discharge indicator constantly monitors the radiation power in the ultraviolet range. When an open fire appears, the intensity of the discharges between the indicator electrodes increases greatly and an alarm signal is issued. Such a sensor can control an area up to 200 m 2 at installation height up to 20 m. response time does not exceed 5 s;

infrared- with the help of an IR-sensitive element and an optical focusing system, characteristic bursts of IR radiation are recorded when a fire occurs. This device allows you to determine within 3 s the presence of a flame with a size of 10 cm at a distance of up to 20 m at a viewing angle of 90 °.

Now there are sensors of a new class - analog detectors with external addressing. The sensors are analog, but are addressed by the alarm loop in which they are installed. The sensor performs self-testing of all its components, checks the dust content of the smoke chamber, and transmits the test results to the control panel. Smoke chamber dust compensation allows you to increase the detector's operating time until the next service, self-testing eliminates false alarms. Such detectors retain all the advantages of analogue addressable detectors, have a low cost and are able to work with inexpensive non-address control panels. When placing several detectors in the alarm loop, each of which will be installed alone in the room, it is necessary to install remote optical indication devices in the common corridor.

The criterion for the effectiveness of the OPS equipment is to minimize the number of errors and false positives. It is considered an excellent result of the work the presence of one false alarm from one zone per month. The frequency of false alarms is the main characteristic by which one can judge the noise immunity of the detector. Noise immunity- This is a quality indicator of the sensor, characterizing its ability to work stably in various conditions.

The fire and security alarm system is controlled from the control panel (concentrator). The composition and characteristics of this equipment depend on the importance of the object, the complexity and branching of the signaling system. In the simplest case, the control over the operation of the alarm system consists of turning sensors on and off, fixing alarms. In complex, branched signaling systems, control and management are carried out using computers.

Modern security alarm systems are based on the use of microprocessor control panels connected to the monitoring station via wired lines or radio channels. There can be several hundreds of security zones in the system, for ease of management, the zones are grouped into sections. This allows you to arm and disarm not only each sensor individually, but also the floor, building, etc. Usually, a section reflects some logical part of the object, for example, a room or a group of rooms, united by some essential logical feature. Control and reception devices allow to carry out: control and monitoring of the state of both the entire alarm system and each sensor (on-off, alarm, failure, failure on the communication channel, attempts to open sensors or communication channel); analysis of alarm signals from various types of sensors; checking the performance of all nodes of the system; alarm recording; interaction of the signaling with other technical means; integration with other security systems (CCTV, security lighting, fire extinguishing system, etc.). Characteristics of conventional, addressable and addressable-analog fire alarm systems are given in Table. 4.

Table 4

For processing and logging information and generating control alarms, various control equipment can be used - central stations, control panels, control panels.

Reception and control device (PKP) supplies power to security and fire detectors via security and fire alarm loops, receives alarm notifications from sensors, generates alarm messages, and also transmits them to a centralized monitoring station and generates alarm signals for triggering other systems. Such equipment is distinguished by information capacity - the number of controlled alarm loops and the degree of development of control and warning functions.

To ensure that the device complies with the chosen tactics of use, fire alarm control panels are allocated for small, medium and large objects.

Typically, small objects are equipped with non-address systems that control several loops of the security and fire alarm, and at medium and large objects, addressable and addressable analog systems are used.

PKP of small information capacity. Typically, these systems use security and fire control panels, where the maximum allowable number of sensors is included in one loop. These control panels allow solving a maximum of tasks at a relatively low cost for completing the system. Small control panels have the universality of loops according to their purpose, i.e. it is possible to transmit signal and control commands (alarm, security, fire modes of operation). They have a sufficient number of outputs to the central monitoring console, allow you to keep a record of events. The output circuits of small control panels have outputs with sufficient current to power the detectors from the built-in power supply, they can control fire or process equipment.

At present, there is a tendency to use instead of PKP of small information capacity PKP of medium information capacity. With this replacement, the one-time costs almost do not increase, but the labor costs for eliminating faults in the linear part are significantly reduced due to the exact location of the failure.

PKP medium and large information capacity. For centralized reception, processing and playback of information from a large number of security objects, consoles and centralized monitoring systems are used. When using a device with a common central processor with a lumped or tree-like structure for laying loops (both addressable and non-addressable FSOs), incomplete use of the information capacity of the control panel leads to some increase in the cost of the system.

AT address systems one address must correspond to one addressable device (detector). When using a computer, due to the lack of a central control panel with limited monitoring and control functions in the control panel units themselves, there are difficulties in backing up the power supply and the impossibility of the full functioning of the alarm system if the computer itself fails.

AT addressable analog fire control panels the price of equipment per address (control panel and sensor) is twice as high as that of analogue systems. But the number of addressable analog sensors in separate rooms, compared with threshold (maximum) detectors, can be reduced from two to one. Increased adaptability, informativeness, self-diagnostics of the system minimize operating costs. The use of addressable, distributed or tree-like structures minimizes the cost of cables and their laying, as well as the cost of maintenance by up to 30-50%.

The use of the control panel for fire alarm systems has some peculiarities. The system structures used are subdivided as follows:

1) Control panel with a concentrated structure (in the form of a single unit, with unaddressed radial loops) for fire alarm systems of medium and large information capacity. Such control panels are used less and less; it can be recommended to use them in systems with up to 10–20 loops;

2) control panel for analog addressable fire alarm systems. Addressable analog control panels are much more expensive than addressable threshold ones, but they do not have any special advantages. They are easier to install, maintain and repair. They have significantly increased information content;

3) Control panel for addressable fire alarm systems. Groups of threshold sensors form address control zones. Control panels structurally and programmatically consist of complete functional blocks. The system is compatible with detectors of any design and principle of operation, turning them into addressable ones. All devices in the system are usually addressed automatically. They allow to combine most of the advantages of addressable analog systems with the low cost of maximum (threshold) sensors.

To date, a digital-to-analogue signaling loop has been developed that combines the advantages of analog and digital loops. It has more information content (in addition to ordinary signals, additional ones can be transmitted). The ability to transmit additional signals allows you to refuse from setting up and programming alarm loops, to use several types of detectors in one loop at once with automatic configuration to work with any of them. This reduces the required number of signaling loops for each object. At the same time, the control panel can imitate the operation of the alarm loop at the command of its own detector in order to transmit information to another similar device that acts as central monitoring console (monitoring station).

The monitoring station can not only receive information, but also transmit basic commands. This fire and security device does not need to be specially programmed (the setting is automatic, similar to the function in the Plug & Play computer). Therefore, highly qualified specialists are not required for maintenance. In one fire loop, the device receives signals from heat, smoke, manual detectors, engineering systems control sensors, distinguishes between the operation of one or two detectors, and can even work with analog fire detectors. The address of the alarm loop becomes the address of the room, and without programming the parameters of the device or detectors.

Operating devices of the OPS must ensure that the system responds to an alarm event as specified. The use of intelligent systems makes it possible to carry out a set of measures related to the elimination of a fire (detection of a fire, notification of special services, information and evacuation of personnel, activation of the fire extinguishing system), and carry them out in a fully automatic mode. Automatic fire extinguishing systems have been used for a long time, releasing a fire suppressant into the protected room. They can localize and eliminate fires before they develop into a real fire, and act directly on the fires. Now there are a number of systems that can be used without damage to technology (including those with electronic filling).

It should be noted that the connection of automatic fire extinguishing installations to security and fire control panels is somewhat inefficient. Therefore, experts recommend using a separate fire control panel with the ability to control automatic fire extinguishing installations and voice notification.

Autonomous fire extinguishing systems it is most effective to install in places where a fire is especially dangerous and can cause irreparable damage. Autonomous installations necessarily include devices for storing and supplying a fire extinguishing agent, devices for detecting fires, automatic start-up devices, and means for signaling a fire or an installation activation. According to the type of fire suppressant, the systems are divided into water, foam, gas, powder, aerosol.

sprinkler and deluge automatic fire extinguishing systems used to extinguish fires with water over large areas with finely sprayed streams of water. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of indirect damage associated with the loss of consumer properties of the equipment and (or) goods when wet.

Foam fire extinguishing systems use air-mechanical foam for extinguishing and are used without restrictions. The system kit includes a foam mixer complete with piping and a bladder tank with an elastic container for storing and dosing foam concentrate.

Gas extinguishing systems used to protect libraries, computer centers, bank depositories, small offices. In this case, additional costs may be required to ensure proper tightness of the protected object and to carry out organizational and technical measures for preventive evacuation of personnel.

Powder extinguishing systems are used where it is necessary to localize the source of the fire and ensure the safety of material assets and equipment not damaged by fire. Compared to other types of self-contained fire extinguishers, powder modules are distinguished by their low price, ease of maintenance, and environmental safety. Most powder fire extinguishing modules can operate both in electric start mode (by signals from fire detectors) and in self-start mode (when the critical temperature is exceeded). In addition to the autonomous mode of operation, as a rule, they provide for the possibility of manual start. These systems are used to localize and extinguish fires in enclosed spaces and in the open air.

Aerosol fire extinguishing systems- systems that use finely dispersed solid particles for extinguishing. The only difference between an aerosol fire extinguishing system and a powder one is that at the moment of operation, an aerosol is released, and not a powder (larger than an aerosol). These two fire extinguishing systems are similar to each other both in function and in principle of operation.

The advantages of such a fire extinguishing system (such as ease of installation and installation, versatility, high extinguishing capacity, efficiency, use at low temperatures and the ability to extinguish live materials) are primarily economic, technical and operational.

The disadvantage of such a fire extinguishing system is the danger to human health. The service life is limited to 10 years, after which it must be dismantled and replaced with a new one.

Another important element of the OPS is the alarm notification. Alarm notification can be operated manually, semi-automatically or automatically. The main purpose of the warning system is to warn people in the building about a fire or other emergency and control their movement to a safe area. Notification of fire or other emergencies should be significantly different from the notification of a burglar alarm. Clarity and uniformity of the information provided in a voice announcement are crucial.

Warning systems differ in composition and principle of operation. Block operation management analog public address system carried out using a matrix control unit. Control digital public address system usually implemented using a computer. Local notification systems broadcast in a limited number of rooms a previously recorded text message. Typically, such systems do not allow you to quickly control the evacuation, for example, from a microphone console. Centralized systems automatically broadcasts a recorded emergency message to predetermined zones. If necessary, the dispatcher can transmit messages from the microphone console ( semi-automatic transmission mode).

Most fire alarm systems are built on a modular basis. The procedure for organizing a warning system depends on the characteristics of the protected object - the architecture of the object, the nature of production activities, the number of personnel, visitors, etc. For most small and medium-sized objects, fire safety standards define the installation of warning systems of the 1st and 2nd type and light signals to all areas of the building). In warning systems of the 3rd, 4th and 5th types, one of the main methods of notification is speech. The choice of the number and power of activation of sirens in a particular room directly depends on such fundamental parameters as the noise level in the room, the size of the room and the sound pressure of the installed sirens.

Loud bells, sirens, loudspeakers, etc. are used as sources of sound alarms. Light displays “Exit”, light indicators “Direction of movement”, light flashing annunciators (strobe flashes) are most often used as light sources.

Typically, an alert controls other security features. For example, in the case of a non-standard situation between advertising messages, ordinary at first glance announcements can be transmitted, which inform the security service and the personnel of the enterprise about incidents with conditional phrases. For example: "Guard on duty, call 112." The number 112 could mean a potential attempt to carry unpaid clothing out of the store. Under emergency circumstances, the warning system should ensure the management of the evacuation of people from premises and buildings. In normal mode, the public address system can also be used to transmit background music or advertisements.

Also, the warning system can be hardware or software integrated with the access control system, and upon receipt of an alarm pulse from the sensors, the warning system will issue a command to open the doors of additional evacuation exits. For example, in the event of a fire, an alarm activates the automatic fire extinguishing system, turns on the smoke exhaust system, turns off the forced ventilation of the premises, turns off the power supply, dials automatically to the specified telephone numbers (including emergency services), turns on emergency lighting, etc. e. And when unauthorized access to the premises is detected, the automatic door lock system is triggered, SMS messages are sent to the cell phone, messages are sent to the pager, etc.

Communication channels in the fire alarm system can be specially laid wire lines or telephone lines, telegraph lines and radio channels already available at the facility.

The most common communication systems are stranded shielded cables, which, to increase the reliability and safety of the alarm, are placed in metal or plastic pipes, metal hoses. The transmission lines through which the signals from the detectors are received are physical loops.

In addition to traditional wired communication lines, fire and security alarms operating using a radio communication channel are now offered in fire alarm systems. They have high mobility, commissioning is minimized, and quick installation and dismantling of fire alarm systems is ensured. Setting up radio channel systems is very simple, because each radio button has its own individual code. Such systems are used in situations where it is impossible to stretch the cable or it is not financially justified. The secrecy of these systems is combined with the ability to easily expand or reconfigure them.

Also, we must not forget that there is always a risk of deliberate damage to the electrical circuit by an intruder or a power outage due to an accident. Still, security systems must remain operational. All fire and security alarm devices must be provided with uninterrupted power supply. The power supply of the security alarm system must necessarily have redundancy capabilities. In the absence of voltage in the network, the system must automatically switch to backup power.

In the event of a power outage, the alarm operation does not stop due to the automatic connection of a backup (emergency) power source. To ensure uninterrupted and protected power supply to the system, uninterruptible power supplies, batteries, backup power lines, etc. are used. on the object of backup power sources does not allow to control their state. To implement their control, the inclusion of a power source in the OPS address system with an independent address is used.

It is necessary to provide for the possibility of duplicating the power supply using various electrical substations. It is also possible to implement backup power line from your generator. Fire safety standards require that the burglar and fire alarm system be able to remain operational in the event of a mains power failure during the day in standby mode and at least three hours in alarm mode.

Currently, the integrated use of fire alarm systems to ensure the security of an object is used with a high degree of integration with other security systems such as access control systems, video surveillance, etc. When building integrated security systems, compatibility problems with other systems appear. To combine security and fire alarm systems, warning, access control and management, security television, automatic fire extinguishing installations, etc., software, hardware (which is the most preferable) and the development of a single finished product are used.

Separately, it should be mentioned that the Russian SNiP 2.01.02-85 also requires that the evacuation doors of buildings do not have locks that cannot be opened from the inside without a key. In such conditions, special handles for emergency exits are used. Anti-panic handle ( push bar) is a horizontal bar, pressing on which at any point causes the door to open.

Fire and security alarm systems today are a necessary element of security in commercial and industrial premises, as well as in private facilities. The systems are designed to effectively help save lives, protect property from fire and theft.

Modern fire and security alarm systems

The security system is a complete solution with two functional elements - security and fire department alarm. This system allows you to detect the source of fire at the initial stage, process and transmit the information received. The system includes:

• fire detection sensors,
• Remote Control,
• communication lines.

The system requires an uninterrupted power supply, as well as an audible fire alarm to signal a fire to the control panel and alert people who are in the building.

These systems are focused on use in offices, administrative institutions, industrial premises, trading floors, as well as in houses and apartments.

Ordering a solution for your facility

In Shop 01 you can buy security and fire alarms in Moscow. We offer you a wide range of quality solutions: security, fire detectors, radio channel systems, warning and broadcasting devices, as well as explosion-proof equipment, receiving and control devices, power supplies.

Our consultants will assist in the selection of the device for the maximum solution to your problem. We also offer professional installation of fire alarm systems at the customer's site.

To ask any clarifying questions about products, find out the price of an automatic security and fire alarm or make a profitable order, please contact us by contact phone.

To prevent unauthorized entry and identify sources of fire, fire alarm equipment is installed at the facilities, which is a whole range of special technical means. Thanks to the integration of this complex into the facility's life support system, it becomes possible to form a multifunctional network that combines access systems, fire extinguishing systems and all kinds of engineering communications. This approach allows you to automate the process of operation and protection of the object.

Functionality

When combining a fire and security alarm system, a multifunctional complex is obtained, which simultaneously protects the object from fire and detects cases of unauthorized entry.

Implementation of integration is carried out at the level of management and centralized monitoring. All systems of the complex are used centrally, but they function and are managed separately. Simply put, they are autonomous in the overall system.

The fire alarm performs the following functions:

1. Early fire detection.
2. Sending an alarm to the relevant services.
3. Informing people at the facility about what happened.
4. Ensuring safe evacuation.

Security alarm features:

1. Prevention of unauthorized entry.
2. Organization of an access system (employees can only enter certain areas).
3. Fixing the place and time of penetration.
4. Determination of the method of entry.

Fire alarm equipment

The list of used fire alarm devices depends on the functionality of the system and the tasks that will be solved with its help.

Equipment used to provide fire alarms can be divided into 5 categories:

♦Equipment enabling centralized alarm control. This category includes a central computer with the necessary software. It is with its help that automation of alarm management is carried out. The security and fire panel can be used in cases where installation of a fire alarm system of a simplified configuration is required.

♦To monitor certain areas of the object, touch sensors are used. The essence of their work is to control certain parameters, in the event of a change in which an immediate reaction occurs. This category includes all kinds of detectors and sensors.

♦Executive equipment. Necessary to activate means of protection against fire or unauthorized entry. These devices are responsible for transmitting an alarm signal to the appropriate services and alerting people on the site of a potential hazard.

♦Cable equipment. It is used to connect all the above devices into a single complex. It is thanks to the wired equipment that the switching of devices, the transmission of control impulses and alarm signals is carried out.

Purpose of fire alarm devices

The fire system includes almost the same devices as the burglar alarm. The difference lies only in the actuators and sensors used. The functionality of each individual device will be presented below.

Control panel

It is a small computer on which special software is installed. It controls the operation of each device in the system. The control panel allows you to configure the system and manage its operation. Also, its functions include remote monitoring of the health of all connected devices.

Control panel

With the help of this special device, data is collected from alarm sensors, followed by their analysis. These modules are installed separately or are part of the control panel. In systems with a simplified configuration, the control panel can be used as a control panel.

Sensors

This category of devices includes detectors and sensors of various types that control the necessary parameters in their area. The sensor will work only if the value of one of these parameters is out of range.

At the moment, a huge number of various sensors are presented on the market, which allow people to be warned of danger in a timely manner and, using the receiving and control module, send the corresponding signal to the control panel.

There are several types of sensors used in automatic fire alarms:

1. Smoke detectors. Evaluate the smoke content of the room that occurs in the event of a fire.
2. Thermal sensors. Capture changes in ambient temperature due to fire.
3. Flame sensors. They give a signal when an open fire is detected.
4. Gas sensors. They are triggered in the event of a change in the concentration of a certain gas in the composition of the air.
5. Hand sensors. Used by facility personnel to turn on the fire extinguishing system when a fire is detected.
6. multisensor sensors. Their peculiarity lies in the fact that they are able to analyze 4 signs of a fire at once.

All sensors used in fire alarm systems differ in their operating parameters (response speed, sensitivity, etc.). The sensor model should be chosen based on the tasks that need to be solved at the facility.

Types of sensors used in burglar alarm systems:

1. Motion sensors. Determine the presence of movement in a certain area.
2. Sensors for opening windows and doors. Allows you to detect cases of opening windows or doors.
3. vibration sensors. They will give a signal if attempts are made to collapse the structural elements of the object, including walls.
4. acoustic sensors. Activated when glass is broken.

Also, security systems can be equipped with devices that control the parameters of the object's environment. These include sensors for monitoring the leakage of water, gas, increasing humidity and temperature.

Installation of equipment

It is very important to correctly install the alarm. The degree of protection of the object depends on this. To achieve the maximum level of protection, it is necessary to develop a configuration and plan for the security and fire system before starting the installation of equipment.

At this stage, the required number of detectors is calculated and the places for their installation are determined. The engineer needs to take into account the response speed of the sensors, their sensitivity and coverage area.

The sensors must be installed in such a way as to overlap each other's sensitive areas. This approach will eliminate the presence of "blind" zones. Simply put, absolutely the entire protected area should be under control. It is also very important to avoid external factors affecting the sensors, which include thermal and ultraviolet radiation, as well as all kinds of mechanical stresses.

Wired lines are used to interconnect fire and security alarm devices. Wireless devices are used to facilitate the installation process of the system. In this case, the signal to the central panel from the sensors will be transmitted not by wire, but by radio channels.

Upon completion of the installation, it is necessary to make sure that all sensors, control equipment and the central panel are operational.

Training video for alarm installation.

Conclusion

If you want your security and fire-fighting complex to work properly for many years and perform the functions assigned to it, then the installation of equipment should be entrusted to qualified specialists.

Today, many companies provide their services for the preparation and implementation of fire alarm projects. Some of them are additionally engaged in the sale of the necessary equipment, as well as the maintenance and configuration of systems. Only a professional can choose the right equipment and correctly install it. Fire and burglar alarms are the key to the safety of life and material values ​​of a person.