Technology of brickwork of walls with insulation: SNiP. The subtleties of brickwork with insulation

Compared to the recent past, now the future owner of a private house can choose from dozens of types of modern and technological materials for finishing the facade. But many still want to build a dwelling made of stone, because a brick-lined cottage will definitely be the most stylish, reliable and status. Classics are always in fashion, so these solutions remain very popular.

But, as in the situation with the use of any other building envelope, during our winters, insulation for a brick wall will definitely be required. This requires a special approach, because we will not hide the most interesting things under insulation, make ventilated cladding or bonded thermal insulation (stucco version) on a brick facade.

What is layered masonry

Layered, or “well”, masonry (SK) is a lightweight version of multilayer stone walls. In the vast majority of cases, it consists of 3 technological layers.

• Firstly, it is the foundation that bears the weight of the ceilings, the roofs of other elements of the house. It can be made of ordinary brick (placed in a brick or half a brick), for its creation can be used: monolithic concrete, various foamed block materials, ceramic blocks, solid natural stone, etc.
• Outside, we have masonry made of facing bricks, hollow or solid. By the way, in a similar way, you can implement a wall with a lining of any small-piece elements, for example, tiles or facade artificial stone.
• An insulating material is laid between the outer layer and the base, which reduces heat loss and sound pressure coming into the house from the outside. It will also help to make the fire resistance of structures even higher, unless, of course, you decide to buy mineral wool for this purpose.

The brick layers of the well masonry are connected to each other either by flexible or rigid brick connections (the so-called "diaphragms"). The insulation is assembled in a solid cake and attached close to the base. Between it and the outer layer, a technological gap of several centimeters wide is usually created (but sometimes they do without it). If for some reason there is no ventilation gap, then vapor barrier sheets are laid between the insulation for the well masonry and the base, so that the insulator always remains dry.

The idea of ​​using well masonry is not new, for example, in the former Soviet Union it was successfully used in all climatic zones. And now, given the efficiency / practicality and price of modern insulation for brick walls, it’s a sin not to use it. The meaning of the SK technology is to get a warm stone house, but with relatively light and thin walls that do not require the creation of a monstrous foundation. And let's not forget that to achieve more or less acceptable results in terms of heat transfer resistance, you need to lay a wall more than one and a half meters thick, and when implementing the SC - a little more than 40 centimeters. That is, on the face - saving money, effort and time.

It is noteworthy that the SC system can operate on the principle of a ventilated facade. Why is it useful? Everything is simple. If everything is done correctly, then it will be possible to maintain the optimal humidity regime in the rooms without much difficulty (you will not need to deal with condensate or make a powerful forced ventilation system).

It is for air circulation that a ventilation gap is needed so that moisture is removed from the insulation to the outside. True, in addition to it, it is necessary to organize "vents" - openings at the bottom of the facade and near the roof with an area of ​​\u200b\u200babout 75 cm2 for every 20 square meters of wall area. It is clear that the technology of removing moisture and creating convective currents inside the wall makes sense only when using vapor-permeable insulation and other elements. For this reason, films that do not allow moisture to pass through cannot be used here.

How to choose a heater for well masonry

As for the thickness, there can be no unambiguous standard solution here. It all depends on the amount of heat loss, the climatic zone, the purpose and features of the operation of the building. According to calculations in the Moscow region, private houses are insulated with layers 100-150 mm thick or more. In general, the technology allows the creation of a well up to 920 mm wide - you just need to calculate correctly. There are very good online calculators on the websites of manufacturers of insulating materials, you can also consult our specialists on this issue.

With the type of material - a little more complicated.

In fact, almost any heater can be used here:

• basalt wool,
• fiberglass wool,
• Styrofoam,
• Extruded polystyrene boards.

The option with expanded polystyrenes is suitable only if the vapor permeability of the wall structure is not needed. Here, universal polystyrene foam with a stepped edge at the end of the plates, for example, Penoplex Comfort or Ravaterm Standard, will work normally.

Stone wool is good because it does not burn, and most importantly - it breathes. Here, hydrophobized products with a density of 45 to 150 kg/m3 are used, mainly in the form of plates. For example, the famous KAVITI BUTTS from Rockwool is designed just for layered masonry. Cotton wool Hotrock BLOCK is focused on the same tasks. The firm Izovol offers 5 options for insulation for well masonry: St-50, St-60, St-75, St-90 and L-35.

From fiberglass-based wool for the implementation of such solutions, one can name the Isover Profi models recommended by Izover (in rolls) and Izover Karkas P-34 slabs. Knauf offers the TS 034 Aquastatik board.

With insufficient insulation of the walls, about 60% of the heat used to heat the home is lost through them. However, the heat saving standards in force since 2000 required builders to use modern highly efficient insulating materials that significantly increase the heat-shielding properties of walls.

To the question of what to build a house from - wood, brick, concrete, or their numerous and varied combinations, everyone answers in their own way. The choice depends on many factors, among which personal preferences often play a much more significant role than practical considerations. We will try to focus on practical aspects and will proceed from the fact that it was decided to build a brick house. The main advantage of a brick building is its undoubted strength and unlimited service life, of course, subject to proper construction and competent operation.

Thicker doesn't mean warmer

The thickness of the main brick walls is always (well, or almost always) a multiple of the size of half a brick, but at the same time it cannot be less than 25 cm, that is, one of its lengths. It is well known from the richest construction practice that even a one-brick wall is capable of carrying any evenly distributed load that occurs in one-, two-story houses from higher structures. Thermal engineering calculations show that at a temperature "overboard" -30 ° С, namely, such a temperature is not uncommon in winter in most regions of the central part of Russia, to keep warm in the house, the thickness of its outer walls (with continuous masonry without voids and on cement-sand solution) should be at least 160 cm. The walls of silicate bricks will be even thicker.

Ordinary red brick is corpulent and hollow. For external walls, it is better to use a hollow one, the air sinuses of which significantly improve the heat-shielding characteristics of the structure. In addition, the masonry itself must be carried out with the formation of voids, wells, widened joints filled with heat-insulating material, the use of effective modern heaters and the so-called warm masonry mortars. An equal, or even more serious effect can be achieved using various kinds of heaters, masonry with the formation of voids, porous bricks.

The trick of laying brick walls is the use of warm masonry mortars containing slag, expanded clay, tuff, perlite, etc. as a filler. An ordinary cement-sand masonry mortar has a thermal conductivity close to the thermal conductivity of a solid brick, and for a mixture with such fillers it turns out about 10-15% lower. It also quite significantly increases the heat-shielding properties of the walls, because the total area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe joints in the masonry is almost 10%.

Where does the heat go?

An important question that interests many potential customers is something like this: "Where should the insulation be located on the walls - inside the room, outside or in the body of the masonry?"

The greatest heat losses in houses, including individual ones, accounted for windows 20 years ago. With double glazing, which was so common until recently, the specific heat flux through windows is 4-6 times higher than the heat flux through walls. And this despite the fact that the area of ​​windows is rarely more than a fifth of the total area of ​​enclosing structures. We will make a reservation right away that the use of multi-chamber PVC profiles with three- or four-chamber double-glazed windows significantly reduces heat losses. 9-10% of the heat leaves the house through the roof and the same amount goes into the ground through the basement. And 60% of losses are accounted for by non-insulated walls.

The location of the dew point depending on the type of wall insulation

Consider three options for wall construction: solid without insulation; with a heater from the side of the room; with external insulation. The temperature in the house, according to the current standards that determine the level of comfortable living, should be + 20 ° С. Measurements carried out by specialists show that at a street temperature of -15 ° C, the temperature of the inner surface of an uninsulated wall is approximately 12-14 ° C, and the outer surface is about -12 ° C. The dew point (the point at which the temperature corresponds to the beginning of moisture condensation) is located inside the wall. Considering that part of the building envelope has a negative temperature, the wall freezes through.

In the presence of thermal insulation located on the walls inside the room, the picture changes significantly. The temperature of the inner surface of the wall (more precisely, the inner side of the insulation) in this design is approximately + 17 ° C. At the same time, the temperature of the masonry inside the building turns out to be about zero, and outside it is slightly lower than the temperature of the street air - about -14 ° C. A house with such internal thermal insulation can be warmed up quite quickly, but brick walls do not accumulate heat, and when the heating devices are turned off, the room cools rapidly. But something else is worse: the dew point is between the wall and the thermal insulation layer, as a result, moisture accumulates here, mold and fungus may appear, the wall still freezes through. However, heat losses are somewhat reduced compared to an uninsulated structure.

Finally, the third option is external thermal insulation. The temperature of the wall surface inside the house becomes slightly higher: 17-17.5 ° C, and outside it rises sharply - up to a level of 2-3 ° C. As a result, the dew point moves inside the insulation layer, while the wall itself acquires the ability to accumulate heat, and heat losses from the room through the building envelope are significantly reduced.

External thermal insulation of walls helps to solve several problems at once. First of all, with proper implementation, such insulation allows you to achieve a high level of energy saving - the cost of heating the building is reduced by 50-60%

Layered masonry

The easiest way to increase the thermal insulation properties of brick walls is to leave cavities in them, because air is an ideal natural heat insulator. Therefore, for a long time, closed air gaps 5-7 cm wide have been made in the body of a wall of solid brick. On the one hand, this reduces the consumption of bricks by almost 20%, and on the other hand, it reduces the thermal conductivity of the wall by 10-15%. This type of masonry is called well. Air, of course, is an excellent insulation, however, with a strong wind, such walls can be blown through the vertical seams of the masonry. To prevent this from happening, the facades are plastered from the outside, and various heaters are laid in the air voids. Now a variety of well masonry is widely used, called layered: a bearing brick wall, then a heater and an outer layer of face brick.

Options for wall insulation with a bond of two layers of brick masonry (a) and metal embedded elements (b)

Thermal insulation in laminated masonry, as a rule, is mineral wool slabs (based on stone fiber or staple fiberglass) or expanded polystyrene, less often extruded polystyrene foam (due to its high price). All materials have similar thermal conductivity coefficients, so the thickness of the insulating layer in the wall will be the same, regardless of the type of insulation chosen (the thickness of the layer is determined not only by the characteristics of the thermal insulation, but also by the climatic zone where the construction is being carried out). However, fibrous materials are non-combustible, which is fundamentally different from polystyrene foam, which is combustible. In addition, unlike polystyrene foam boards, fiber boards are elastic, so that during installation it is easier to press them tightly against the wall. Certain difficulties in the use of expanded polystyrene in layered masonry are also caused by the low vapor permeability of this material. At the same time, expanded polystyrene is about four times cheaper than mineral wool, and for many customers this advantage compensates for its disadvantages. We add that, according to SP 23-101-2004 "Design of thermal protection of buildings", when using combustible heaters in the building envelope, it is necessary to frame window and other openings around the perimeter with strips of non-combustible mineral wool.

A snug fit of the insulation is a guarantee of its efficiency, since if air pockets are allowed in the structure, heat leakage from the building can occur through them.

The device of any type of insulation system requires a thoughtful calculation of its vapor permeability: each subsequent layer (from inside to outside) must pass water vapor better than the previous one. After all, if steam has an obstacle on its way, then its condensation in the thickness of the building envelope is inevitable. Meanwhile, in the case of a popular solution - a wall of foam blocks, fibrous insulation, facing bricks - the vapor permeability of foam blocks is quite high, for a heater it is even higher, and the vapor permeability of facing bricks is less than that of a heater and foam blocks. As a result, steam condenses - most often on the inner surface of the face brick wall (since it is in the zone of negative temperatures in winter), which entails negative consequences. Moisture accumulates in the lower part of the masonry, eventually causing the destruction of the brick of the lower rows. The insulation will get wet throughout its entire thickness, and, as a result, the service life of the material will be reduced and its heat-shielding properties will significantly decrease. The enclosing structure will begin to freeze, which will lead, in particular, to a decrease in the effect of using the insulation system, to deformation of the room finish, to a gradual displacement of the condensate zone into the thickness of the load-bearing wall, which can cause its premature destruction.

To some extent, the problem of steam transfer is relevant for layered masonry with any type of insulation. In order to avoid wetting of thermal insulation, it is recommended to provide two points. Firstly, it is necessary to create an air gap of at least 2 cm between the insulation and the outer wall, and also leave a series of holes about 1 cm in size (a seam not filled with mortar) in the lower and upper parts of the masonry in order to achieve air inflow and exhaust to remove steam from the insulation . However, this is not a full-fledged ventilation of the structure (in comparison, for example, with a ventilated facade system), therefore, secondly, it makes sense to make special holes for condensate drainage from the layered masonry in its lower part.

An important feature of layered masonry is the use of heat-insulating materials with sufficient rigidity and their reliable fixation so that they do not settle over time. For additional fastening of the insulation and pairing of the outer and inner brick layers, flexible connections are used with each other. Usually they are made of steel reinforcement.

Replacing steel flexible ties with fiberglass allows (due to the thermal uniformity of the wall structure) to reduce the estimated thickness of mineral wool by 5-10%

In recent years, porous large-format ceramic stones have been increasingly used in individual construction for the construction of walls. During their manufacture, organic and mineral materials are added to the composition of ceramics, which contribute to the formation of closed pores during the brick firing process. As a result, such stones become 35-47% lighter than solid bricks of the same size, and due to the porous structure, their thermal conductivity coefficient reaches 0.16-0.22 W / (m ° C), which is 3-4 times more than solid clay bricks. Accordingly, the walls of porous stone can be much less thick - only 51 cm.

Due to the high heat capacity of the material, brickwork has significant thermal inertia - the walls warm up for a long time and cool down just as slowly. For permanent residences, this quality is certainly positive, since the temperature in the rooms usually does not have large fluctuations. But for cottages, in which the owners visit periodically, with long breaks, the thermal inertia of brick walls already plays a negative role, because their heating requires considerable fuel and time. The construction of walls of a multilayer structure, consisting of layers of different thermal conductivity and thermal inertia, will help to remove the severity of the problem.

External insulation

Today, the most widespread systems of external insulation. These include ventilated facades with an air gap and "wet" facades with a thin plaster layer (a slightly less popular option with a thick plaster layer). In facades with "thin" plaster, the number of heat-conducting inclusions is minimized. In this they differ from ventilated facades, where there are more heat-conducting inclusions and, accordingly, the insulation should be thicker, which affects the cost of the structure - for ventilated facades, it turns out to be twice as high on average.

Scheme of external insulation

The name "wet" facade is associated with the use of plaster solutions in insulation systems. This explains the main and, perhaps, the only limitation on their arrangement - the seasonality of work. Since the technology provides for the presence of "wet" processes, the installation of the system can only be carried out at positive temperatures.

Such “wet” systems include many different components (insulation, mesh, mineral glue, plaster mixtures, dowels, profiles and a number of other components), but there are only three main layers: insulation, reinforcing and protective and decorative layers. As a heater, plates made of a rigid heat-insulating material with a low coefficient of thermal conductivity are used. These can be mineral or glass wool boards with an average density (not lower than 145 kg/m³) or sheets of extruded non-shrinking self-extinguishing polystyrene foam with a density of at least 25 kg/m³. At the same time, the thermal insulation properties of a 6 cm thick expanded polystyrene layer correspond to approximately 120 cm of brickwork. The insulation is fixed on the wall using special glue and fasteners. A reinforcing layer of alkali-resistant mesh and a special adhesive solution is applied to the thermal insulation, which fastens it to the insulation plate. And only then form the outer layer, consisting of a primer and a decorative finish.

The main advantage of a “wet” facade is the possibility of obtaining a wall with any required degree of insulation, moreover, such an insulation system is less expensive than layered masonry, while the appearance of the facade, where high-quality plasters are used, will be attractive for a long time. The costs for the construction of the foundation will also be reduced, since the load on it from the insulation layer will be insignificant. The use of such systems makes it possible to reduce heat losses through building envelopes by a factor of three and save up to 40% of funds spent on heating.

Today, such a branch of the national economy as construction is developing at a rapid pace throughout the world. Hundreds of new buildings and structures are built every year. The most favorite and common building materials are the following: concrete, reinforced concrete, plastic, metal tiles, metal-plastic, brick. Brick is undoubtedly the most practical of them. Currently, bricklaying is constantly being modernized, more and more of its methods are appearing. For these purposes, various types of bricks are used: solid, hollow, single one-and-a-half, double. Most often, brick is used for the construction of residential and public buildings, where the most important thing is to maintain an optimal microclimate inside the premises.

To insulate brickwork, you can use several options - slag, mineral wool, glass wool, concrete. Masonry is carried out in several ways - three-layer with and without an air gap or well.

Today, it has become very relevant with a heater. It originated in the middle of the last century. Then moss, sawdust, peat were used as a heater. In the modern world, they are no longer effective and have been replaced by more modern materials. Insulation can be used in almost any type of construction, where timber, concrete panels, brick walls are used as enclosing structures. The last option is the most relevant. Let us consider in more detail how brickwork with insulation is carried out, the masonry technique, the advantages of this method.

Types of heaters and requirements

Brick laying is a rather serious and difficult task.

Most often, insulation inside brick structures is carried out using mineral wool, polystyrene foam, glass wool.

Some craftsmen fill the space between the walls with concrete or fill it with slag. This option also has its advantages, the main of which is that with this method of masonry, the strength and durability of the structure increases. Any insulation must meet the following special requirements.

First, it must be resistant to deformation. This property is especially important. So, under the action of any natural factors, as well as under the force of gravity, it can change in size and shape.

Secondly, it is moisture resistance. Despite the fact that the insulation is carried out inside the structure, moisture can get inside, which often leads to deformation and destruction of the material. And the latter, in turn, will affect the thermal insulation properties of the building envelope. Warming is carried out only with those materials that do not pass and do not absorb moisture. In addition, excessive moisture can cause condensation to form. Fiberglass is the most optimal for flexible connections between fences, as it has low thermal conductivity, high strength and does not allow moisture to pass through. There is another universal insulation - air.

well masonry

Wall insulation is often used for lightweight bricklaying. This reduces the load on the building. In addition, this method allows you to save materials, increase the percentage of sound insulation and thermal insulation. Warming in this case is of two types. In the first case, two brick walls are erected, and the voids between them are evenly filled with insulation. In the second case, only one wall is made, and then a heater is attached to it. Currently, the most commonly used well masonry. It is carried out as follows: first, an internal load-bearing wall is erected with ordinary bricks, after which an external wall is built with a thickness of half a brick.

The next step is to install dressings in several rows. To do this, you can use metal rods. Another type of masonry can also be used, in which the voids are filled with slag or concrete. The walls are built with a thickness of half a brick. In this case, the slag should rest for some time (six months).

Three-layer masonry with and without a gap

With this method, heat-insulating panels are laid in rows between the supporting structures, they are fixed with the help of anchors that are built into the wall. To prevent the formation of condensate in this case, you will need a vapor barrier. The front layer is laid out from the usual facing brick or stone. There is another way in which an air gap is made. This method is the most optimal, as it helps to prevent the formation of condensate to a greater extent. The ventilation gap contributes to the drying of the insulation. With this method, a load-bearing internal wall of ordinary brick is first erected. Thermal insulation materials are mounted on anchors mounted in the wall.

This option uses flexible ties with clamps that are needed to connect the insulation panels to the wall and create an air layer. Stainless steel washers are used as fasteners. The disadvantage of this method is that it is very labor intensive.

Equipment and tools

Brick insulation will require tools. You can insulate it inside by having a heater (wool, slag or concrete) available. In addition, you will need a vapor barrier. For the masonry itself, it is important to have a solution based on sand and clay or cement, bricks, a mixing container, a building level, a trowel, a trowel, and spatulas. You may need a ladder or grinder for. It is desirable to carry out brick insulation in dry and warm seasons in order to avoid moisture ingress, which can accumulate between the walls. You can insulate the wall yourself, or hire a team of specialists for this.

As mentioned above, moisture can accumulate inside the wall, so it is important to use only moisture-proof materials. The cheapest of them are glass wool or slag. The heater should be laid flat.

Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that when laying bricks, it is best to use a heater. It must meet the following requirements: be moisture resistant and resistant to deformation. It should be inside the structure, between the load-bearing walls. Walls can be insulated with various materials: mineral wool, slag, concrete, glass wool. There is another very good insulation - this is air. Laying should be done in several ways. The most common of them are well, three-layer with and without an air gap.

In any case, a dressing is made between the walls, it is carried out with the help of metal pins that are attached to the anchors. The space between the walls is evenly filled with material. To insulate the wall, you will need equipment and tools. You can buy them at any specialized store. Therefore, thermal insulation is a simple task, but it requires certain knowledge and skills.

Brick cladding is popular in the construction of private houses, looks great and is durable. Brick-lined walls are often made three-layer in order to provide the necessary heat savings. The first layer is a load-bearing wall, the second is insulation, and the third is a self-supporting layer of facing bricks, which rests on the same foundation as the main wall.

When creating a three-layer wall, a number of questions always arise, for example:

• What is a load bearing wall made of?
• What heater to choose?
• Do I need a ventilation gap above the insulation (involves additional broadening of the base)?
• How to connect a load-bearing wall, insulation, and facade design?

Reasonable answers to these and other questions are available in the project documentation, in accordance with which it is necessary to conduct construction. To control the work or to do it yourself, you need to familiarize yourself with the construction of a brick-lined wall and the nuances of its construction.

Let us consider in more detail the main points of the construction of three-layer walls lined with bricks.

What to look out for

A three-layer wall compared to a single-layer one, for example, made of blocks of porous ceramics, has disadvantages, the main of which are:

• It is possible to moisten the wall in case of violation of the construction technology or destruction of the layers.
• For conventional mineral wool and polystyrene foam insulation, the durability is less than that of the base and cladding by about 3 times. Such insulation should be changed with the destruction of the facade.

The load-bearing wall is often made of solid brick or small-format concrete blocks, then its thickness should be at least:
- for one-story buildings - 18 - 24 cm.
- for 2 - 3 storey buildings - from 29 cm.

Also, the load-bearing wall can be made of lighter materials - aerated concrete, expanded clay concrete, etc. Small-format blocks with a density of 700 kg / m3 and more are used. The thickness of the bearing wall is determined by the project, based on the required strength, but usually within 25 - 50 cm. But with a bearing wall made of lightweight porous materials, moisture accumulation problems arise (see below).

Typical scheme of a three-layer wall with a load-bearing wall of masonry in two bricks 24 cm wide (1), with insulation from rigid mineral wool boards (2), on the foundation (3), ventilation gap and flexible fiberglass ties (4), with clinker brick cladding (5) with ventilation holes in the seams at the bottom (6).

What kind of insulation is used

As insulation it is possible to use:

• polystyrene foams (EPS, PPS, PSB), which are characterized by high resistance to the movement of steam, actually act as vapor barriers.
• mineral wool, both low density 30 - 50 kg / m3, and rigid slabs with a density of 80 - 120 kg / m3, which are glued to the load-bearing wall as well as expanded polystyrenes;
• foam glass, acting as an absolute vapor barrier;
• aerated concrete of low density 100 - 200 kg / m 3 This is a relatively new insulation that has thermal insulation qualities at the level of mineral wool (thermal conductivity coefficient 0.5 - 0.6 W / mK) and low resistance to steam movement - 0.28 mg / (m * year * Pa).

The first two heaters are cheap, considered traditional, and are mainly used for the insulation of private houses. But they betray the main drawback to the multilayer wall - too short a service life - 25 - 35 years. After which, the insulation needs to be changed, which is not cheap for a three-layer wall.

The last two without this drawback, foam glass is called “eternal”, and autoclaved aerated concrete is a porous stone, its predicted service life is comparable to brick. Moreover, unlike expensive foam glass, aerated concrete has an affordable price. But the popularity of this heater is still small.

Aerated concrete slabs up to 10 cm thick are glued to the load-bearing wall and additionally fixed with plate-shaped dowels 1-2 pcs. on one plate. From slabs with a thickness of more than 10 cm, masonry is made on glue next to the load-bearing wall supported by the foundation, while a windproof technological gap with a wall of 2–10 mm is possible.

The question of the ventilation gap in the load-bearing wall

A layer of mineral wool or aerated concrete will have a higher vapor permeability than a load-bearing wall, but less than a brick cladding. If there is no ventilation gap between the insulation and the cladding,

then the basic principle of building multilayer walls will be violated - the outer layer should be more vapor-permeable. Moisture will accumulate in the wall during the cold period with the consequences:
- a significant decrease in the heat-saving properties of the wall;
— reduction of service life, destruction of materials.

If there is a ventilation gap 3 cm wide above the insulation layer, along which air moves from bottom to top, then moisture accumulation will not occur.

Clearly on the graphs, according to theoretical calculations on a computer, the accumulation of moisture by months in a three-layer wall is presented. Bearing wall - expanded clay concrete with a layer of 25 cm, insulation - mineral wool 12 cm, facing - ceramic brick 12 cm. Region - St. Petersburg.

• the first graph is for a wall with a brick cladding without vents. gap.
• the second - instead of brick, mineral plaster was used with a layer of 1 cm, moisture was several times less.
• the third - there is a ventilation gap between the mineral wool and the brick cladding, moisture accumulation does not occur.

In practice, moisture flows down through the insulation, accumulates, goes through the cracks, it can be drained from the wall by drilling a hole ...

If expanded polystyrene with a density higher than 35 kg/m3 is used with a layer of normal thickness, then there is no need for a ventilation gap, moisture accumulation does not occur due to minimal steam movement.

But if the load-bearing wall is made of porous, vapor-transparent materials (aerated concrete and the like), then it is possible to sub-moisten at the dew point in it for any facade design (the dew point will be mainly in the wall, due to the increased thermal insulation of its material). Therefore, from the inside, a load-bearing wall made of light porous materials must be protected with a layer of vapor barrier. But this design is more expensive and problematic, so porous structural materials are best used in single-layer walls.

It should be noted that a single-layer wall, for example, made of aerated concrete or porous ceramics, is devoid of such problems.

The thickness of the insulation is selected in accordance with the calculation of the required heat transfer resistance of the wall, usually in the range of 7 - 12 cm, for foam glass - up to 15 cm.

Which three-layer wall design to choose

For regions with cold winters, in the case of the use of vapor-transparent heaters, mineral wool or aerated concrete 100 kg / m 3, the presence of a ventilation gap in the wall is mandatory to ensure its normal condition.

At the same time, the ventilation gap remains open under the roof, and in the lower part of the wall for air supply, the vertical seams between the bricks are left unfilled, slotted bricks are used, so that the area of ​​the holes is at least 75 cm2. for 20 sq. masonry.

Mineral wool density up to 80 kg/sq.m. should be closed with a windproof superdiffusion membrane, which prevents air from blowing through its layer. Membrane and layers of wool are fastened with plate-shaped dowels 10 pcs. per m sq. into a load-bearing wall.

PPS, aerated concrete, erected with the use of glue, in accordance with the recommendations above. Additional fixation is usually 3 - 5 plastic dowels per square meter.

In a three-layer wall, it is recommended to use a masonry mesh, which binds all layers (and brick lining).
At the same time, the vertical grid installation step is 500 - 600 mm, according to the size of the insulation plate (as little as possible). If fiberglass ties are used, then their number should not be less than 4 pcs. per square meter, and the horizontal installation step is not more than 500 mm., near the openings, at the corners, the connection installation spacing is reduced to 8 pcs. per sq. m.

Brick cladding is reinforced with masonry mesh with a vertical step of no more than 1.2 meters, with mesh winding into the load-bearing wall.

Doors and windows are located along the depth of the wall opposite the insulation-bearing wall boundary. In this case, the best heat savings on the openings are achieved, and the risk of glass fogging is also reduced.

findings

Now autoclaved aerated concrete of low density is crowding out mineral wool, due to the fact that it is more environmentally friendly and durable.

The use of aerated concrete insulating panels in a three-layer wall lined with bricks and a load-bearing wall made of heavy materials seems to be optimal. But with this insulation, it is desirable to make a ventilation gap, since the material itself is susceptible to moisture.

The use of heavy materials for the load-bearing wall eliminates problems with the accumulation of moisture in the thickness of the wall. A load-bearing wall made of high-density aerated concrete must be protected from the inside with a vapor barrier for any design of a two or three-layer wall.

It is better to use mineral wool boards of high density, from 80 kg / m 3, without a windproof membrane, which is also a "weak link" in the design, given its non-separability.

You can reduce construction costs, reduce the thickness of the wall if you use polystyrene foam for insulation without vents. gap. They also have a lower coefficient of thermal conductivity, they can be used in a thinner layer, which will ultimately save up to 5-8 cm in thickness. Additional savings are the laying of facade bricks on the edge, with a layer thickness of 6 cm. But here an increase in the number of connections is required.

The use of polystyrene foam and low-density mineral wool in a three-layer wall seems to be unjustified savings.

In some new built buildings, insulation is placed centrally (in the middle) in the building envelope. With this option, the insulation is very well protected from mechanical damage and there are more opportunities for decorating facades. However, the risk of damage due to humidity is much higher than with external insulation, so the layer structure must be carefully planned and executed without defects.

This design consists of three layers: load-bearing walls, walls made of facing material and insulation, which is located between them. The load-bearing and facing walls rest on the same foundation. The outer layer is most often made either from facing bricks, or from building bricks, followed by plastering, covering with artificial stone, clinker tiles, etc.

Advantages

• beautiful and respectable appearance when using expensive facing materials;
• high durability, subject to proper design and qualified installation of the structure.

disadvantages

• high labor intensity of construction;
• low breathability;
• the possibility of moisture condensation between the heterogeneous layers of such a wall.

It is very important that all layers of the structure are combined with each other in terms of vapor permeability. Compatibility is determined only by the calculation of the system as a whole.

Underestimating this circumstance can lead to the accumulation of moisture in the interior of the walls. This will create a favorable environment for the development of mold and mildew. The insulation from the possible formation of condensate will get wet, which will shorten the life of the material and significantly reduce its heat-shielding properties. The enclosing structure will begin to freeze, which will lead to inefficiency of insulation and may cause its premature destruction.

Types of structures

Typical solutions for layered masonry can be divided into two types: with and without air gap device.

The air gap device allows you to more effectively remove moisture from the structure, since excess moisture from the load-bearing wall and insulation will immediately go into the atmosphere. At the same time, the air gap increases the total thickness of the walls, and, consequently, the foundation.

Insulation inside masonry walls

To some extent, the problem of steam transfer is relevant for layered masonry with any type of insulation.

Thermal insulation of the structure with mineral wool is the most preferable. In this case, it becomes possible to arrange an air gap between the insulation and the outer wall for better moisture removal from the load-bearing wall and insulation.

For layered masonry, use semi-rigid mineral wool insulation. This will allow, on the one hand, to fill in well all the defects in the masonry, to create a continuous layer of thermal insulation (the plates can be “squeezed” a little, avoiding cracks). On the other hand, such plates will maintain geometric integrity (do not shrink) throughout the entire service life.

Stone wool TECHNOBLOCK

Mineral wool ISOVER Karkas-P34

Certain difficulties in the use of expanded polystyrene in layered masonry are caused by the low vapor permeability of this material.

Three-layer brickwork with insulation

1. Interior of a brick wall
2. Mineral wool
3. Exterior brick wall
4. Connections

The traditional material for the interior of the walls is solid red ceramic brick. Masonry is usually carried out on a cement-sand mortar of 1.5-2 bricks (380-510 mm). The outer wall is usually made of face brick 120 mm thick (half a brick).

Products

In the case of a system with an air gap 2-5 cm wide, for its ventilation, vents (holes) are arranged in the lower and upper parts of the wall, through which vaporous moisture is removed to the outside. The size of such holes is taken at the rate of 75 cm 2 per 20 m 2 of the wall surface.

The upper ventilation ducts are located at the cornices, the lower ones - at the plinths. At the same time, the lower holes are intended not only for ventilation, but also for water drainage.

1. Air gap 2cm
2. Lower part of the building
3. Upper part of the building

To carry out ventilation of the layer, a slotted brick laid on the edge is installed in the lower part of the walls, or a brick is laid in the lower part of the walls not close to each other, and not at some distance from each other, and the resulting gap is not filled with masonry mortar.

Establishing links

The inner and outer parts of a three-layer brick wall are interconnected by special embedded parts - ties. They are made of fiberglass, basalt-reinforced plastic or steel reinforcement with a diameter of 4.5–6 mm. It is preferable to use fiberglass or basalt-reinforced plastic links due to the greater thermal conductivity of steel links.

These connections also perform the function of fixing the insulation boards (the insulation is simply
poke at them). They are installed in the process of laying in a load-bearing wall to a depth
6-9 cm in increments of 60 cm horizontally and 50 cm vertically, based on an average of 4 pins per
1 m 2.

To ensure a uniform ventilated gap over the entire area of ​​​​the insulation, fixing washers are attached to the rods.

Often, instead of special connections, bent reinforcing bars are used. In addition to connections, the outer and inner walls of the masonry can be connected with a steel reinforcing mesh laid every 60 cm vertically. In this case, additional mechanical fastening of the plates is used for the air gap device.

Insulation plates are installed with dressing of seams close to each other so that there are no cracks and gaps between individual plates. At the corners of the building, the plates are geared to avoid the formation of cold bridges.

Masonry technology with insulation

• Laying the facing layer to the level of connections
• Installation of a heat-insulating layer so that its top is 5-10 cm higher than the facing layer
• Laying the carrier layer to the next level of connections
• Installing ties by piercing them through the insulation

if the horizontal seams of the bearing and facing layers of the wall in which the ties are placed do not coincide by more than 2 cm in the bearing layer of brickwork, the ties are placed in a vertical seam

• Laying one row of bricks in the bearing part of the wall and the facing layer

utepdom.ru

Types of masonry walls with insulation inside

There are two types of brick walls with insulation inside. The first method is the so-called lightweight well masonry, consisting of two independent brick walls.

To increase the strength of the structure, they are interconnected by horizontal brick bridges. And the formed hollow wells inside them are filled with heat-insulating material.

The second method involves the construction of a three-layer wall structure. In this case, the brick wall is lined with tiled heat-insulating material, on top of which the third layer is laid out - facing brick. However, due to the fact that cases of destruction of buildings erected using this technology have become more frequent, since 2008 its use in Russia has been prohibited.

A technological technique using a lightweight well type makes it possible not only to increase the thermal inertia of a brick wall, but also to significantly reduce the construction estimate.

When conducting low-rise construction, it will be enough to make a wall partition of 1.5 bricks in order to achieve the necessary bearing strength. And the heat resistance of the building is ensured by the insulation of the walls.

Using a combination of brickwork with insulation allows you to achieve:

• significant savings in building materials;
• reducing the load on the foundation;
• cost reduction compared to traditional brickwork;
• reducing heat loss by almost half.

Wall construction technology with insulation inside

Well lightweight brickwork is not a new invention. It rather refers to undeservedly forgotten building technologies. Due to its cost-effectiveness and high energy saving, it has recently gained quite a lot of popularity.

In order to increase the stability of load-bearing walls with this type of construction, hollow wells are constructed in them by the method of filling bonded bricks from the outer and inner layers of masonry. Such wells are made in the form of a transverse wall, the thickness of which is ½ brick and with a distance between them of 2-4 bricks. The resulting voids are filled with lightweight concrete, slag, expanded clay or other heat-insulating material.

Necessary tools and materials:

• brick;
• masonry mortar;
• mesh for reinforcement;
• heat-insulating material (expanded clay, concrete, crushed stone, sand);
• polystyrene (optional);
• plaster mixture for exterior decoration;
• trowel;
• plumb;
• putty knife.

To perform well masonry, you must:

1. Work should begin at the corner of the inner and outer walls.
2. During the process, the corners and locations of the vertical internal partitions are laid out with pokes.
3. Longitudinal walls should be laid out in a row of spoons.
4. The laying of the transverse walls of the wells is carried out by poking.
5. Ligation of the transverse wall with the longitudinal one is carried out through a row in height.
6. After 4-5 rows of walls are laid out, insulation is poured into the well. In this case, you can use such insulating material as sand, crushed stone, expanded clay. It is laid between the walls in layers of 10-15 cm, while ramming is good. Every 30-50 cm inside the well, the insulation is poured with a solution. To prevent it from settling, horizontal jumpers are made every 30-60 cm. In some cases, it makes sense to lay the outer and inner walls of the wells with foam panels. This will prevent wetting of the insulation. For this, foam with a thickness of 30 to 50 mm is suitable.
7. The installation of wall brick partitions is completed with a solid masonry in three or four rows with the obligatory laying of a reinforcing mesh in the last row.

Some types of masonry on the outside of the house must be plastered. This also applies to the well method. The use of heat-resistant plaster will further strengthen the structure, insulate the building and prevent moisture from entering the heat-insulating material.

1poteply.ru

For better preservation of heat in the house and to save money on heating, lightweight (insulated or well) masonry is often used during construction.

This type of masonry can significantly reduce the load on the foundation, although it is more laborious in the production of this type of construction work.

It should be noted right away that the masonry should be made along horizontal waterproofing and the first two or three lower rows of bricks are laid out solid, this also applies to the upper rows of masonry. The lower masonry will take on the entire load from the wall being built, and the brick of the upper rows transfers the load from the beams or floor slabs. The corners of the building are also made in the form of solid brickwork with mesh reinforcement in 4-6 rows. You should not save on these masonry elements, the strength and durability of the house will depend on this.

The insulated (lightweight) masonry wall consists of three parts. The main part is the internal load-bearing wall, it is usually laid out in a brick or one and a half bricks thick. Beams or floor slabs rest on this part of the wall. The thickness of this part of the wall depends on the loads that will be transferred to it and on the region of construction.

The inner part of the wall is an insulating layer of the selected type of insulation. For insulated masonry, various types of insulating material are used: expanded clay, slag, mineral wool, foam plastic, expanded clay concrete. Any of these materials can be used for insulated masonry. The easiest way is to use loose types of insulation - expanded clay and slag. These materials should only be carefully compacted during its construction. Mineral wool and polystyrene insulation is already more difficult to work with. In case of formation of voids between the plates of such material, it is necessary to apply mounting foam. The most difficult thing to work with is the expanded clay concrete insulation. In warm weather, a brick wall should be kept for about a day before pouring expanded clay concrete, and special care should be taken so as not to stain the facing part of the wall with concrete mortar.

The outer part of such a wall is laying in half a brick with facing bricks. This part of the wall is carried out with jointing and reinforcement with mesh in 3-4 rows.

The very work of building such walls is more difficult than when building solid brick walls, but due to the production of "warmer" walls, such masonry is very popular.

To give strength to the walls during work, vertical and horizontal fastening diaphragms are arranged. Vertical diaphragms are best made of brick, they are great for any kind of insulating material. It is possible to arrange vertical diaphragms from masonry mesh, but this type of fastening of the bearing and facing parts of the wall is better suited for loose types of insulation or expanded clay concrete. Horizontal diaphragms are made of reinforcing mesh for masonry, they are usually mounted on the sixth row of masonry.

Particular attention should be paid to the installation of the insulating layer of the wall, there should not be any voids between the insulating material, this is especially true when installing foam insulation, in this case mounting foam should be used.

In this way, the bearing and facing parts of the wall are laid, followed by the installation of insulation. After the installation of the horizontal diaphragm, parts of the wall are raised, a heater is mounted between the vertical diaphragms and then to the desired height of the wall.

The masonry around the window and door openings is solid. Under the bottom of the window openings, a reinforced horizontal diaphragm is arranged from two rows of bricks with mesh reinforcement.

This method of building walls is, although very time-consuming, but with the right approach to this work, the structure turns out to be quite reliable and durable.

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Construction of a three-layer wall with brick cladding

In low-rise construction, the construction of an external three-layer wall is very popular: the load-bearing wall is a brick insulation-cladding (120 mm), Fig.1. This wall allows effective for each layer materials.

Bearing wall made of brick or concrete blocks, is the power frame of the building.

insulation layer. fixed on the wall, provides the necessary level of thermal insulation of the outer wall.

wall cladding from a facing brick protects a heater from external influences and serves as a decorative covering of a wall.

Fig.1. Three layer wall.
1 - interior decoration; 2 - load-bearing wall; 3 - thermal insulation; 4 - ventilated gap; 5 - brick lining; 6 - flexible connections

Multilayer walls also have disadvantages:

• limited durability of the insulation material compared to the material of the load-bearing wall and cladding;
• the release of hazardous and harmful substances from the insulation, albeit within acceptable limits;
• the need to use special measures to protect the wall from blowing and moistening - vapor-proof, windproof coatings and ventilated gaps;
• combustibility of polymeric heaters;

Bearing wall in three-layer masonry

The bearing wall is usually made of bricks, vibrocompressed concrete blocks, as well as cellular concrete or lightweight concrete small-format blocks with a density of more than 700 kg / m 3. Wall thickness 180 - 640 mm.

For one-story buildings, the minimum thickness of the masonry of the bearing wall made of piece materials can be 180-250 mm. For 2-3 storey buildings - 290 mm.

Wall insulation in three-layer masonry

As a heater, rigid mineral wool boards or sheets of foamed polymers are usually used: expanded polystyrene - extruded polystyrene foam (EPS) or expanded polystyrene plate (PPS), PSB foam.

Less commonly used heat-insulating slabs of cellular concrete and foam glass, although these materials have a number of advantages compared to the above heaters.

The thickness of the insulation is chosen depending on the climatic conditions of the construction area.

How to determine the required heat transfer resistance of the wall and calculate the thickness of the insulation, read the article "Heating costs and heat transfer resistance."

Insulation of the walls of the house with mineral wool boards

Mineral wool slabs are fixed on a load-bearing wall with an air ventilated gap between the surface of the slabs and brick lining, or without a gap, Fig.1.

Why a ventilated gap is needed and moisture accumulation in the wall is described in detail in the article “Dew point, vapor barrier and ventilated air gap”.

The calculations of the moisture regime of the walls show that in three-layer walls condensate in the insulation falls during the cold season in almost all climatic zones of Russia.

The amount of condensate falling out is different, but for most regions it fits into the norms established by SNiP 23-02-2003 "Thermal protection of buildings". There is no accumulation of condensate in the wall structure during the year-round cycle due to drying in the warm season, which is also a requirement of these SNiP.

As an example, the figures show graphs of the amount of condensate in the insulation according to the results of calculations for various options for facing the three-layer walls of a residential building in St. Petersburg.

Rice. 4. The result of the calculation of the moisture regime of a wall insulated with mineral wool boards with a ventilated gap and a "siding" type coating (brick - 380 mm, insulation -120 mm, siding). Facing - ventilated facade.

From the above graphs it is clearly seen how the lining barrier, which prevents ventilation of the outer surface of the mineral wool insulation, leads to an increase in the amount of condensate in the insulation. Although in the annual cycle there is no accumulation of moisture in the insulation, but when facing with bricks without a ventilation gap, a significant amount of water condenses and freezes in the insulation every year in winter, Fig.2. Moisture also accumulates in the layer of brick cladding adjacent to the insulation.

Humidification of the insulation reduces its heat-shielding properties, which increases heating costs building.

In addition, water annually, when freezing, destroys the insulation and brickwork of the cladding. Moreover, the cycles of freezing and thawing during the season can occur repeatedly. The insulation gradually crumbles, and the brickwork of the cladding is destroyed. I note that the frost resistance of ceramic bricks is only 50 - 75 cycles, and the frost resistance of the insulation is not standardized.

Replacing a heater covered with brick cladding is an expensive pleasure. Hydrophobized high-density mineral wool boards are more durable under these conditions. But these plates have a higher cost.

The amount of condensate is reduced or no condensation at all if you provide better ventilation of the surface of the insulation - fig.3 and 4.

Another way to eliminate condensation is to increase the vapor permeability resistance of the load-bearing wall. To do this, the surface of the load-bearing wall is covered with a vapor barrier film or heat-insulating boards with a vapor barrier applied to their surface are used. When mounting on a wall, the surface of the boards covered with a vapor barrier must face the wall.

The arrangement of a ventilated gap, sealing the walls with vapor-tight coatings complicates and increases the cost of the wall structure. What does moistening the insulation in the walls in winter lead to is written above. Here also choose. For construction areas with severe winter conditions, the installation of a ventilated gap can be economically justified.

In walls with a ventilated gap, mineral wool boards with a density of at least 30-45 kg / m 3, pasted over on one side with a windproof coating. When using plates without wind protection on the outer surface of the thermal insulation, wind protection coatings should be provided, for example, vapor-permeable membranes, fiberglass, etc.

In walls without a ventilated gap, it is recommended to use mineral wool boards with a density of 35-75 kg / m 3. In a wall structure without a ventilated gap, heat-insulating boards are installed freely in a vertical position in the space between the main wall and the facing layer of bricks. As supporting elements for the insulation, there are fasteners provided for fastening the brick cladding to the load-bearing wall - reinforcing mesh, flexible connections.

In a wall with a ventilation gap, insulation and a windproof coating are attached to the wall using special dowels at the rate of 8-12 dowels per 1 m 2 surfaces. Dowels should be deepened into the thickness of concrete walls by 35-50 mm, brick - by 50 mm, in masonry of hollow bricks and lightweight concrete blocks - by 90 mm.

Wall insulation with polystyrene foam or polystyrene foam

Rigid slabs of foamed polymers are placed in the middle of a three-layer brick wall structure without a ventilated gap.

Polymer boards have a very high vapor permeability. For example, a wall insulation layer made of expanded polystyrene boards (EPS) has a resistance 15-20 times greater than that of a brick wall of the same thickness.

Insulation with hermetic laying is a vapor-tight barrier in a brick wall. Steam from the room simply does not get to the outer surface of the insulation.

With the right thickness of the insulation, the temperature of the inner surface of the insulation must be above the dew point. When this condition is met, steam condensation on the inner surface of the insulation does not occur.

Mineral insulation - low density cellular concrete

Recently, another type of insulation is gaining popularity - products from low-density cellular concrete. These are heat-insulating slabs based on materials already known and used in construction - autoclaved aerated concrete, gas silicate.

Thermal insulation slabs made of cellular concrete have a density of 100 - 200 kg / m 3 and dry thermal conductivity coefficient 0.045 - 0.06 W/m o K. Mineral wool and polystyrene foam heaters have approximately the same thermal conductivity. Plates are produced with a thickness of 60 - 200 mm. Compressive strength class B1.0 (compressive strength not less than 10 kg / m 3.) Vapor penetration coefficient 0.28 mg/(m*year*Pa).

Heat-insulating slabs made of cellular concrete are a good alternative to mineral wool and polystyrene foam insulation.

Trademarks of heat-insulating slabs made of cellular concrete well-known in the construction market: Multipor, AEROC Energy, Betol.

Advantages of cellular concrete thermal insulation slabs:

The most important one is higher durability. The material does not contain any organic matter - it is an artificial stone. It has a fairly high vapor permeability, but less than mineral wool insulation.

The structure of the material contains a large number of open pores. Moisture that condenses in the insulation in winter dries quickly in the warm season. There is no accumulation of moisture.

Thermal insulation does not burn, under the influence of fire does not emit harmful gases. The heater does not stick. Insulation boards are harder and mechanically stronger.

The cost of facade insulation with cellular concrete slabs, in any case, does not exceed the cost of thermal insulation with mineral wool insulation or expanded polystyrene.

When installing heat-insulating plates made of aerated concrete, the following rules are followed:

Heat-insulating slabs of aerated concrete up to 100 thick mm fastened to the facade with glue and dowels, 1-2 dowels per plate.

From plates with a thickness of more than 100 mm close to the insulated wall lay out the wall. Laying is carried out on glue with a seam thickness of 2-3 mm. With the bearing wall, the masonry of the insulation boards is connected with anchors - flexible connections based on the calculation, five connections per 1 m 2 walls. Between the bearing wall and the insulation, you can leave a technological gap of 2-15 mm.

It is better to tie all layers of the wall and brick cladding with masonry mesh. This will increase the mechanical strength of the wall.

Wall insulation with foam glass

Another type of mineral insulation that has appeared on the construction market relatively recently is foam glass slabs.

Unlike heat-insulating aerated concrete, foam glass has closed pores. Due to this, foam glass plates poorly absorb water and have low vapor permeability. A ventilated gap between the insulation and the cladding is not needed.

Foam glass insulation is durable, does not burn, is not afraid of moisture, and is not damaged by rodents. It has a higher cost than all of the above types of heaters.

Installation of foam glass plates on the wall is carried out using glue and dowels.

The thickness of the insulation is chosen in two stages:

1. They are chosen based on the need to provide the required resistance to heat transfer of the outer wall.
2. Then check for the absence of steam condensation in the thickness of the wall. If the test shows otherwise, then it is necessary to increase the thickness of the insulation. The thicker the insulation, the lower the risk of steam condensation and moisture accumulation in the wall material. But, this leads to an increase in construction costs.

A particularly large difference in the thickness of the insulation, selected according to the above two conditions, occurs when insulating walls with high vapor permeability and low thermal conductivity. The thickness of the insulation to ensure energy saving is relatively small for such walls, and to avoid condensation - the thickness of the plates should be unreasonably large.

When insulating aerated concrete walls (as well as from other materials with low resistance to vapor permeation and high resistance to heat transfer - for example, wood, from large-pore expanded clay concrete), the thickness of polymer thermal insulation, according to the calculation of moisture accumulation, turns out to be much larger than it is necessary according to the standards for energy saving.

To reduce the flow of steam, it is recommended to arrange vapor barrier layer on the inner surface of the wall(from the side of the warm room), Rice. 6. For the device of vapor barrier from the inside for finishing, materials with high resistance to vapor permeability are chosen - a deep penetration primer is applied to the wall in several layers, cement plaster, vinyl wallpaper.

A vapor barrier from the inside is mandatory for walls made of aerated concrete, gas silicate for any type of insulation and facade cladding.

It should be borne in mind that the masonry of the walls of a new house always contains a large amount of building moisture. Therefore, it is better to let the walls of the house dry well outside. It is recommended to carry out facade insulation works after the interior decoration is completed, and not earlier than one year after the completion of these works.

Facing the exterior walls of the house with bricks

Facing the exterior walls of the house with bricks is durable and, when using a special colored facing facing brick, and even better clinker bricks. quite decorative. The disadvantages of the cladding include the relatively large weight of the cladding, the high cost of special bricks, and the need to broaden the foundation.

It should be especially noted the complexity and high cost of dismantling the cladding to replace the insulation. The service life of mineral wool and polymer insulation does not exceed 30 - 50 years. At the end of the service life, the heat-saving properties of the wall are reduced by more than a third.

With brick cladding use the most durable insulation, providing them with conditions in the wall structure for maximum long-term operation without replacement (minimum amount of condensate in the wall). It is recommended to choose mineral wool insulation of high density and polymer from extruded polystyrene foam, XPS.

In brick-lined walls, it is most advantageous to use mineral heaters made of autoclaved aerated concrete or foam glass, with the service life of which is much longer than mineral wool and polymer.

Brick cladding is done in half a brick, 120 mm. on conventional masonry mortar.

A wall without a ventilated gap, insulated with high-density slabs (mineral wool - more than 50 kg / m 3, EPS), you can veneer with brickwork on the edge - 60 mm. This will reduce the overall thickness of the outer wall and plinth.

Brick cladding is connected to the bearing wall masonry with corrosion-protected steel wire or reinforcing mesh, or with special flexible ties (fiberglass, etc.). Vertically, the grid or connections are arranged in increments of 500-600 mm.(height of the insulation plate), horizontally - 500 mm., while the number of bonds per 1 m 2 blank wall - at least 4 PCS. At the corners of the building along the perimeter of window and door openings 6-8 PCS. for 1 m 2.

The laying of brick cladding is longitudinally reinforced with masonry mesh with a vertical step of not more than 1000-1200 mm. The masonry mesh should go into the seams of the masonry of the bearing wall.

To ventilate the air gap in the bottom row of facing masonry, special vents are arranged at the rate of 75 cm 2 for every 20 m 2 wall surface. For lower ventilation, you can use a slotted brick, placed on the edge so that the outside air through the holes in the brick has the opportunity to penetrate into the air gap in the wall. Upper vents are provided in the eaves of the wall.

Ventilation holes can also be made by partially filling the vertical joints between the bricks of the lower row of masonry with cement mortar.

Placement of windows and doors in the thickness of a three-layer wall should ensure minimal heat loss through the wall at the installation site.

In a three-layer wall insulated from the outside, a window or door box installed in the same plane with the insulation layer at the border of the heat-insulating layer- as it shown on the picture.

Such an arrangement of the window, door along the thickness of the wall will ensure minimal heat loss at the junction.

Watch the video tutorial on the topic: how to properly lay a three-layer wall of a house with a brick lining.

When facing walls with bricks, it is important to ensure the durability of the insulation layer. The longest service life will be provided by thermal insulation with slabs of low-density cellular concrete or foam glass.

It is also important to reduce the amount of moisture in the outer walls in winter. The less moisture condenses in the insulation and lining, the longer their service life and the higher the heat-shielding properties. To do this, it is necessary to take measures to reduce the vapor permeability of the bearing wall, and for a vapor-permeable insulation, it is recommended to arrange a ventilated gap at the border with the cladding.

To insulate a three-layer wall with mineral wool, it is better to use plates with a density of at least 75 kg / m 3 with ventilated gap.

A wall insulated with mineral wool with a ventilated gap dries out faster from building moisture and does not accumulate moisture during operation. The heater does not burn.

The option with a gap will cost more due to an increase in the total thickness of the outer walls and the plinth. The cost of mineral wool boards also increases with an increase in their density.

By insulating walls with extruded polystyrene foam (EPS, XPS), you can somewhat reduce construction costs by reducing the total thickness of the outer wall and plinth.

It is not necessary to insulate a three-layer wall with polystyrene foam and low-density mineral wool products. The service life of such cheap heaters will be short.

When to change the heater?- you will find the answer to this question in one of the articles on this topic (links below).

domekonom.su

Brickwork with insulation and cladding