The fate of nature is in the hands of man. Notes of a gun hunter in the Orenburg province Trees cover the ground from scorching rays

TIER IV. FOREST GAME

FOREST

All forest game live more or less in the forest, but some species never leave it. So, I will first consider and determine, as far as I can, the difference between forests and forest species.

I said about water that it is "the beauty of nature"; almost the same can be said about the forest. The complete beauty of any locality lies precisely in the combination of water with forest. Nature does just that: rivers, rivers, streams and lakes are almost always overgrown with forest or bushes. Exceptions are rare. The union of forest with water is another great purpose of nature. Forests are the guardians of waters: trees cover the earth from the scorching rays of the summer sun, from the withering winds; coolness and dampness live in their shade and do not allow flowing or stagnant moisture to dry out. The decrease in rivers, which is noticed in the whole of Russia, is, by all accounts, due to the destruction of forests. *

* There are many villages that have lost water forever from the destruction of the forest, which once overgrown the heads of their rivers or spring streams. Some villages have replaced them with wells, and some have moved to other places. I saw an example of how a significant village, sitting on a beautiful spring river (Bolshoy Syuyush), which constantly raised a flour mill, lost water in one year. It happened very simply: in a cruel stormy winter, in order not to travel far, the peasants cut down birch and oleshnik (alder forest) for firewood, which grew densely near a round-shaped patoch, from which more than twenty springs flowed, which made up the river Syuyush. The spring was dry; all the springs exposed from the forest shade dried up in the summer, and the river dried up. Only in the third year, when the chivaya alder grew again, the springs began to reopen, and only ten years later the river flowed as before.

All species of resinous trees, such as: pine, spruce, fir, etc., are called red forest, or red forest. Their distinctive quality lies in the fact that instead of leaves they have needles, which they do not lose in winter, but change them gradually, gradually, in spring and early summer; in autumn they become fuller, fresher and greener, therefore they meet winter in all its glory and strength. A forest consisting entirely of pines is called boron. All other tree species that lose their leaves in autumn and renew them in spring, such as: oak, elm, sedge, linden, birch, aspen, alder and others, are called black forest, or black forest. Berry trees belong to it: bird cherry and mountain ash, which sometimes reach a considerable height and thickness. To the black forest it is necessary to rank all the species of bushes that also lose their leaves in winter: viburnum, hazel, honeysuckle, wolf's bast, wild rose, black thorn, ordinary willow, and so on.

The red forest loves clayey, silty soil, and pine prefers sandy; on pure chernozem, it is found in the smallest number, except somewhere in the mountains, where loam and stone slabs are exposed. I do not like the red forest, its eternal, monotonous and gloomy greenery, its sandy or clayey soil, perhaps because from an early age I was accustomed to admiring the cheerful multi-leaved black forest and rich black soil. In those districts of the Orenburg province, where I lived for most of my century, pine is a rarity. So, I will talk about one dark forest.

For the most part, the black forest consists of a mixture of different tree species, and this mixture is especially pleasing to the eye, but sometimes there are places with individual manes or pegs where any one species predominates: oak, linden, birch or aspen, growing in much larger numbers in comparison with other tree species and reaching the volume of timber. When heterogeneous trees grow together and make up one green mass, then they all seem equally good, but individually they are inferior to each other. A spreading, white-trunked, light green, cheerful birch is good, but even better is a slender, curly, round-leaved, sweet-scented during flowering, not bright, but soft green linden, covering with its bast and shod with its bast the Orthodox Russian people. The maple is also good with its paws-leaves (as Gogol said); he is tall, slender and handsome, but he grows little in the districts of the Orenburg province that I know, and he does not reach his enormous growth there. Chunky, strong, tall and powerful, several girths of thickness at the root, there is a perennial oak, rarely found in such a majestic form; the small oak forest has nothing particularly attractive in itself: its greenery is dark or dull, its carved leaves, dense and solid, express only signs of future power and longevity. Aspen * both in outward appearance and in inner dignity it is considered the last of the marching trees. Unnoticed by anyone, the quivering aspen is beautiful and noticeable only in autumn: its early withering leaves are covered with gold and crimson, and, brightly different from the greenery of other trees, it gives a lot of charm and variety to the forest during autumn leaf fall.

* The people say: bitter aspen and uses these words in a swearing sense. Aspen bark is definitely bitter, but hares prefer to gnaw on young aspen trees.

overgrowth, or growth, that is, a young forest is pleasing to the eye, especially from a distance. The green of its leaves is fresh and cheerful, but there is little shade in it, it is thin and so frequent that you cannot pass through it. Over time, most of the trees will dry out from crowding, and only the strongest will master all the nutritional value of the soil and then they will begin to grow not only in height, but also in thickness.

Blackening from afar, standing tall, shady, old, dark woods, but the word old should not be understood as grown old, decrepit, devoid of leaves: the sight of such trees in a multitude would be very sad. In nature, everything goes gradually. A large forest always consists of trees of different ages: obsolete and completely dry in many others, green and flowering, they are invisible. In some places, huge trunks lie in the forest, first dried up, then rotted at the root, and finally broken by a storm of oaks, lindens, birches and aspens. * .

* Oak lives for many centuries; linden - more than one hundred and fifty years, birch - over a hundred, and aspen - less than a hundred years. A common sign of the old age of trees, even with green, but already rare leaves, is the main branches hanging down; this sign is most noticeable in a birch when it is a hundred years old.

In their fall, they bent and broke the young neighboring trees, which, despite their ugliness, continue to grow and turn green, picturesquely twisting to one side, stretching along the ground or crouching in an arc. The corpses of forest giants, smoldering inside, retain their external appearance for a long time; their bark is overgrown with moss and even grass; it often happened to me in a hurry to jump on such a tree corpse and - to sink my feet to the ground through its inside: a cloud of rotten dust, similar to the dust of a dry raincoat, enveloped me for several seconds ... But this does not in the least violate the general beauty of the green, mighty forest kingdom, free to grow in freshness, darkness and silence. The view of a dense forest on a hot afternoon is delightful, its clean air is refreshing, its inner silence is soothing, and the rustle of leaves is pleasant when the wind sometimes runs through its peaks! Its darkness has something mysterious, unknown; the voice of the beast, bird and man change in the forest, sound different, strange sounds. This is some kind of special world, and folk fantasy inhabits it with supernatural creatures: goblin and forest girls, as well as river and lake whirlpools - water devils, but terribly in a large forest during a storm, although it is quiet below: the trees creak and groan, the branches crack and break. Involuntary fear attacks the soul and makes a person run to an open place.

On the branches of trees, in a thicket of green leaves and in general in the forest live colorful, beautiful, discordant, infinitely diverse breeds of birds: deaf and common black grouse lek, grouse squeak, woodcocks wheeze on drafts, coo, each in its own way, all breeds of wild pigeons, thrushes squeal and clink, orioles mournfully, melodiously call to each other * , moaning pockmarked cuckoos, tapping, hollowing trees, woodpeckers with different feathers, blowing bells, cracking jays; waxwings, forest larks, grosbeaks and all the numerous winged, small singing tribe fills the air with different voices and enlivens the silence of the forests; on the boughs and in the hollows of trees, birds make their nests, lay their eggs and bring out their children; for the same purpose, martens and squirrels, hostile to birds, and noisy swarms of wild bees settle in hollows. **

* Orioles have another, opposite cry or screech, piercing and unpleasant to the ear. Finding in these sounds a resemblance to the disgusting cry of nibbling cats, the people call the oriole wild cat.

** A hollow tree occupied by bees is called board. Noticing the hole into which the bees climb, it is hollowed out and trimmed due so that you can take them out and freely get out the combs of fragrant green honey, known under the name Lipca. The onboard fisheries in the Orenburg province were previously very significant, but the increasing population and ignorant greed when getting honey, which is often taken out all, leaving no reserve for the winter, destroy wild bees, which are already exterminated by bears, great honey hunters, some breeds of birds and the severity of winter frosts.

There are few herbs and flowers in a large forest: a dense, permanent shade is unfavorable for vegetation, which needs the light and warmth of the sun's rays; more often than others, one can see a jagged fern, dense and green leaves of a lily of the valley, tall stems of a faded forest levkoy, and mature stone berries blush in bunches; the damp smell of mushrooms is in the air, but the most audible is the sharp and, in my opinion, very pleasant smell of mushrooms, because they are born in families, nests and love bridge(as the people say) in a small fern, under the rotting last year's leaves.

In such a dark forest live, more or less permanently, bears, wolves, hares, martens and squirrels. * .

* In some, more forested districts of the Orenburg province, where rocks and resinous trees grow, deer, lynxes and wolverines are found; in mountainous places - wild goats, and in the reeds and reedy urems in the Urals - wild boars.

Between the squirrels come across very whitish, almost white, called for some reason gourds, and flying squirrels: the latter have on both sides, between the front and hind legs, a thin leather membrane, which, stretching, helps them jump from tree to tree for a very long distance. During such a jump, similar to flight, I once killed a flying squirrel in the air, and it turned out that I shot beast in years. Birds of prey also take out children in the forests, arranging nests on the main branches near the tree trunk itself: large and small hawks, harriers, white-tails, tailbones and others. Owls, owls and long-eared eagle owls lurk and breed in the dense shade of the forest slums, the deplorable, strange, wild cry of which at night will frighten even a timid person who is late in the forest. What is so strange that people consider these cries hooting and with laughter goblin?

If you happen to go along a wooded road, through green copses and fragrant glades, as soon as you leave them, as the coccyx, which I just mentioned, appears in the height. If he has a nest nearby, then he usually accompanies every traveler, even a passerby, floating above him in wide, bold circles in heavenly heights. He watches with his amazingly keen eyes, whether some small bird will fly out from under the feet of a horse or a person. With the speed of lightning, it falls from the sky onto a fluttering bird, and if it does not have time to fall into the grass, hide in the leaves of a tree or bush, then the coccyx will plunge its sharp claws into it and take it to the nest to its children. If it is not possible to grab the prey, then he will soar up in a steep arc, again make bet and will fall down again if the same bird rises again or another is frightened. The coccyx beats from above, scribbles like a falcon, which is completely similar to it. Sometimes it happens that both coccyxes, the female and the cheglik, fly out to catch from big children, and then they can amuse any spectator and not a hunter. It is impossible to look at the speed, lightness and dexterity of this small, beautiful bird of prey without pleasant surprise and involuntary participation. Strange, but the most compassionate person somehow does not feel sorry for the poor birds that he catches! The process of this fishing is so good, elegant, fascinating that you certainly wish the catcher success. If one coccyx manages to catch a bird, then it now takes the prey to the children, while the other remains and continues to swim above the person, waiting for its own prey. It also happens that both tailbones, almost at the same time, will catch a bird and fly away with them; but in a minute one will certainly appear to the person again. The coccyx is a mysterious bird: it catches wonderfully in the wild, but the hand catches nothing. I tried many times bear tailbones (the same as training a dog), and nesters and fledglings; it is very easy to endure them: in three or four days he will get used to it completely and will walk on his arm even without lure(piece of meat); you just have to whistle and wave your hand, if the coccyx only sees the hunter or hears his whistle - he is already on his arm, and if the hunter does not extend his hand, then the coccyx will sit on his shoulder or head - he does not take any live bird. This feature of it is known to all hunters, but I did not believe until I was convinced by many experiments that this is absolutely true. *

* And yet it's not true! From the "Book of the Falconer's Way" it is obvious that the coccyx was poisoned: so, we do not know how only to bear them. — Later writer's note.

Having lost all hope that the coccyx would catch, I usually let him go free, and for a long time we saw him flying around the house and heard a plaintive squeak, meaning that he was hungry. Whether the coccyx received the former ability to catch in the wild, or died of hunger, I don’t know.

Forest and bushes growing near rivers in places that are flooded with hollow water are called urema. Urems are different: along large rivers and rivers of medium size, the banks of which are always sandy, the urem consists preferably of elm, osocor, willow or willow and occasionally of oak, reaching enormous growth and volume; bird cherry, mountain ash, hazel and large wild rose almost always accompany them, pouring a strong aromatic smell around during spring flowering. The elm is not so tall, but its thick, curly stump is up to three sazhens in circumference; it is picturesquely sprawling, and the soft, dense green of its oval, as if embossed, leaves is beautiful. On the other hand, the osokor reaches gigantic heights; he is majestic, slender and multi-leaved; its pale green leaves look like aspen leaves and just as easily sway on their long stems at the slightest imperceptible movement of air. Its thick and at the same time light, soft, red inside bark is used for various small crafts, most of all for surfacing for fishing nets, seines and fishing rods. Such urems are not dense, they have many deep flood lakes, rich in all kinds of fish and water game. Everywhere along the banks of rivers and lakes, along sandy hillocks and slopes, preferably in front of other forest berries, grows in abundance blackberry(in some provinces it is called kumanika), clinging to everything with its flexible, creeping, slightly prickly branches; from spring, its greenery is covered with small white flowers, and in autumn with black-blue or gray-gray berries of excellent taste, similar in external formation and size to large raspberries. Such an urema is good: huge trees love space, they do not grow often, under them and near them, according to the size of the shade, there are no young tree shoots, and therefore their majestic beauty is all in sight.

Urems of another kind are formed along rivers, which cannot be classified as rivers of medium size, because they are much smaller, but at the same time fast and full of water; along the rivers flowing not in barren, sandy, but in green and flowering banks, on black soil, you rarely see elm, oak or sedge there, birch, aspen and alder grow there; * there, in addition to bird cherry and mountain ash, there are a lot of all kinds of bushes: viburnum, honeysuckle, hawthorn, willow, currant and others. I especially like these urems. Many trees and preferably tall bushes are pierced, woven and picturesquely entwined to the very top with tenacious shoots of wild hops and hung first with its green leaves, similar to grape leaves, and then with pale, golden cones, similar to grape brushes, inside of which are hidden small, round, bitter taste intoxicating seeds. Many nightingales, bluethroats and all sorts of songbirds live in green, densely growing bushes of such an urema. Nightingales drown out everyone. Day and night, their whistles and peals do not stop. The sun is setting and night lamps replace the tired day nightingales until the morning. Only there, with the light noise of a running river, in the midst of flowering and greening trees and bushes, with the warmth and fragrance of a breathing night, do nightingale songs have full meaning and charming power ... but they painfully affect the soul when you hear them on the street, in the dust and the noise of carriages, or in a stuffy room, in the dialect of people's speeches.

* Alder is the most vigorous tree in terms of growth; it loves damp soil and usually grows densely along the banks of small rivers and streams, but if the soil is swampy, it also covers mountainous slopes. Alder reaches a rather large height and thickness, but its wood is soft; fragile and fragile; however, carpenters use it, sawing it into panels, for pasting various furniture

Along small rivers and rivers, especially on low-lying and swampy soil, urems consist of one alder and tall bushes, mostly through sprouted with small reeds. Occasionally, in some places, lopsided birch trees stick out, which are not afraid of wet places, as well as dry ones. Such uremas are especially dense, frequent and swampy, sometimes they have rather small lakes and are completely convenient for the removal of children for all marsh and water game; all kinds of animals and small animals also find a safe refuge in them. *

* In the Orenburg province, an urema, overgrown with various small bushes, constantly flooded, occupied in the spring by hollow water, is sometimes called a loan; and the urema, consisting exclusively of tall bushes, densely growing, are tals.

And this forest, so superficially, insufficiently described by me, this beauty of the earth, coolness in the heat, the dwelling place of animals and birds, the forest from which we build houses and with which we warm ourselves in long cruel winters, we do not protect in the highest degree. We are rich in forests, but wealth leads us to wastefulness, and with it not far from poverty: cutting down a tree for no reason means nothing to us. Suppose that in real forest provinces, with all the efforts of their not so numerous population, the forest will not be brought out, but in many other places where forests once grew, bare steppes remained, and straw replaced firewood. The same can happen in the Orenburg province. I'm not talking about the fact that the peasants in general act ruthlessly with the forest, that instead of deadwood and windbreak, uselessly smoldering, behind which you need to care, because it is thick and heavy, the peasants usually cut the young forest for firewood; that old trees are cut off for fuel only branches and top, and bare trunks are left to dry and rot; that they mow grass or graze herds without any need where young forest shoots and even thickets have gone. All this is not yet as destructive as decoction potash and seat, or sidka, tar: for potash they burn mainly elm, linden and elm into ash, however, without sparing other tree species, and for tar they remove birch bark, that is, the upper skin of birch. Although this shooting at first does not seem so disastrous, because the birch does not die suddenly, but taken carefully, after ten years it grows new skin, which is removed a second time; but will hired workers be careful beat birch bark, that is, to remove the skin from a birch? and not a single one, with the greatest care filmed birch does not reach its full development: it gradually withers and dies before reaching its age.

Of the entire vegetable kingdom, the tree more than any other represents the visible phenomena of organic life and excites participation more than others. Its huge volume, its slow growth, its longevity, the strength and strength of the tree trunk, the nutritional power of its roots, always ready for the revival of perishing branches and for young shoots from a dead stump, and, finally, its many-sided benefits and beauty should, it seems, , to inspire respect and mercy ... but the industrialist's ax and saw do not know them, and the owners themselves are carried away by temporary benefits ... I could never indifferently see not only a cut down grove, but even the fall of one large chopped tree; there is something inexpressibly sad in this fall: at first, the ringing blows of the ax produce only a slight tremor in the tree trunk; it grows stronger with every blow, and passes into a general shudder of every branch and every leaf; as the ax penetrates to the core, the sounds become muffled, more painful ... another blow, the last one: the tree will settle, crack, crackle, make a noise at the top, for a few moments it seems to think where to fall, and, finally, it will begin to lean one side, at first slowly, quietly, and then, with increasing speed and noise, like the noise of a strong wind, it will collapse to the ground! .. For many decades it has reached full strength and beauty, and in a few minutes it often perishes from the empty whim of a person.

Every year nature conservation attracts more and more attention of the entire Soviet public.

Now it is becoming more and more obvious that this is not an area that concerns only certain circles of specialists or particularly interested persons. For love for native nature is an integral part of love for the Fatherland, that great feeling that has been inherent in the peoples of our country for centuries.

Nature conservation is primarily a pedagogical problem, since the education of the younger generation of a caring attitude towards nature is at the same time an important factor in the education of Soviet citizens in the spirit of patriotism.

The protection of nature is a national economic problem, because without its scientific solution, our wealth may be depleted - after all, the impact of man on nature is continuously increasing.

The protection of nature is also an aesthetic problem, since communication with nature in all its diversity ennobles a person, teaches him to see, understand and appreciate beauty.

The protection of nature is a cultural and historical problem, since our descendants will also judge the level of our culture by the form in which we will transfer natural wealth to them.

The protection of nature, in the final analysis, is a political problem. In building a communist society, we must remember that it is conceived not only as a society of supreme justice, but also as a society that flourishes in an environment of abundant and beautiful nature.

It is known that significant damage to nature is caused as a result of ill-conceived or deliberately predatory human impact on it. This was noticed a long time ago by Karl Marx, who, analyzing the book of the scientist Fraaz "Climate and the plant world in time, their history", concludes that "culture - if it develops spontaneously, and is not consciously directed, - leaves behind a desert."

At present, when the historic XXIII Congress of the CPSU called on our people to make the maximum use of all the natural resources of the country, to discover hidden sources of values, it is necessary to study with special care the ways of using wildlife, and for this it is necessary to observe all the rules for its protection, to understand the whole problem in its natural complex.

The beauty and harmony of nature ultimately turn out to be in dialectical unity with the usefulness of certain natural complexes both for the existence of people and for one's own existence.

The best writers and naturalists of our country have long emphasized, for example, the inseparability of beauty and the usefulness of the combination of waters and forests. So, the singer of domestic nature S. T. Aksakov wrote in 1851: “The complete beauty of any area lies precisely in the combination of water with forest. Nature does just that: rivers, streams, streams and lakes are almost always overgrown with forest and bushes. Exceptions are rare. The union of forest with water is another great purpose of nature. Forests are the custodians of waters... The decrease in rivers, which is noticed in the whole of Russia, is, by all accounts, due to the destruction of forests.

More than a hundred years have passed since these words were written, but even now in the central part of the country we are reaping the fruits of the former excess in forest management.

“Are the remnants of ancient civilizations buried in the sands of the Sahara and Central Asia not convincing enough to speak and show what careless handling of nature can lead to? After all, now the remains of cities, stadiums, which could accommodate up to 60,000 spectators, are found in the sands of the Sahara. Now the Sahara continues to advance on fertile lands. It is estimated that every year the boundaries of the desert move apart by 1 km in all directions. And all this is the result of careless treatment of nature, ”G. Bosse and A. Yablokov write in their brochure “Nature Protection and its Significance for Our Country” (Moscow, ed. of the All-Russian Society for the Promotion of Nature Protection and Planting of Settlements, 1958 ).

It is absolutely clear that now, in the era of grandiose transformations of nature, it is necessary to treat the resources of nature with the greatest frugality. How is it in reality? This is the question we intend to examine in as much detail as possible, without obscuring the shadow sides, because only a complete understanding of the shortcomings in the use of nature can help us eliminate them.

The living nature of our country is rich and charmingly beautiful, but we treat it without sufficient care, without the filial love that it deserves. She generously gives us her wealth, but we are inclined to take more than is permissible. We often take without taking into account the reproductive possibilities of nature and are upset because we come across a scarcity of resources, in which we ourselves are to blame. And usually groundless talk begins about the "restructuring" of nature, about its "enrichment", etc. At the same time, we forget that what is bad is supposed to be rebuilt, but is our nature bad? It is necessary to enrich what is poor, but is our nature poor? In addition, all these "perestroika" and "enrichment" are prohibitively expensive and extremely laborious. Obviously, it is more rational to follow the path of a reasonable attitude to natural resources, bearing in mind the indisputable fact that the protection of nature without the proper use of its productive capabilities is meaningless and often harmful, and use without protection leads to complete impoverishment. This provision is taken into account in the Soviet laws on nature protection. Strict implementation of these laws and allows you to achieve the required harmony.

However, this is easier said than done. The idea of ​​living nature as an inexhaustible pantry of some fantastic "reserves" has become too rooted. There is obvious confusion here. It is possible to talk about reserves only in relation, for example, to minerals (coal, oil, etc.). After all, it never occurs to anyone to say: stocks of cows or sheep, stocks of wheat ... In this case, we are talking about livestock and offspring, about grain stocks. The same applies to the self-renewing gifts of nature - animals and plants, which do not represent any reserves.

When a man walked into the untouched expanses of forests and steppes, on foot and poorly armed, he could hunt without thinking about the preservation and renewal of the forest or wild animals. From this time we have gone forever. Both plants and animals in our country represent a state fund of values, which is subject to protection and economic use to the same extent as livestock or cultivated crops. It is in this direction that we need to build our attitude towards these resources.

The fate of wildlife is in the hands of man, and it must be treated in a businesslike way.

The negative impact of man on nature increases with the increase in the population, the improvement of roads, the growth of technical, in particular transport, armament. The danger of the emergence of irreversible phenomena in nature is becoming more and more obvious - the final disappearance of certain species of animals, entire forests, etc.

We need not only laws on the protection of nature, but also a well-thought-out system for monitoring the implementation of these laws. And most importantly, it is necessary to educate a friend of nature in a person from childhood.

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Forests on the mountains

From the mouth of the Oka to Saratov and further down, the right side of the Volga is called "Mountains". The mountains begin even above the Oka, above Murom, stretch to the Lower, and then down the Volga. And the further, the higher they are. Mountains are rarely interspersed - only where the river fell into the Volga from the right side. There are few such rivers.

Places on the “Mountains” are like petrified waves of a stormy sea: hills, hillocks, hillocks, hills, and’zvolok * in ridges and ridges stretch in all directions between valleys, dens, ravines and dry valleys; rivers and rivers roam in all directions, making their way between the eels and meeting hills at every step ... The rivers and streams on the mountains are all tortuous.

Since ancient times, that side was covered with dense forests, Mordvins, Cheremis, Bulgars, Burtases and other alien languages ​​\u200b\u200bwere sitting in them; For five hundred years or more, Russian people began to settle in that direction. Konstantin Vasilievich, the Grand Duke of Suzdal, in the middle of the XIV century moved his table from Suzdal to Nizhny Novgorod, named Russian people from foreign principalities and settled them along the Volga, along the Oka and along Kudma. So the chronicle says...

In the old days, horse forests grew on the Mountains, in some places they have survived to this day, more in those places where the Chuvash, Cheremis and Mordovians live. Those tribes love dense forests and dark groves, none of them will touch a tree without need; to destroy the forest without a path, in their opinion, is a great sin, according to their ancient law: the forest is the home of the gods. To destroy the forest - to insult the deity, to destroy his house, to call punishment on himself. So the Mordvin thinks, so do the Cheremis and the Chuvash.

And because, perhaps, aliens love their native forests, because in the old days, having neither cities nor fortresses, they defended their will for a long time in inaccessible wilds, first from the Tatars, then from the Russian people ... Russian is not that, he is born the enemy of the forest: to cut down an age-old tree in order to cut down an axis from a bough or to shaft it, to break a tree that is not needed for anything, to peel off a sticky tree, to dry up a birch tree, releasing juice from it or removing birch bark for a fire - he does not care. Centenary oaks even ro ґ nit, I would only rob them of acorns for pigs to feed. In the old years, when step by step Russia fought off the land from the old inhabitants ***, mercilessly destroyed the forests as enemy strongholds. The habit remained; and now on the Mountains, where the native Russian people live, not a mixture with aliens, but a pure Slavic breed, there are no more forests, in some places there are groves, bushes and dwarf dwarfs **** ... In other places it has become so treeless that no rod, no wood, no drum stick; such a need that there is nowhere to cut the whips, there is nothing to cut the boy with. Forests have been preserved in large landowner estates, and even there they have thinned out in recent years. Forest felling in other people's dachas ***** is not considered a sin by peasants, they do not lie on their conscience. “Nobody planted a forest,” they interpret, “this is not a garden. God Himself grew a forest for the benefit of people, so cut it as much as you need.

P.I. MELNIKOV (Andrey Pechersky). On the mountains. 1875-1881

*And’evil, evil’to- a sloping mountain, a sloping long climb (“Praise the hill, lying on the izvolk”).
**Ro’a thread- here: cut down, cut down the forest. (According to V.I. Dahl.)
***Inhabitants- the first inhabitants of the region, a well-known area.
****Ernik (yernik) - a small or generally frozen bush forest.
*****Country house- small land property.

Where the forests are destroyed, the earth becomes sick

The power of the country is not only in material wealth, but also in the soul of the people! The wider, freer this soul, the greater the greatness and strength of the state. And what brings up the breadth of spirit, if not our amazing nature! It must be protected, as we protect the very life of a person. Descendants will never forgive us the devastation of the earth, the desecration of what belongs not only to us, but to them by right.

It is impossible to enumerate all the disasters that the destruction of forests brings. In those places where forests have been destroyed, the land becomes ill with barrenness and dry ulcers of ravines. There is nothing more cheerless than the sight of drying up dirty rivers, cuttings, burnt areas, all these wastelands brought to life by ignorance, negligence and human greed.

I imagine a man who, having made his way through sands and burnt places, after exhausting heat, wind-blown, burned by the sun, finally enters the depths of solemn and quiet forests, and his whole body is enveloped in the coolness of foliage. From the balsamic smells of forest flowers, herbs, needles and bark, fatigue disappears.

The great power of life is visible in everything: in the fluctuation of peaks, in the whistle of birds, in soft lighting. And in the evening, somewhere near the forest waters, a man sits down by the fire, and silence sits next to him. Stars a hundred times brighter than those above the dusty canopy of the city light up in the sky.

When looking at them, a person begins to understand all the greatness of the universe, begins to understand what a well-deserved rest and peace of mind are. Night rises over the world, full of fresh smells, dim light, dew, the cry of night birds. And ahead are hundreds of such nights, and dawns, and days, and evenings...

Konstantin Paustovsky. The story of the forests. 1948

About forests

I said about the water that it is "the beauty of nature", almost the same can be said about the forest. The complete beauty of any locality lies precisely in the combination of water with forest. Nature does just that: rivers, rivers, streams and lakes are almost always overgrown with forests or bushes... Another great goal of nature lies in the connection of forest with water. Forests are the guardians of waters: trees cover the earth from the scorching rays of the summer sun, from the withering winds; coolness and dampness live in their shade and do not allow flowing or stagnant moisture to dry out. The decrease in rivers, which is noticed in the whole of Russia, is, by all accounts, due to the destruction of forests.

I saw an example of how a significant village, sitting on a beautiful spring river (Bolshoy Syuyush), which constantly raised a flour mill, lost water in one year. It happened very simply: in a cruel stormy winter, in order not to travel far, the peasants cut down birch and oleshnik (alder forest) for firewood, which grew densely near a round-shaped patoch*, from which more than twenty springs flowed, which made up the river Syuyush. The spring was dry; all the springs exposed from the forest shade dried up in the summer, and the river dried up. Only in the third year, when the chiva** alder grew again, the springs began to reopen, and only ten years later the river flowed as before.

This forest, this beauty of the earth, coolness in the heat, the home of animals and birds, the forest from which we build houses and with which we warm ourselves in long cruel winters, we do not protect in the highest degree. We are rich in forests, but wealth leads us to wastefulness, and with it not far from poverty: cutting down a tree for no reason means nothing to us ... In many places where forests once grew, bare steppes remained, and straw replaced firewood.

Of the entire vegetable kingdom, the tree more than any other represents the visible phenomena of organic life and excites participation more than others. Its huge volume, its slow growth, its longevity, the strength and strength of the tree trunk, the nutritional power of its roots, always ready for the revival of perishing branches and for young shoots from a dead stump, and, finally, its many-sided benefits and beauty should, it seems, , to inspire respect and mercy ... but the industrialist's ax and saw do not know them ... For many decades it has reached strength and beauty, and in a few minutes it often dies from the empty whim of a person.

All species of resinous trees, such as: pine, spruce, fir, etc., are called red forest, or red forest. A forest consisting solely of pines is called a forest. All other species of trees that lose their leaves in autumn and renew them in spring, such as: oak, elm, black sorrel, linden, birch, aspen, alder and others, are called black forest, or black forest. Berry trees belong to it: bird cherry and mountain ash, which sometimes reach a considerable height and thickness. It is necessary to classify all species of bushes as black forest: viburnum, hazel, honeysuckle, wolf's bast, wild rose, black thorn, ordinary willow, and so on.

The red forest loves clayey, silty soil, and pine prefers sandy; on pure chernozem, it is found in the smallest number, except somewhere in the mountains, where loam and stone flagstone are exposed. In those districts of the Orenburg province, where I lived for most of my century, pine is a rarity ...

The black forest consists of a mixture of different tree species, and this mixture is especially pleasing to the eye, but sometimes there are places with individual manes or pegs where one species predominates: oak, linden, birch or aspen, growing in much larger numbers compared to others. tree species and reaching the volume of timber.

Bears, wolves, hares, martens and squirrels live more or less permanently in the black forest. Birds of prey also take out children in the forests, arranging nests on the main branches near the tree trunk itself: large and small hawks, harriers, white-tails, tailbones and others. Owls, owls and long-eared owls lurk and breed in the dense shade of the forest slums.

Forest and bushes growing near rivers in places that are flooded with hollow water are called urema. Urems are different: along large rivers and rivers of medium size, the banks of which are always sandy, the urem consists preferably of elm, osokor, willow, or willow, and occasionally of oak, reaching enormous growth and volume; bird cherry, mountain ash, hazel and large wild rose almost always accompany them, pouring a strong aromatic smell around during spring flowering.

Urems of another kind are formed along rivers, which cannot be classified as rivers of medium size, because they are much smaller, but at the same time fast and full of water; along rivers flowing not in barren sandy, but in green and flowering banks, along black earth soil; there you rarely see elm, oak or sedge, birch, aspen and alder grow there; there, in addition to bird cherry and mountain ash, there are a lot of all kinds of bushes: viburnum, honeysuckle, hawthorn, willow, currant and others. Many trees and bushes are pierced, woven and picturesquely entwined to the very top with tenacious shoots of wild hops. Many nightingales, bluethroats and all sorts of songbirds live in green, densely growing bushes of such an urema.

Sergei Aksakov. Notes of a rifle hunter of the Orenburg province. 1849-1851

* Pa'tochina - from sharpening in the meaning of exude, let flow, emit a stream (according to V.I. Dahl).
** Chivy - generous, puffy, exuding abundance; alder is a tree that grows well (according to V.I. Dahl).

All forest game live more or less in the forest, but some species never leave it. So, I will first consider and determine, as far as I can, the difference between forests and forest species.

I said about water that it is "the beauty of nature"; almost the same can be said about the forest. The complete beauty of any locality lies precisely in the combination of water with forest. Nature does just that: rivers, rivers, streams and lakes are almost always overgrown with forest or bushes. Exceptions are rare. The union of forest with water is another great purpose of nature. Forests are the guardians of waters: trees cover the earth from the scorching rays of the summer sun, from the withering winds; coolness and dampness live in their shade and do not allow flowing or stagnant moisture to dry out. The decrease in rivers, which is noticed in the whole of Russia, is, by all accounts, due to the destruction of forests.

All species of resinous trees, such as: pine, spruce, fir, etc., are called red forest, or red forest. Their distinctive quality lies in the fact that instead of leaves they have needles, which they do not lose in winter, but change them gradually, gradually, in spring and early summer; in autumn they become fuller, fresher and greener, therefore they meet winter in all its glory and strength. A forest consisting solely of pines is called a forest. All other tree species that lose their leaves in autumn and renew them in spring, such as: oak, elm, sedge, linden, birch, aspen, alder and others, are called black forest, or black forest. Berry trees belong to it: bird cherry and mountain ash, which sometimes reach a considerable height and thickness. To the black forest it is necessary to rank all the species of bushes that also lose their leaves in winter: viburnum, hazel, honeysuckle, wolf's bast, wild rose, black thorn, ordinary willow, and so on.

The red forest loves clayey, silty soil, and pine prefers sandy; on pure chernozem, it is found in the smallest number, except somewhere in the mountains, where loam and stone slabs are exposed. I do not like the red forest, its eternal, monotonous and gloomy greenery, its sandy or clayey soil, perhaps because from an early age I was accustomed to admiring the cheerful multi-leaved black forest and rich black soil. In those districts of the Orenburg province, where I lived for most of my century, pine is a rarity. So, I will talk about one dark forest.

For the most part, the black forest consists of a mixture of different tree species, and this mixture is especially pleasing to the eye, but sometimes there are places with individual manes or pegs where one species predominates: oak, linden, birch or aspen, growing in much larger numbers in compared with other tree species and reaching the volume of timber. When heterogeneous trees grow together and make up one green mass, then they all seem equally good, but individually they are inferior to each other. A spreading, white-trunked, light green, cheerful birch is good, but even better is a slender, curly, round-leaved, sweet-scented during flowering, not bright, but soft green linden, covering with its bast and shod with its bast the Orthodox Russian people. The maple is also good with its paws-leaves (as Gogol said); he is tall, slender and handsome, but he grows little in the districts of the Orenburg province that I know, and he does not reach his enormous growth there. Chunky, strong, tall and powerful, several girths of thickness at the root, there is a perennial oak, rarely found in such a majestic form; the small oak forest has nothing particularly attractive in itself: its greenery is dark or dull, its carved leaves, dense and solid, express only signs of future power and longevity. Aspen, both in appearance and in internal dignity, is considered the last of the marching trees. Unnoticed by anyone, the quivering aspen is beautiful and noticeable only in autumn: its early withering leaves are covered with gold and crimson, and, brightly different from the greenery of other trees, it gives a lot of charm and variety to the forest during autumn leaf fall.

Overgrowth, or porosity, that is, a young forest is pleasing to the eye, especially from a distance. The green of its leaves is fresh and cheerful, but there is little shade in it, it is thin and so frequent that you cannot pass through it. Over time, most of the trees will dry out from crowding, and only the strongest will master all the nutritional value of the soil and then they will begin to grow not only in height, but also in thickness.

Blackening from afar, tall, shady, old, dark forests stand, but by the word old one should not understand aged, decrepit, devoid of leaves: the sight of such trees in a multitude would be very sad. In nature, everything goes gradually. A large forest always consists of trees of different ages: obsolete and completely dry in many others, green and flowering, they are invisible. In some places huge trunks lie in the forest, first withered, then rotted at the root, and finally broken by a storm of oaks, lindens, birches and aspens.

In their fall, they bent and broke the young neighboring trees, which, despite their ugliness, continue to grow and turn green, picturesquely twisting to one side, stretching along the ground or crouching in an arc. The corpses of forest giants, smoldering inside, retain their external appearance for a long time; their bark is overgrown with moss and even grass; it often happened to me in a hurry to jump on such a tree corpse and - sink my feet to the ground through its inside: a cloud of rotten dust, similar to the dust of a dry raincoat, enveloped me for a few seconds ... But this does not in the least violate the general beauty of the green, mighty forest kingdom, freely growing in freshness, darkness and silence. The view of a dense forest on a hot afternoon is delightful, its clean air is refreshing, its inner silence is soothing, and the rustle of leaves is pleasant when the wind sometimes runs through its peaks! Its darkness has something mysterious, unknown; the voice of the beast, bird and man change in the forest, sound different, strange sounds. This is some kind of special world, and folk fantasy inhabits it with supernatural creatures: goblin and forest girls, as well as river and lake whirlpools - water devils, but it’s creepy in a big forest during a storm, although it’s quiet below: the trees creak and groan, branches crack and break. Involuntary fear attacks the soul and makes a person run to an open place.

On the branches of trees, in a thicket of green leaves and in general in the forest live colorful, beautiful, discordant, infinitely diverse breeds of birds: deaf and common black grouse lek, grouse squeak, woodcocks wheeze on drafts, coo, each in its own way, all breeds of wild pigeons, thrushes squeal and clink, mournfully, melodiously call to one another orioles, pockmarked cuckoos moan, woodpeckers of different feathers tap, chiseling trees, trumpet bells, jays crackle; waxwings, forest larks, grosbeaks and all the numerous winged, small singing tribe fills the air with different voices and enlivens the silence of the forests; on the boughs and in the hollows of trees, birds make their nests, lay their eggs and bring out their children; for the same purpose, martens and squirrels, hostile to birds, and noisy swarms of wild bees settle in hollows.

There are few herbs and flowers in a large forest: a dense, permanent shade is unfavorable for vegetation, which needs the light and warmth of the sun's rays; more often than others, one can see a jagged fern, dense and green leaves of a lily of the valley, tall stems of a faded forest levkoy, and mature stone berries blush in bunches; the damp smell of mushrooms is in the air, but the most audible is the sharp and, in my opinion, very pleasant smell of mushrooms, because they are born in families, nests and love to bridge (as the people say) in a small fern, under rotting last year's leaves.

In such a dark forest live, more or less permanently, bears, wolves, hares, martens and squirrels.

Between the squirrels come across very whitish, almost white, called gourds for some reason, and flying squirrels: the latter have on both sides, between the front and hind legs, a thin leather membrane, which, stretching, helps them jump from tree to tree for a very large distance. During such a jump, similar to flight, I once killed a flying squirrel in the air, and it turned out that I shot the beast in years. Birds of prey also take out children in the forests, arranging nests on the main branches near the tree trunk itself: large and small hawks, harriers, white-tails, tailbones and others. Owls, owls and long-eared eagle owls lurk and breed in the dense shade of the forest slums, the deplorable, strange, wild cry of which at night will frighten even a timid person who is late in the forest. What is so strange that the people consider these cries to be hooting and the laughter of the goblin?

If you happen to go along a wooded road, through green copses and fragrant glades, as soon as you leave them, as the coccyx, which I just mentioned, appears in the height. If he has a nest nearby, then he usually accompanies every traveler, even a passerby, floating above him in wide, bold circles in heavenly heights. He watches with his amazingly keen eyes, whether some small bird will fly out from under the feet of a horse or a person. With the speed of lightning, it falls from the sky onto a fluttering bird, and if it does not have time to fall into the grass, hide in the leaves of a tree or bush, then the coccyx will plunge its sharp claws into it and take it to the nest to its children. If it is not possible to grab the prey, then it will soar upwards in a steep arc, again make a bet and again fall down if the same bird rises again or another one is frightened. The coccyx beats from above, scribbles like a falcon, which is completely similar to it. Sometimes it happens that both coccyxes, the female and the cheglik, fly out to catch from big children, and then they can amuse any spectator and not a hunter. It is impossible to look at the speed, lightness and dexterity of this small, beautiful bird of prey without pleasant surprise and involuntary participation. Strange, but the most compassionate person somehow does not feel sorry for the poor birds that he catches! The process of this fishing is so good, elegant, fascinating that you certainly wish the catcher success. If one coccyx manages to catch a bird, then it now takes the prey to the children, while the other remains and continues to swim above the person, waiting for its own prey. It also happens that both tailbones, almost at the same time, will catch a bird and fly away with them; but in a minute one will certainly appear to the person again. The coccyx is a mysterious bird: it catches wonderfully in the wild, but the hand catches nothing. I have tried many times to bear tailbones (the same as training a dog), and nesters and fledglings; it is very easy to endure them: in three or four days he will get used to it completely and will walk on his hand even without a lure (a piece of meat); you just have to whistle and wave your hand, if the coccyx only sees the hunter or hears his whistle - he is already on his arm, and if the hunter does not extend his hand, then the coccyx will sit on his shoulder or head - he does not take any live bird. This feature of it is known to all hunters, but I did not believe until I was convinced by many experiments that this is absolutely true.

Having lost all hope that the coccyx would catch, I usually let him go free, and for a long time we saw him flying around the house and heard a plaintive squeak, meaning that he was hungry. Whether the coccyx received the former ability to catch in the wild, or died of hunger, I don’t know.

Forest and bushes growing near rivers in places that are flooded with hollow water are called urema. Urems are different: along large rivers and rivers of medium size, the banks of which are always sandy, the urem consists preferably of elm, osocor, willow or willow and occasionally of oak, reaching enormous growth and volume; bird cherry, mountain ash, hazel and large wild rose almost always accompany them, pouring a strong aromatic smell around during spring flowering. The elm is not so tall, but its thick, curly stump is up to three sazhens in circumference; it is picturesquely sprawling, and the soft, dense green of its oval, as if embossed, leaves is beautiful. On the other hand, the osokor reaches gigantic heights; he is majestic, slender and multi-leaved; its pale green leaves look like aspen leaves and just as easily sway on their long stems at the slightest imperceptible movement of air. Its thick and at the same time light, soft, red inside bark is used for various small crafts, most of all for surfacing for fishing nets, seines and fishing rods. Such urems are not dense, they have many deep flood lakes, rich in all kinds of fish and water game. Everywhere along the banks of rivers and lakes, along sandy hillocks and slopes, preferably before other forest berries, blackberries grow in abundance (in some provinces they call it kumanika), clinging to everything with their flexible, creeping, slightly prickly branches; from spring, its greenery is covered with small white flowers, and in autumn with black-blue or gray-gray berries of excellent taste, similar in external formation and size to large raspberries. Such an urema is good: huge trees love space, they do not grow often, under them and near them, according to the size of the shade, there are no young tree shoots, and therefore their majestic beauty is all in sight.

Urems of another kind are formed along rivers, which cannot be classified as rivers of medium size, because they are much smaller, but at the same time fast and full of water; along the rivers flowing not in barren, sandy, but in green and flowering banks, on black soil, you rarely see elm, oak or sedge there, birch, aspen and alder grow there; there, in addition to bird cherry and mountain ash, there are a lot of all kinds of bushes: viburnum, honeysuckle, hawthorn, willow, currant and others. I especially like these urems. Many trees and preferably tall bushes are pierced, woven and picturesquely entwined to the very top with tenacious shoots of wild hops and hung first with its green leaves, similar to grape leaves, and then with pale, golden cones, similar to grape brushes, inside of which are hidden small, round, bitter tasting, hoppy seeds. Many nightingales, bluethroats and all sorts of songbirds live in green, densely growing bushes of such an urema. Nightingales drown out everyone. Day and night, their whistles and peals do not stop. The sun is setting, and nightlights are replaced by tired day nightingales until morning. Only there, with the light noise of a running river, in the midst of flowering and greening trees and bushes, with the warmth and fragrance of a breathing night, do nightingale songs have full meaning and charming power ... but they painfully affect the soul when you hear them on the street, in the dust and noise of carriages , or in a stuffy room, in the dialect of human speeches.

Along small rivers and rivers, especially on low-lying and swampy soil, urems consist of one alder and tall bushes, mostly through sprouted with small reeds. Occasionally, in some places, lopsided birch trees stick out, which are not afraid of wet places, as well as dry ones. Such uremas are especially dense, frequent and swampy, sometimes they have rather small lakes and are completely convenient for the removal of children for all marsh and water game; all kinds of animals and small animals also find a safe refuge in them.

And this forest, so superficially, insufficiently described by me, this beauty of the earth, coolness in the heat, the dwelling place of animals and birds, the forest from which we build houses and with which we warm ourselves in long cruel winters, we do not protect in the highest degree. We are rich in forests, but wealth leads us to wastefulness, and with it not far from poverty: cutting down a tree for no reason means nothing to us. Suppose that in real forest provinces, with all the efforts of their not so numerous population, the forest will not be brought out, but in many other places where forests once grew, bare steppes remained, and straw replaced firewood. The same can happen in the Orenburg province. I'm not talking about the fact that the peasants in general act ruthlessly with the forest, that instead of deadwood and windbreak, uselessly smoldering, behind which you need to care, because it is thick and heavy, the peasants usually cut the young forest for firewood; that old trees are cut off for fuel only branches and top, and bare trunks are left to dry and rot; that they mow grass or graze herds without any need where young forest shoots and even thickets have gone. All this is not yet as destructive as the boiling of potash and the seat, or sidka, of tar: for potash they burn mainly elm, linden and elm into ashes, without sparing, however, other tree species, and for tar they remove birch bark, that is upper birch skin. Although this shooting at first does not seem so disastrous, because the birch does not die suddenly, but taken carefully, after ten years it grows new skin, which is removed a second time; but will hired workers carefully beat the birch bark, that is, remove the skin from the birch? and besides, not a single birch, taken with the greatest care, reaches its full development: it gradually withers and dies before reaching its age.

Of the entire vegetable kingdom, the tree more than any other represents the visible phenomena of organic life and excites participation more than others. Its huge volume, its slow growth, its longevity, the strength and strength of the tree trunk, the nutritional power of its roots, always ready for the revival of perishing branches and for young shoots from a dead stump, and, finally, its many-sided benefits and beauty should, it seems, , to inspire respect and mercy ... but the industrialist's ax and saw do not know them, and temporary benefits carry away the owners themselves ... I could never indifferently see not only a cut down grove, but even the fall of one large chopped tree; there is something inexpressibly sad in this fall: at first, the ringing blows of the ax produce only a slight tremor in the tree trunk; it grows stronger with every blow, and passes into a general shudder of every branch and every leaf; as the ax penetrates to the core, the sounds become muffled, more painful ... another blow, the last one: the tree will settle, break, crackle, make a noise at the top, for a few moments it seems to think where to fall, and, finally, it will begin to lean to one side, at first slowly, quietly, and then, with increasing speed and noise, like the noise of a strong wind, it will collapse to the ground!.. For many decades it has reached its full strength and beauty, and in a few minutes it often perishes from the empty whim of a person.

The lesson on this topic is general, so it is advisable to organize an individual study of the studied material using the example of text analysis.

Everything is good in nature, but water is the beauty of all nature. Almost the same can be said about the forest. The complete beauty of any locality lies precisely in the combination of water with forest.

Forests are water keepers. Trees cover the earth from the scorching rays of the summer sun, from the withering winds. Coolness and dampness live in their shade and do not allow flowing or stagnant moisture to dry out.

All species of resinous trees, pine, spruce, fir, and others, are called red forest. Oak elm linden birch alder and others are called black forest. Berry trees of bird cherry and mountain ash belong to it. All species of bushes are viburnum hazel, honeysuckle wolf's bast, wild rose, and ordinary willow must be classified as black forest.

A good spreading, white-trunked, cheerful birch. The maple is also good with its paws-leaves. Chunky, strong, tall and mighty is a perennial oak.

The Russian forest is good in winter and summer, autumn and spring. The Russian forest is especially beautiful and sad in the early autumn days. Against the golden background of yellowed foliage, bright spots of painted maples of aspens stand out. Slowly spinning in the air, yellowed lungs fall from the birches.

1. Read the text carefully. What style does it belong to? What types of speech are used? Justify your answer.

2. Underline with a conditional line all homogeneous members of the sentence.

3. Place punctuation marks in the third and fifth paragraphs. Explain.

4. Rearrange the sentences with colons in such a way that they need to include a dash.

5. Add another row of homogeneous members to the first sentence of the last paragraph.

6. Find offers:

A) with homogeneous definitions;

B) with heterogeneous definitions.

7. Rearrange the first sentence of the third paragraph so that it requires a colon and a dash.

8. Choose generalizing words for homogeneous members from the last sentence of the fourth paragraph and the first sentence of the fifth paragraph.

9. Add homogeneous members to the last sentence of the text.

10. Make a reference table "in sentences

With homogeneous terms”, using the text of § 25. Illustrate the rules with examples from the text.

Offers with homogeneous members 125

2. Rewrite, inserting letters and punctuation marks.

1. The mournful song either froze .. then again swept through the stagnant .. stuffy air (A. Chekhov). 2. Neither nearby shores, nor distant mountains, nor even water, nothing could be seen (V. Soloukhin). 3. Everything around was foggy..th forest lake the sky was gray. 4. In the grass in the bushes of dogwood and wild sh..povnik in vineyards and on trees everywhere there were ts..kady (A.). 5. The moon was in full swing and it was visible far around and the right steep bank and arte..rarely..the fragments of a bridge and a town with a water tower (S. Nikulin). 6. Everywhere above and below, zhav..ronki sang (A. Chekhov). 7. Other Mali is not only forests, but also forest lakes and lazy forest rivers with fresh water (K. Paustovsky).

3. Write down a poem under dictation. Underline one

Native members of the conditional line. For what purpose do they use

Named in the text?

HOMELAND Thank you for the seas and for the land, For the crystal air, for the sunny snow. For filling my soul with love And filling my heart forever. In happy unity with the vast earth - And my joy, and my triumph. Thank you that I come to you by blood: I am exalted by such kinship. Light and encouraging from the open expanse! Plains, taiga and gray ocean. Thank you for the authenticity of earthly happiness. For everything that has come true, that lies ahead. And a thousand times repeated word Again and again ripens in the chest.

(L. Shchipakhina)

4. Linguistic game - competition. Offer to students

It is possible to write down in a notebook the numbers of those sentences in which

There are generalizing words with homogeneous members. wins

The one who made no mistakes.

1. On the reddish grass, on the blades of grass, on the straws, the threads of autumn cobwebs shone (A. Chekhov). 2. Terrible, frantic, evil - that's what youth was (O. Bergholz). 3. To deal with the language somehow means to think somehow: inaccurately, approximately, incorrectly (A. Tolstoy). 4. You can’t hide from me, you can’t hide the splendor of deeds and things, the power of the earth, young and hot

(A. Bezymensky). 5. Hot rays flood a round flower bed, dark green lilacs, garden alleys (A. Chekhov). 6. gave Gogol two of his themes: about the auditor and about dead souls (N. Sher). 7. Young trees of all breeds: spruce and pine, aspen and birch - grow together and closely (K. Paustovsky). 8. Vladimir Soloukhin is not only a poet, poet, but also a great prose writer, publicist, and critic (M. Agatov). 9. Dobrolyubov admired the heroes of this work: the girl Elena, the Bulgarian Insarov (N. Sher). 10. On the mirror water, on the curls of the willow from the dawn, scarlet light spills (I. Nikitin). (Answers: 2, 3, 6, 7, 9)