Code of rules cn 5 with changes. Fire protection systems
In this case, when determining the number of detectors, the combined detector is taken into account as one detector.
13.3.16. Floor-mounted detectors can be used to protect the area below a perforated false ceiling if the following conditions are met simultaneously:
The perforation has a periodic structure and its area exceeds 40% of the surface;
The minimum size of each perforation in any section is at least 10 mm;
The thickness of the false ceiling is no more than three times the minimum size of the perforation cell.
If at least one of these requirements is not met, the detectors must be installed on the false ceiling in the main room, and if it is necessary to protect the space behind the false ceiling, additional detectors must be installed on the main ceiling.
13.3.17. The detectors should be oriented so that the indicators are directed, if possible, towards the door leading to the exit from the room.
13.3.18. The placement and use of fire detectors, the procedure for the use of which is not defined in this set of rules, must be carried out in accordance with the recommendations agreed upon in the prescribed manner.
1 area of use2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 General provisions
5 Water and foam fire extinguishing systems
5.1 Fundamentals
5.2 Sprinkler installations
5.3 Deluge installations
5.4 Water mist fire extinguishing installations
5.5 Sprinkler AFS with forced start
5.6 Sprinkler-drencher AFS
5.7 Installation piping
5.8 Control units
5.9 Water supply of installations and preparation of foam solution
5.10 Pumping stations
6 Fire extinguishing systems with high expansion foam
6.1 Scope
6.2 Classification of installations
6.3 Design
7 Robotic fire complex
7.1 Fundamentals
7.2 Requirements for installing a RPK fire alarm
8 Gas extinguishing installations
8.1 Scope
8.2 Classification and composition of installations
8.3 Extinguishing media
8.4 General requirements
8.5 Volumetric fire extinguishing installations
8.6 Quantity of gas extinguishing agent
8.7 Timing
8.8 Receptacles for gaseous extinguishing agent
8.9 Piping
8.10 Incentive systems
8.11 Nozzles
8.12 Fire fighting station
8.13 Local starters
8.14 Requirements for protected premises
8.15 Local fire extinguishing installations by volume
8.16 Safety requirements
9 Modular type powder fire extinguishing installations
9.1 Scope
9.2 Design
9.3 Requirements for protected premises
9.4 Safety requirements
10 Aerosol fire extinguishing installations
10.1 Scope
10.2 Design
10.3 Requirements for protected premises
10.4 Safety requirements
11 Autonomous fire extinguishing installations
12 Control equipment for fire extinguishing installations
12.1 General requirements for control equipment of fire extinguishing installations
12.2 General signaling requirements
12.3 Water and foam fire extinguishing installations. Requirements for control equipment. signaling requirements
12.4 Installations of gas and powder fire extinguishing. Requirements for control equipment. signaling requirements
12.5 Aerosol fire extinguishing installations. Requirements for control equipment. signaling requirements
12.6 Water mist extinguishing installations. Requirements for control equipment. signaling requirements
13 Fire alarm systems
13.1 General provisions when choosing types of fire detectors for the protected object
13.2 Requirements for the organization of fire alarm control zones
13.3 Placement of fire detectors
13.4. Point smoke detectors
13.5 Linear smoke detectors
13.6 Point thermal fire detectors
13.7 Linear thermal fire detectors
13.8 Flame detectors
13.9 Aspirating smoke detectors
13.10 Gas fire detectors
13.11 Independent fire detectors
13.12 Flow detectors
13.13 Manual call points
13.14 Fire control devices, fire control devices. Equipment and its placement. Room for staff on duty
13.15 Fire alarm loops. Connecting and supply lines of fire automatics systems
14 Interrelation of fire alarm systems with other systems and engineering equipment of facilities
15 Power supply of fire alarm systems and fire extinguishing installations
16 Protective earthing and zeroing. Safety requirements
17 General provisions taken into account when choosing technical means of fire automatics
Annex A (mandatory) List of buildings, structures, premises and equipment to be protected by automatic fire extinguishing installations and automatic fire alarms
Annex B (mandatory) Groups of premises (industries and technological processes) according to the degree of fire hazard, depending on their functional purpose and fire load of combustible materials
Appendix B (recommended) Methodology for calculating the parameters of AFS for surface fire extinguishing with water and low expansion foam
Annex D (recommended) Method for calculating the parameters of fire extinguishing installations with high-expansion foam
Annex D (mandatory) Initial data for calculating the mass of gaseous fire extinguishing agents
Appendix E (recommended) Method for calculating the mass of gas fire extinguishing agent for gas fire extinguishing installations when extinguishing by volumetric method
Annex G (recommended) Methodology for hydraulic calculation of low pressure carbon dioxide fire extinguishing installations
Appendix H (recommended) Method for calculating the opening area for releasing excess pressure in rooms protected by gas fire extinguishing installations
Annex I (recommended) General provisions for the calculation of modular type powder fire extinguishing installations
Appendix K (mandatory) Method for calculating automatic aerosol fire extinguishing installations
Annex L (mandatory) Method for calculating excess pressure when fire extinguishing aerosol is supplied to the room
Appendix M (recommended) Selection of types of fire detectors depending on the purpose of the protected premises and the type of fire load
Annex H (recommended) Locations for installation of manual fire detectors depending on the purpose of buildings and premises
Annex O (informative) Determination of the set time for detecting a malfunction and eliminating it
Annex P (recommended) Distances from the upper overlap point to the measuring element of the detector
Annex P (recommended) Techniques for improving the reliability of the fire signal
Bibliography
MINISTRY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FOR CIVIL DEFENSE, EMERGENCIES AND DISASTER RELIEF
ORDER
01.06.2011 № 000
Moscow
On approval of amendment No. 1 to the set of rules SP 5.13130.2009 “Fire protection systems. Fire alarm and fire extinguishing installations are automatic. Design norms and rules”, approved by the order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia
In accordance with the Federal Law of 01.01.01 "Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements" (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2008, No. 30 (part 1), art. 3579), Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 01.01.01 No. 000 “Issues of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters” (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2004, No. 28, Art. 2882; 2005, No. 43, Art. 4376; 2008, No. 17, Art. 1814, No. 43, Item 4921, No. 47, Item 5431; 2009, No. 22, Item 2697, No. 51, Item 6285; 2010, No. 19, Item 2301, No. 20, Item 2435, No. 51 (part 3), article 6903; 2011, No. 1, article 193, article 194, No. 2, article 267), Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 01.01.01 No. Codes of Rules” (Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2008, No. 48, Art. 5608) and in order to ensure that certain provisions (requirements, indicators) of the Code of Rules SP 5.13130.2009 comply with the interests of the national of the international economy, the state of the material and technical base and scientific progress, I order:
Approve and put into effect from June 20, 2011 the attached amendment No. 1 to the set of rules SP 5.13130.2009 “Fire protection systems. Fire alarm and fire extinguishing installations are automatic. Design norms and rules”, approved by the order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia.
|
Director of the Administrative Department |
Appendix
to the order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia
dated 01.06.11 No. 000
Change #1
to SP 5.13130.2009
OKS 13.220.01
AMENDMENT No. 1 to the set of rules SP 5.13130.2009 “Fire protection systems. Fire alarm and fire extinguishing installations are automatic. Design norms and rules»
Regardless of the area and number of storeys
4.2 For maintenance and repair
Object of protection
Standard indicator
5 Buildings with a height of more than 30 m (with the exception of residential buildings and industrial buildings of category D and D for fire hazard)
Regardless of area
6 Residential buildings:
6.1 Hostels, specialized residential houses for the elderly and disabled1)
Regardless of area
6.2 Residential buildings over 28 m2)
Regardless of area
footnote "2)" shall be amended as follows:
« 2) AUPS fire detectors are installed in the entrance halls of apartments and are used to open valves and turn on fans of air boost and smoke exhaust units. Residential premises of apartments in residential buildings with a height of three floors or more should be equipped with autonomous opto-electronic smoke detectors. in table A. H:
Item 6 should be included in the section "Industrial premises", excluding it from the section "Warehouse premises";
Paragraph 35 shall be amended as follows:
Object of protection | ||
Standard indicator |
||
35 Premises for accommodation: | ||
35.1 Electronic computers (computers), APCS equipment operating in control systems for complex technological processes, the violation of which affects the safety of people5) | Regardless of area | |
35.2 Communication processors (server), magnetic media archives, plotters, printing information on paper (printer)5) | 24 m2 or more | Less than 24 m2 |
35.3 To place personal computers on user desktops | Regardless of area |
supplement the footnote "5)" with the following content:
"5) In the cases provided for in paragraph 8.15.1 of this set of rules, for premises requiring automatic gas fire extinguishing installations, it is allowed not to use such installations, provided that all electronic and electrical equipment is protected by autonomous fire extinguishing installations, and an automatic fire extinguishing system is installed in the premises signaling."; in table A.4:
add paragraph 8 with the following content:
add a footnote "1)" with the following content:
"The listed equipment is subject to protection by autonomous fire extinguishing installations.";
add the following note:
"Note: Electrical installations located at stationary ground and underground metro facilities should be protected by autonomous fire extinguishing installations.";
Appendix E shall be supplemented with paragraphs D11-D15 of the following content, respectively:
GOST, TU, OST | ||
E. 12 Normative volumetric fire extinguishing concentration of freon CF3CF2C(0)CF(CF3)2.
The vapor density at P = 101.3 kPa and T = 20 °C is 13.6 kg/m3.
UDC 614.841.3:006.354 OKS 13.220.01
Keywords: fire spread, protection facilities, public buildings, industrial and storage buildings, high-rise buildings
|
Head of FGU VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia | |
Head of SRC PP and PChSP FGU VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia | |
Development manager | |
Performers Leading Researcher, FGU VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia |
Name of combustible material | GOST, TU, OST | Normative volumetric fire extinguishing concentration, % (vol.) |
E. 13 Normative volumetric fire extinguishing concentration of freon 217J1 (C3F7J).
The vapor density at P = 101.3 kPa and T - 20 °C is 12.3 kg/m3.
Name of combustible material | GOST, TU, OST | Normative volumetric fire extinguishing concentration, % (vol.) |
E. 14 Normative volumetric fire extinguishing concentration of freon CF3J. The vapor density at P = 101.3 kPa and T = 20 °C is 8.16 kg/m3.
Name of combustible material | GOST, TU, OST | Normative volumetric fire extinguishing concentration, % (vol.) |
E. 15 Normative volumetric fire extinguishing concentration of the gas composition "Argonite" (nitrogen (N2) - 50% (vol.); argon (Ar) - 50% (vol.).
The vapor density at Р - 101.3 kPa and Т - 20 °С is 1.4 kg/m3.
Name of combustible material | GOST, TU, OST | Normative volumetric fire extinguishing concentration, % (vol.) |
Note - The normative volumetric fire extinguishing concentration of the above gas fire extinguishing agents for extinguishing a class A2 fire should be taken equal to the normative volumetric fire extinguishing concentration for extinguishing n-heptane.
OKS 13.220.10 UDC614.844.4:006.354
Keywords: autonomous fire extinguishing installation, automatic fire alarm, fire extinguishing agent, protected object
Head of the development organization FGU VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia Boss FGU VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia | |
Development manager Head of SIC PST FGU VNIYPO EMERCOM of Russia | |
Performers | |
Head of Department 2.4 FGU VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia | |
Head of Department 3.4 FGU VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia | |
Deputy Head of Department 2.3 FGU VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia |
© EMERCOM of Russia 2011
Zaitsev Alexander Vadimovich, scientific editor of the journal "Security Algorithm"
On August 10, 2015, a message appeared on the website of the Federal State Budgetary Institution VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia: “By the decision of the Expert Commission for the examination of the sets of rules of the EMERCOM of Russia in connection with the need to update and improve on numerous suggestions and comments, as well as in connection with the emergence of new technologies and fire protection equipment, draft SP 5.13130 has been returned to the stage of the first edition and is undergoing the public discussion procedure again.” And this is after in 2013, at the end of the research work “SP 5”, an attempt was already made to present to the public an updated version of SP 5.13130.2009 “Fire protection systems. Fire alarm and fire extinguishing installations are automatic. Norms and rules of design». True, then the matter did not reach the public, they were hacked to death and hidden from the eyes of this public. Now we are offered almost the same thing, only under a new name - “Fire protection systems. Fire alarm systems and automatic fire extinguishing installations. Norms and rules of design».
And here I could not restrain myself and decided to express my attitude to such rule-making in an expanded form. I want to note right away that this material is not about document errors, although there are a lot of them, even if we consider only the fire alarm section. We will not receive the document, so necessary for daily work, until we decide on its tasks and structure.
WHAT DOES FEDERAL LAW No. 123-FZ REQUIRE FROM FIRE ALARMS?
I'll start with the federal law dated July 22, 2008 No. 123-FZ "Technical regulations on fire safety requirements." He is the starting point. And it is quite natural, first of all, to decide what the law requires in terms of automatic fire alarm installations (AUPS) and fire alarm systems (SPS). Fire protection systems must have:
■ reliability and resistance to fire hazards during the time required to achieve fire safety goals (clause 3, article 51).
AUPS should provide:
■ automatic fire detection within the time required to turn on fire warning systems (clause 1, article 54);
■ automatic fire detection, supply of control signals to the technical means of warning people about a fire and managing the evacuation of people, control devices for fire extinguishing installations, technical means of controlling the smoke protection system, engineering and technological equipment (clause 4, article 83);
■ automatic informing of the personnel on duty about the occurrence of a malfunction of communication lines between individual technical means that are part of the installations (clause 5, article 83);
■ supply of light and sound signals about the occurrence of a fire to the receiving and control device in the premises of the personnel on duty or to special remote warning devices, and in buildings of functional fire hazard classes F1.1, F1.2, F4.1, F4.2 - with duplication of these signals to the control panel of the fire department without the participation of the employees of the facility and / or the organization broadcasting this signal.
Fire detectors must:
■ be located in the protected room in such a way as to ensure timely fire detection at any point of this room (clause 8, article 83).
AUPS technical means should:
■ ensure electrical and information compatibility with each other, as well as with other technical means interacting with them (clause 1, article 103);
■ be resistant to electromagnetic interference with the maximum allowable level values typical for the protected object (clause 5, article 103);
■ ensure electrical safety. Cable lines and electrical wiring of fire detection systems, warning and control of people evacuation in case of fire, emergency lighting on evacuation routes, emergency ventilation and smoke protection, automatic fire extinguishing, internal fire water supply, elevators for transporting fire departments in buildings and structures should:
■ remain operational in a fire for the time necessary to perform their functions and evacuate people to a safe area (clause 2, article 82).
The communication lines between the technical means of the AUPS should:
■ remain operational in a fire for the time necessary to perform their functions and evacuate people to a safe area (clause 2, article 103).
AUPS fire equipment control devices must provide:
■ the principle of control in accordance with the type of controlled equipment and the requirements of a particular facility (clause 3, article 103, oddly enough, this requirement is in the requirements for AUPS).
The automatic drive of actuators and devices of supply and exhaust smoke ventilation systems of buildings and structures should:
■ be carried out when automatic fire extinguishing installations and / or fire alarms are triggered (clause 7, article 85, this once again confirms that fire control devices for actuators belong to AUPS).
Those. all components of the AUPS are subject to specific requirements for the purpose. These requirements are of an exclusively generalized nature without disclosing the mechanisms for their implementation. It would seem that what is easier is to take these requirements and consistently, step by step, reveal and specify them.
These are the main tasks facing developers of fire alarm requirements. In order, what is achieved by:
■ reliability of fire detection;
■ timeliness of fire detection;
■ resistance of AUPS and SPS to external environmental influences;
■ control over the current state of the APS and SPS by the duty personnel;
■ interaction of AUPS and SPS with other fire protection subsystems;
■ safety of people from electric shock.
Instead, in the new draft set of rules SP 5.13130, we again see a set of disparate rules: how and in what quantity to place fire detectors (PIs), lay fire alarm loops and connect them to control panels. And all this without any indication of the tasks to be solved. This is very reminiscent of a rather complicated recipe for making Christmas pudding.
What will the inspector be like? Having found a discrepancy at the facility with the set of rules SP 5.13130, it is necessary to link it to the requirements of Federal Law No. 123 in order to substantiate your claims in the courts. In this edition, as in the previous one, it will be very difficult to find such a binding.
In the GOSTs of the Soviet period, it was described how to make the same bicycle. Several wheel sizes were standardized, and, consequently, the spokes for them, the size of the steering wheel and seat, the diameter of the frame pipes, etc. In modern Russia, a completely new approach to national standards has been adopted. Now the requirements for the final product are written in national standards, and not how to make it. And then, for the most part, in terms of ensuring human security in various areas. There is compliance with the requirements - good, no - not subject to commissioning or further use. This is how all other types of regulatory documents should be.
RULES AND THEIR PLACE IN PRACTICE
The very concept of "rule" is deeply rooted in the philosophy of life of an individual or a community of individuals. Any rules are executed by people on a voluntary basis, on the basis of understanding and perception of the correctness of their actions. Here is such a tautology.
There are rules of conduct in society, rules of etiquette, rules of behavior on the water, rules of the road, etc. There are also unwritten rules. In different countries, all of them can fundamentally differ in their essence and content. There are simply no universal rules.
The rules are aimed either at creating a comfortable living environment, incl. ensuring the necessary security in all areas of human activity, or on other specific tasks related to the performance or implementation of certain processes.
But the rules cannot be without exceptions, and how much it is permissible to deviate from the rules is determined by the requirements for the final result of the activity. Sometimes these requirements are more important than the rules themselves.
But before formulating certain rules, it is necessary to develop evaluation criteria and / or the procedure for developing these rules. An upper level of rules must be generated to create a lower level of rules. Neglect of the upper level or its absence will not allow you to create a lower level of rules that is really feasible in life. And this turned out to be the main problem of the work of the team of authors of the FGBU VNIIPO EMERCOM of the Russian Federation on the set of rules SP 5.13130.
In our case, the highest level of rules should be Federal Law No. 123. After all, the main tasks are formulated in it. The second level should be a document describing the requirements for the final product, for example, in our case, for a fire alarm. But as a guide to the labyrinths between the tasks and the specific requirements for the final result, there should be rules describing how to do this. These rules will act as recommendations that can be followed or not, if there is a justification for that. And since the requirements for the result are laid down in the first two upper levels, there is no contradiction in this.
CODE OF RULES SP 5.13130: ORIGIN AND CONTRADICTIONS
The structure and principle of building a set of rules SP 5.13130 “Fire protection systems. Fire alarm and fire extinguishing installations are automatic. Design Codes and Rules” only on the first page looks modern, but the essence of this document has not changed over the past 30 years. The roots of this document lie in the "Instructions for the design of fire extinguishing installations" CH75-76. If we take his follower SNiP 2.04.09-84 "Fire automation of buildings and structures", then he and his further followers NPB 88-2001 and the draft new edition of SP 5.13130 are absolutely similar.
Would you like an example please. SNiP 2.04.09-84 has the following requirement:
“4.23. In justified cases, it is allowed to install control and reception devices in rooms without personnel on round-the-clock duty while ensuring the transmission of fire and malfunction notifications to the fire station or other premises with personnel on round-the-clock duty, and ensuring control of communication channels.
We had the same in the interim regulatory document NPB 88-2001 “Fire extinguishing and alarm installations. Norms and rules of design».
In the draft SP 5.13130 submitted for re-discussion, we again find:
“14.14.7. In justified cases, it is allowed to install these devices in rooms without personnel on round-the-clock duty, while ensuring separate transmission of notifications about a fire, malfunction, condition of technical equipment to a room with personnel on round-the-clock duty, and ensuring control of notification transmission channels.
And here comes the contradiction. Article 46 of the Federal Law No. 123 provides a list of technical means of fire automatics. And it has a component - a system for transmitting notifications. The components of these systems both transmit the mentioned signals from the control panel and output them to their indicators, and, most importantly, control the notification transmission channel. And the requirements for them are in GOST R 53325-2012. You don't have to invent anything. But the authors of the code of laws do not read ... And such examples with the wording "a cart and a small cart" outdated for 30 years.
It has come to the point that the very name of SP 5.13130 in its discussed edition will contradict the law that gave rise to it. The law spells out the term "automatic fire alarm installations (AUPS)". And in the set of rules - "fire alarm systems (TPS)", which, according to the same law, are defined only as a combination of several such installations. All requirements in the law, as I showed a little earlier, are prescribed for AUPS, and not for SPS. What is easier - to indicate in the introduction that the requirements for fire alarm systems and the automatic fire alarm installations included in them are identical, and the issue would be closed. Here it is, the legal purity of our fire safety standards. And most importantly, the tasks in Federal Law No. 123 generally "remained behind the scenes." And this I will try to show with a few examples.
It is unlikely that anyone remembers where the requirements for the organization of fire alarm control zones appeared in our standards (now this is clause 13.2.1 in SP5.13130.2009).
Even in the “Manual to the rules for the production and acceptance of work. Installations of security, fire and security-fire alarm systems ”of 1983, it was provided that:
“For administrative buildings (premises), it is allowed to block up to ten fire alarms with one fire alarm loop, and if there is a remote alarm from each premises, up to 20 premises with a common corridor or adjacent ones.”
It was then only about the use of thermal IP, there were no others yet. And about the maximum savings, both the technical means of fire alarms themselves, and cable products. At one time, this made it possible to equip a fairly large administrative facility with just one single-loop receiving and control device of the UATS-1-1 type.
Subsequently, in SNiP 2.04.09-84 the situation changes somewhat:
“With automatic fire detectors of one fire alarm loop, it is allowed to control up to ten in public, residential and auxiliary buildings, and with a remote light alarm from automatic fire detectors and installing it above the entrance to a controlled room - up to twenty adjacent or isolated rooms located on one floor and having access to a common corridor (room).
By this time, smoke fire detectors had already appeared, and therefore the scope of this norm was expanded in terms of the purpose of the premises.
And in NPB 88-2001, the concept of “control zone” also appears:
“12.13. It is allowed to equip a control zone with one fire alarm loop with fire detectors that do not have an address, including:
Premises located on no more than 2 interconnected floors, with a total area of \u200b\u200bpremises of 300 m2 or less;
Up to ten isolated and adjacent premises with a total area of not more than 1600 m2, located on one floor of the building, while the isolated premises must have access to a common corridor, hall, lobby, etc.;
Up to twenty isolated and adjacent rooms with a total area of not more than 1600 m2, located on one floor of the building, while the isolated rooms must have access to a common corridor, hall, lobby, etc., if there is a remote light alarm about the operation of fire detectors above the entrance to each controlled area.
It is unlikely that these sizes of areas have introduced any changes in the practice of applying this norm. But a lot of work has been done, there is something to be proud of.
Approximately the same requirement for the ability to control a fire alarm with one loop of fire alarms with fire-broadcasters that do not have an address is provided for in the draft SP 5.13130. Why this happened, how it is determined, no one can say. There is such a norm, born 35 years ago, which has undergone several changes along the way, but no longer has any basis. The authors of fire regulations have enough other concerns. It's like rolling a snowball, in which the original task is completely forgotten. If we are trying in this way to solve the issues of survivability of fire alarm systems, then why are we talking only about threshold loops with conventional detectors. During this time, addressable and addressable analog systems have taken their due place, but for some reason they are not subject to restrictions in terms of the same survivability. And all because the zoning of AUPS is not yet perceived as one of the components of the struggle for their survivability, as it was done from the very beginning in the foreign rationing system, from which the mentioned figures were taken. This once again shows that the authors of the document are not trying to solve the problems. It's time to bake Easter cakes, and not make adjustments to the existing recipe for making Christmas pudding.
And what about another attempt to introduce stupidity into SP 5.13130, which can confuse any competent specialist:
“14.1.1. The choice of the type of automatic fire detectors is recommended to be made in accordance with their sensitivity to test sources in accordance with GOST R 53325.
Test foci for all types of IP, with the exception of special additional test foci for aspiration, are the same. And the task of any IP is to pass these tests. And no one will find specific numerical indicators of this sensitivity to test fires anywhere, so that one particular detector can be compared with another and some kind of choice can be made. Apparently, this was done only in order not to make serious changes to the source text from NPB 88-2001:
“12.1. The choice of the type of point smoke detector is recommended to be made in accordance with its ability to detect various types of smoke, which can be determined in accordance with GOST R 50898.
But even in the edition of NPB 88-2001 it was already unprofessional. A smoke detector must detect all types of smoke, otherwise it cannot be called a smoke detector. It is necessary to solve the problem of reliable and timely detection of a fire from a completely different perspective, and not try to replace one stupidity with another. It would be good, first of all, to determine such characteristics of the system as the timeliness and reliability of fire detection, how they are determined, achieved and how to normalize them. And only after that give any recommendations.
In my opinion, without a clear understanding of the meaning of these characteristics, it is impossible to talk about the effectiveness of the fire alarm itself, and this requires serious study and discussion.
And here, in the draft of the new edition of SP 5.13130, there is also a new somersault - attempts were made to give some preferences to gas firefighters and broadcasters, with whom they had finally decided for ten years abroad, and not in their favor.
All the above examples are the results of unsystematic work. The lack of requirements for the main characteristics of the AUPS is replaced by a chaotic set of private design rules.
The set of rules SP 5.13130 is a lower level regulatory document. And sooner or later it will be necessary to develop a national standard instead. But with SP 5.13130 in its current edition, this is not even worth talking about.
SOME EXCURSION TO INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE
The European standard EN 54-14 "Requirements for planning, design, installation, operation and maintenance" states right in the introduction:
"one. Application area
This standard sets out mandatory requirements for the use of automatic fire alarm systems, i.e. detection and/or notification in the event of a fire. The standard addresses the planning and design of fire alarm systems, their installation, commissioning, operation and maintenance procedures.
Note the term "requirements" used. And these requirements apply specifically to the final product - fire alarms.
There is no need to separate design, installation, operation and maintenance under different regulations. Note that in our country, no documents have yet been created either for the installation, or for the operation and maintenance of fire alarms. Requirements for fire alarms at all stages of the life cycle must remain unchanged. And now it is simply impossible to make claims for the non-compliance of the operated fire alarm with the existing requirements on the basis of the existing regulatory documents. One was designed, it was already mounted differently, and in the course of several years of operation and maintenance, a third appeared. And this question in EN 54-14 was closed forever.
And now, for example, one more of the general provisions from EN 54-14:
“6.4.1. Fire detectors: General
When choosing the type of detectors, the following factors should be considered:
Type of materials on the protected object and their combustibility;
The size and location of the premises (especially the height of the ceiling);
Availability of ventilation and heating;
environmental conditions in the premises;
The probability of false positives;
Normative acts. The selected type of fire detectors should, taking into account the environmental conditions in the places where they are planned to be installed, ensure the earliest possible guaranteed fire detection and transmission of a fire alarm signal. There are no types of detectors that are suitable for use in all conditions. Ultimately, this choice depends on the specific conditions.
And only after that, specific instructions are given on the use of each type of IP, which are also available to some extent in our SP 5.13130.
However, there are also fundamental differences. One of the factors influencing the choice of IP, as can be seen from the above list, is the probability of false positives. And this concept found a place in EN 54-14:
“4.5. False alarm
False alarms and the resulting system disruption are a serious problem and can cause a real fire alarm to be ignored. Therefore, those responsible for planning, installing and operating the system must pay close attention to avoiding false alarms.”
So in many national standards, which are sometimes more stringent than the pan-European ones, for more than ten years they have been normalizing the magnitude of the probability of false positives. Here it is, the approach of real experts in their field.
And in our country at this time, the authors of the norms prefer not to give direct answers to questions from many years of everyday practice. Or maybe they specifically do it so that you can constantly communicate with the people with the help of letters of explanation and letters of "happiness".
What is worth only one requirement below in the draft SP 5.13130:
“18.5. The required probability of failure-free operation of technical means, adopted in accordance with the risk calculation method depending on the fire hazard of the object, is provided by the reliability parameters of the technical means of a particular system during functional checks during operation, with a calculated frequency in accordance with the Comments to ".
That is, before developing working documentation for a fire alarm and determining the required value of the probability of failure-free operation, it is necessary to carry out a functional test during the operation of this particular fire alarm at this particular facility with a certain frequency. Do you think someone will be guided by this when designing? And then why write such a rule?
PROPOSALS FOR THE FORMATION OF REQUIREMENTS FOR FIRE ALARMS
In order to have a causal relationship between the requirements for fire alarms between the Federal Law of July 22, 2008 No. 123-FZ "Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements" and the new regulatory document, it is proposed to state it in the following form.
List the tasks to be solved in the same sequence as I did at the very beginning of this article: reliability of fire detection, timeliness of fire detection, stability of AUPS and SPS to external environmental influences, control over the current state of AUPS and SPS by the on-duty personnel, interaction of AUPS and ATP with other fire protection subsystems, the safety of people from electric shock, and only after that disclose each component.
Approximately it could look like this: 1. The reliability of fire detection is ensured by:
■ choice of IP type;
■ formation of fire alarm control zones;
■ fire decision-making algorithm;
■ protection against false positives.
1.1. IP type selection:
1.1.1. EITI allows...
1.1.2. IPT allows...
1.1.3. IPDL allow...
1.1.4. IPDA allow.
1.2. Formation of fire alarm control zones:
Why are they formed, what restrictions are imposed on them?
1.3. Algorithms for making a decision about a fire that increase reliability:
1.3.1. . "Fire 1". "Fire 2".
1.3.2. ... "Attention" ... "Fire". 1.4. Protection against false positives:
1.4.1. The use of combined IP ...
1.4.2. The use of multi-criteria IP ... (only first you need to understand what it is).
1.4.3. The use of power supply with protection against particles that are not products of combustion...
1.4.4. The degree of rigidity of technical means of fire automatics to electromagnetic influences.
2. The timeliness of fire detection is ensured by:
2.1. Thermal IPs should be placed in such and such a way.
2.2. Smoke point IP to place...
2.3. Manual fire detectors should be placed.
3. The stability of AUPS and SPS to external influences is achieved:
■ selection of the appropriate topology for building an installation or fire alarm system;
■ resistance to external mechanical influences;
■ resistance to electromagnetic interference;
■ stability of communication lines in fire conditions;
■ redundancy of power sources and power lines.
3.1. Choice of structure topology.
3.2. Resistance to external mechanical influences:
3.2.1. Devices should be placed...
3.2.2. Lines of communication should be laid.
3.3. Stability of communication lines in fire conditions.
3.4. Immunity to electromagnetic interference.
3.5. Power requirements.
4. Visualization of the current state of AUPS and SPS is provided by:
4.1. Personnel on duty must have continuous visual and sound control.
4.2. Personnel on duty must have access to the necessary information...
4.3. Duty personnel must have access to the controls for prompt intervention.
5. Interaction of AUPS with other fire protection subsystems:
5.1. The management of AUPT and SOUE type 5 should be carried out.
5.2. Management of SOUE 1-4 types should be carried out.
5.3. Smoke ventilation must be controlled.
5.4. Fire signals from objects of fire category F1.1, F1.2, F4.1, and F4.2 must be duplicated ...
5.5. Fire signals from facilities that do not have round-the-clock fire posts must be transmitted ...
5.6. Compatibility of various technical means of fire automatics with each other.
6. Ensuring the safety of people from electric shock is ensured by:
6.1. Grounding...
6.2. Protection of controls from accidental access must be ensured.
This, of course, is not a dogma, it can be considered as one of the proposals for the structure of the new document.
As soon as the requirements already available in SP 5.13130 are placed in the proposed places, it will become clear whether they are enough to solve the tasks ahead or not. Requirements will appear that have not found a place in this structure. In this case, you will have to evaluate their need. It is quite possible that some of the provisions or rules would make sense to concentrate in some recommendations, which may not be binding in nature.
I can say that in the process of working on such a structure of a fundamentally new document, many new problems will arise. For example, how to correlate the necessary reliability of fire detection and the timeliness of detection. If increased timeliness of detection is required, then two IPs located in the same room must be switched on according to the “OR” scheme, otherwise one IP is enough, if, at the same time, some other boundary conditions are met. And, if increased reliability is required to the detriment of the timeliness of detection, then these two IPs will have to be included according to the “AND” scheme. Who should make such a decision and in what case?
A LITTLE ABOUT PAINFUL
Immediately I would like to recall the issue of electrical and information compatibility of various technical means of fire automatics with each other. In order to minimize the cost of technical means of fire automatics, a decision is often made to use one unit from one manufacturer, another unit from a second manufacturer. And the third from the third. Those. there is a crossing between hedgehogs and snakes. The draft of the new edition states that for this they must be compatible with each other. Only now there is nothing about who should check and evaluate this compatibility. If we are talking about products of one manufacturer, then this is checked in the process of certification tests by specially trained experts.
But the right to combine components of devices from different manufacturers is given to anyone. Miracles, and nothing more. To my corresponding question to the authors of such a norm, I was given the answer that “experienced specialists” are doing this. Then why in the set of rules for these "experienced specialists" so many small and detailed features are indicated for laying fire alarm loops and other small things. Why transfer so much paper to this? If necessary, they will sort it out. This is the approach of the authors to their own regulatory documents.
And I also want to return to the place of fire control devices, which I have already mentioned twice here. If we take the codes of practice for related fire protection systems (for warning people about a fire, smoke protection, internal fire water supply, elevators, etc.), then they only deal with the procedure for using the final actuating devices (sirens, fans, actuators, valves, etc.). It is understood that the signals to them come from installations or fire alarm systems, but nothing is written about the use of fire control devices to control these actuators. Thus, for many years now, a whole link in the form of control devices has fallen out of the norms. Everyone knows about this, but so far all the authors of fire safety standards carefully bypass this topic, each nodding at the law of the Federal Law No. 123. Only here, according to the law, in clause 3. Art. 103 and in paragraph 3. Art. 103 these control devices, strange as it may seem, belong to the fire alarm. Perhaps this is not so bad. Only then should they be taken into account in the relevant requirements. There should be no white spots in fire safety.
CONCLUSION OR CONCLUSION
If work is not carried out on a radical revision of the principle of construction and content of the set of rules SP 5.13130, then it will not be necessary to talk about its problem-free application in practice. Further rolling of the snowball will not give results, everyone has long understood this. For more than 30 years of his "improvement" too much has changed. Without identifying the tasks facing this document, we will never achieve their implementation, and it will remain a kind of cookbook with a very complex and contradictory recipe. We hope that the employees of the Federal State Budgetary Institution VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia will find a solution to this problem, otherwise the public will have to be involved.
13.3.1
The number of automatic fire detectors is determined by the need to detect fires in the controlled area of the premises or areas of the premises, and the number of flame detectors is determined by the controlled area of the equipment.
13.3.2
In each protected room, at least two fire detectors connected according to the OR logic circuit should be installed.
Note:
- In the case of using an aspiration detector, unless otherwise specified, it is necessary to proceed from the following provision: one air intake opening should be considered as one point (non-address) fire detector. In this case, the detector must generate a fault signal in the event of a deviation in the air flow rate in the air intake pipe by 20% from its initial value, set as an operating parameter.
13.3.3 It is allowed to install one automatic fire detector in the protected premises or allocated parts of the premises, if the following conditions are simultaneously met:
a) the area of the premises is not greater than the area protected
fire detector specified in the technical
documentation for it, and no more than an average area,
specified in tables 13.3 - 13.6;
b) automatic performance monitoring is provided
fire detector under the influence of factors
external environment, confirming the fulfillment of their
functions, and a notification is generated about the health
(faults) on the control panel;
c) identification of a faulty detector is provided with
using light indication and the possibility of its replacement
duty personnel for a set time, determined
in accordance with Appendix O;
d) upon activation of a fire detector, it is not formed
signal to control fire extinguishing installations
or type 5 fire warning systems according to, as well as
other systems, the false functioning of which can
lead to unacceptable material losses or decrease
people's safety level.
13.3.4
Point fire detectors should be installed under the ceiling. If it is not possible to install detectors directly on the ceiling, they can be installed on cables, as well as walls, columns and other supporting building structures. When installing point detectors on walls, they should be placed at a distance of at least 0.5 m from the corner and at a distance from the ceiling in accordance with Appendix II. The distance from the top point of the ceiling to the detector at its installation site and depending on the height of the room and the shape of the ceiling can be determined in accordance with Appendix P or at other heights if the detection time is sufficient to perform fire protection tasks in accordance with GOST 12.1.004, which must be confirmed by calculation. When the detectors are suspended on a cable, their stable position and orientation in space must be ensured. In the case of aspiration detectors, it is allowed to install air sampling pipes both in the horizontal and vertical planes.
When placing fire detectors at a height of more than 6 m, the option of access to the detectors for maintenance and repair should be determined.
13.3.5
In rooms with steep roofs, such as diagonal, gable, four-slope, hipped, serrated, with a slope of more than 10 degrees, some of the detectors are installed in the vertical plane of the roof ridge or the highest part of the building.
The area protected by one detector installed in the upper parts of roofs is increased by 20%.
Note:
- If the floor plane has different slopes, then the detectors are installed on surfaces with smaller slopes.
13.3.6
Placement of point heat and smoke fire detectors should be carried out taking into account air flows in the protected room caused by supply or exhaust ventilation, while the distance from the detector to the ventilation opening must be at least 1 m. In the case of an aspiration fire detector, the distance from the air intake pipe with holes up to the ventilation hole is regulated by the value of the allowable air flow for a given type of detector.
13.3.7
The distances between the detectors, as well as between the wall and the detectors, given in tables 13.3 and 13.5, can be changed within the area given in tables 13.3 and 13.5.
13.3.8
If there are linear beams on the ceiling (Figure 1), the distances between point smoke and heat detectors across the beams M are determined according to Table 13.1. The distance of the edge detector from the wall should not exceed half M. The distance between the detectors L is determined according to tables 13.3 and 13.5, respectively, taking into account clause 13.3.10.
Table 13.1
| Ceiling height (rounded to the nearest integer) H, m | Beam height, D, m | Maximum distance between two smoke (heat) detectors across beams, M, m |
| Until 3 | More than 0.1 N | 2,3 (1,5) |
| Up to 4 | More than 0.1 N | 2,8 (2,0) |
| Up to 5 | More than 0.1 N | 3,0 (2,3) |
| Until 6 | More than 0.1 N | 3,3 (2,5) |
| Up to 12 | More than 0.1 N | 5,0 (3,8) |
M- distance between the detectors across the beams; L- distance between detectors along beams
Picture 1- Ceiling with beams
On ceilings with beams in the form of cells resembling honeycombs (Figure 2), detectors are installed in accordance with Table 13.2.