Construction of a house according to ancient Russian technology. Izba in Russia: the main secrets of construction

The material was prepared by Ryabtseva Svetlana on the basis of a conversation held with the Shtakins family - Marina and Dmitry, on whose site a sazhen bathhouse was designed and built. Moreover, Svetlana took an active part in the development of the bath project according to the traditions of old Russian architecture. The owners willingly shared information about how the original project was brought to life. So, first things first.
In the south of the Moscow region in the Serpukhov district, on the banks of the Oka River, there is a village "N". The mountainous landscape of this area allows us to call it Russian Switzerland. Before the revolution, there were a large number of households in the countryside. Wealthy peasants lived there, most of whom owned working crafts: foundry, blacksmithing, plumbing. Many of them were related, had large plots of land and beautiful houses. Before the revolution it was a village with a wooden church. In this beautiful place, our ancestors also owned a piece of land. For more than 300 years they lived in this place and cultivated this land. In Soviet times, the site was shrunk to a size of 24 acres. As expected, at the beginning of the site there is a solid five-walled hut, built according to Russian traditions in sazhens. Below, in a ravine, springs a source of excellent mineral water, which has served the inhabitants since the formation of the village.
Recently, we have become the heirs of this land. Everything would be fine, but modern man needs more comfort - and we thought about building a bathhouse in this family nest. As usual, appetite comes with eating and we wanted to build a bathhouse with a second floor, with a balcony and a terrace on the first floor. As expected, you need to start with a plan and not a simple one, but with a plan calculated in sazhens, ensuring harmony in the size of the house and the size of the owners. We were also attracted by the fact that a house built by sazhens is durable and has a beneficial effect on all those living in it /1/. Immediately before the start of construction, the bath plan was approved.

Plan of the 1st floor.
​

Attic plan.​

The plan of the bath was made according to the ancient Russian sazhens, restored by A.F. Chernyaev on the basis of measurements of Russian temples /1/. Initially, the dimensions of the log house were supposed to be 6x6.4 m, that is, the width was 4 simple sazhens, the length was 4 masonry sazhens. The height of the entire bath was supposed to be 7m, that is, 4 folk sazhens. The foundation was planned to be low, 40 cm, so it was not taken into account. Immediately before the start of work, we made adjustments - we added steps with a canopy and roof overhangs. The final dimensions with the porch turned out to be 7.5 x 8 m, or 4 church fathoms by 6 smaller fathoms.
The plan in sazhens was developed in accordance with all our wishes. It only remained to find excellent builders. The first company we contacted was unable to produce a log cabin that was different from the standard dimensions of 6x6m. We got lucky here. On the building materials market, we managed to get the phone of a foreman from Chuvashia, who offered log cabins for baths with logs as much as 38 cm in diameter.
In May, work began to boil. The area opposite the old house was identified and cleared. Previously, a little lower than the bath, from the side of the steam room, the builders made a septic tank with an overflow system - they dug 3 rings, cemented the bottom and added 2 rings for overflow, they were covered with plastic hatches from above. On the other hand, higher up, they chose a place for a well. The foundation was planned in accordance with all the rules: they provided not only ventilation holes, but holes for pipes - for supplying well water and draining wastewater. In autumn, after the construction of the bathhouse, a well was dug next to the bathhouse. In the future, we planned to supply water directly to the bathhouse, install a boiler in order to take a shower in the summer without resorting to a preliminary firebox to heat water.
The first step was to mark up the foundation.

Workers dug a trench for a strip foundation measuring
6.0x6.5 m and 70 cm deep. 20 cm of sand was laid on the bottom - the so-called sand cushion.

I am reading now about the art and architecture of Ancient Egypt. You know me, I always get into the little things and in particular, questions always arise: “How?” Yes, what it's made of. I watched several films about temples and pyramids, everything is clear with this: perfectly even blocks carved from stone, unfortunate builders with osteoarthritis, possible alien intervention and all that. But how did ordinary Egyptians live?

The picture above is actually a screenshot, you can watch the video here

But they just lived very closely. The houses were built of raw brick, which was molded from what the annually flooding Nile brought: a mixture of silt and clay.

Such bricks were used to build houses in ancient Egypt.

The area of ​​the house could be 6-10 square meters (like my kitchen). True, they only slept in the house and made children (apparently, right in front of existing children), spent the rest of the time at work or in the yard when dusk fell, moved to the roof, where they could sit, drink beer (this is a very respected class was in Egypt) and discuss the events of the day. It must be said that the dwelling of the pharaoh did not differ much from the "apartment" of the peasant.

Here you can clearly see the "anatomy" of the pyramids

The palaces were surprisingly small and cramped, although, of course, larger than those of the poor, but much smaller than temples and burial complexes. Wood was in short supply, so coastal clay completely solved the problem of building materials. Raw brick was short-lived, but cheap. Over time, it became limp or crumbled, so almost no dwellings of ordinary people have come down to us. In one program, I saw that archaeologists managed to study one house only because it ... burned down during a fire and was abandoned: the clay, under the influence of high temperature, sintered and acquired burnt properties, which allowed the walls covered with sand to “survive” to this day.

Reconstruction of the dwelling of the Egyptians

So the whole imperial scope was embodied in the "near-burial" architecture of the Egyptians: in pyramids and temples. They built them where there were rocky mountains closer, so as not to carry stone blocks far, but if it was necessary, they dragged them. In general, it is believed that mountains were the prototype of the pyramids. There was plenty of building stone—limestone, Aswan granite, porphyry, and shimmering alabaster.

Ancient image of brick making

So it turns out that the entire historical architecture of Egypt had a very indirect relation to the life of the Egyptians, its purpose was to please the gods, exalt the pharaoh and provide him with a luxurious afterlife. And it does not matter that it took a large part of the state budget.

House of the Modern Egyptian

Interestingly, in ancient Palestine, the dwellings of ordinary people were very similar to those in Egypt.

HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION

With Egypt, everything is clear, but how was it, for example, in the Harappan civilization, little known to us? These guys were more practical, architectural megalomania was not characteristic of them, and the building material was more reliable - baked brick.

Reconstruction of the Harappan city

It seems that it was some kind of semi-utopian civilization of universal prosperity and prosperity, so they took care of their citizens: they paved pavements, built artificial reservoirs, water supply and even sewerage was organized in the Harappan cities. True, from such luxury and comfort, citizens eventually got bored and degenerated. But if they would strain a little, building some kind of wall or pyramid, maybe they would love freedom more and hold on to their goodness.

Harappan buildings. Ruins of Mohejo-Daro

Raw bricks were also used, but much less frequently. The climate in ancient times on the territory of present-day India was once different, much wetter, although now it is not very dry, so the raw material quickly spread. Brickwork was fastened with mud mortar, which was taken from the banks of local rivers.

tower in Mohejo-Daro

Lime was rarely used, only in the lower rows of masonry, the silt mortar was not very strong, did not freeze "tightly", so if necessary, the building could be easily dismantled and the brick reused. Interestingly, the Harappan builders used several different building techniques, that is, they were very "advanced" for their time. In addition to the city walls and gates, nothing gigantic from the Harappas (or whatever they are) is left. There was nothing, there was nothing for the rulers to occupy the people with!

CHINA

But this message reached the Chinese rulers in time. They just occupied their citizens with such useful activities as the construction of the Great Wall of China, while the dwellings of the Chinese were very modest. Especially compared to the Wall, which is quite visible even from space. The total length of the wall exceeds 5 thousand km. The walls are laid out in two rows, the outer parts are made of stone and brick, and inside the wall is stuffed with rammed clay, the total volume of which is about 180 million square meters. m.

The great Wall of China. View from space

If we talk about Chinese dwellings, then the dwelling of the emperors looked not like a giant palace, but like a settlement of wealthy peasants - for example, they covered it with foil a little for force and surrounded it with a wall. Beautiful and rather large buildings began to be erected relatively recently, in recent centuries. It must be said that both the Chinese Wall and the walls of the palaces had a very utilitarian meaning - defensive. The empire constantly suffered from the invasions of barbarian tribes from the North, and China itself was constantly torn apart by internal conflicts, so there is no way without walls.

Reconstruction of the ancient Chinese city of Linzi, 7th century BC

Beautiful Chinese palaces and temples with curved roofs are an echo of those times when all buildings were wooden, then they were built just like that. In general, it is quite difficult to talk about some kind of unified architecture in China - the country is huge, with a heterogeneous relief, and lies in several climatic zones at once. What was at hand, they built from that: from bamboo huts on stilts in the water to caves in the rocks.

Reconstruction-museum of an ancient Chinese dwelling

It must be said that not only Harappan citizens were so literate that they invented water supply. He was also in China, the Chinese used bamboo pipes to supply water. The plumbing was in ancient Egypt and in Rome, and in the latter it was very perfect.

Modern dwelling of a poor Chinese peasant in a deep province

Ancient cave city in China

How everything resonates - the cave city in Petra, Jordan

... And yet - a cave city in Chufut-Kale in the Crimea

BABYLON

Babylonian Gate of the Goddess Ishtar at the Pergamon Museum in Berlin

Let's get back to the brick. The baked brick was also used by the Babylonians. They also made great progress in the art of facing buildings. Everyone knows their beautiful images on a blue background, lined with elegant glazed tiles. We also know about the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, although we can hardly imagine what it really was.

The current ideas about the Hanging Gardens of Babylon are very different: from quite traditional options ...

...To the very unexpected. This is not a reconstruction, but a very real building in modern Japan.

It is clear that "Glory to Ishtar!" - this is sacred, but how did ordinary Babylonians live, those who built the tower to the very sky, built it, but did not complete it? Judging by the materials of the excavations, they lived closely and not particularly luxuriously. Like the Egyptians, and the Chinese, and the Harrap guys.

Babylon

The ruins of Babylon, photo 1932

Hittites

We also forgot the Hittites. These were mainly built of stone, sometimes practically untreated, as they lived among the mountain ranges of Anatolia, there were even heaps of stone there. However, in the city of Karchemysh (XX-VIII centuries BC), buildings were also found from the same raw brick, though on stone foundations. The Hittites did not build large temples and tombs, but still some Cyclopean structures remained from them. For example, the famous Lion's Gate. The fortress walls and towers were also very massive - it was necessary to defend themselves from restless neighbors. The stone blocks used for the walls were just huge!

Lion's Gate in the capital of the Hittites, Hattusa.

For the construction of residential premises, a medium-sized stone and the mentioned brick were used, outside all this beauty was coated with clay. Housing, as you may have guessed, like other peoples, was usually quite small.

Ruins and partial reconstruction of Hattusa

Hattus. Reconstruction.

So, it seems that all peoples lived the same way: in small houses without amenities and a TV set, and in the historical memory of civilization, buildings "for protection" and "for an idea" were imprinted. This topic is far from exhausted, so then we will continue somehow.

KNOW YOUR MEASUREMENT. Northern house building tradition

Interview with the master of wooden architecture Igor Tyulenev, who creates houses according to the principles of the old foundations of house building and sazhen proportioning. The interview was conducted specifically for the readers of the Pashkovka newspaper.

“The foundations of our Russian, Northern Tradition found a deep response in my heart,” says Igor Tyulenev. – Gradually I learned to perceive and understand and pass on the traditions of house building. And I continue to study. In Russia, an osmerik or a shesterik was placed everywhere (a house with eight or six (like a honeycomb in a bee hive) corners). And this is directly related to the harmony of the ascending and descending streams of power: The Earthly and Heavenly Yaris are alive (as it is now fashionable to call these streams - Yin and Yang, and the Ancestors called them - the nature of the Father and Mother, male and female energy) with their flow in a spiral. Towers and huts were mostly round in shape. Everything in house building has a certain importance, and the form is no exception.

For example, try, without changing the shape of the vessel or product, to fill a bottle of mineral water with ripe apples. Nothing will come of it, either you have to break the bottle, or finely chop the apples. A basket is better for storing apples, they will breathe easily in it, and, accordingly, they will be well stored, but it would never occur to anyone to store fresh honey or ripe kvass in a wicker basket. That is, everything needs a proper container.

Life is Force, and the form is activated by that Force, and the house is filling. For example, a "gasoline" car will not run on diesel fuel. Thus, the form may or may not be able to contain and perceive this or that energy, force. The well-known expression: “a house is a full bowl”, is now perceived as a house full of all kinds of “good” - things, furniture, but initially no one put such a meaning into this expression-wish. “A house is a full bowl” is a house filled to the brim with harmoniously intertwined flows of Earthly and Heavenly forces, which need a certain form for this, here the place of setting up the house is also of decisive importance.

I repeat, gradually, dwellings and other buildings took on a geometrically more “simple” shape, became square and rectangular. A right angle is formed at the intersection of the walls, but the Heavenly force tends to flow down and the Earthly one rises. The Force, like water in a river, does not flow at a right angle, and therefore in the corners of today's brick, stone and panel houses, "negative" constantly accumulates, there the current of the Force is disturbed, without movement it “fades out”, the river turns into a swamp. A permanent minus point is formed in the corner. Subsequently, in order to avoid this process in wooden, already square houses, walls began to be hewn, thus giving a rounding to the corners, and allowing the flows of Force to flow.

Why was wood preferred as a building material?

- The trunk of a tree is essentially a retinue (coil, spiral, and Vita - Life) structure of tubular systems, since the entire trunk from the butt to the top is pierced by bellies - channels through which, while the tree is growing, juice flows - from the roots up the trunk , and materialized sunlight from the leaves of the crown - also on the bellies, spreads throughout the tree. Depending on the purpose of the tree: to receive or give strength, its trunk acquired a left-handed or right-handed twist, the so-called swirl, in the process of growth, and because of this, the felled log became “right” or “left”.

Huts used to be cut down, combining these logs proportionally, or consciously giving the structure certain qualities, laying mainly right-handed or left-handed logs into the log house. Thanks to the method of stacking a log in a log house (butt - top), a continuous current of Zhiva and Yari was achieved in a spiral. In the cups (places of cuts) the poles of energy change, a phase transition takes place by 90 degrees - plus to minus, the Force of the Father "becomes", is filled with the Force of the Mother, and vice versa. But this happens only if the core, the core of the tree, is not damaged. Therefore, earlier at home they chopped into okhrjap - into the lower bowl. Today, experts criticize this method of logging, saying that moisture accumulates in the lower bowl, and the tree in the log house is more prone to decay, and they offer log cabins chopped into a hook - into the upper bowl. At the same time, they avoid making locks - fat tails, not realizing that the core of the tree broken in the log house in this case is a disservice to the residents of such houses.

The roof closes the entire contour of the house. And here the angle of the roof already matters, or rather the corners, since there are many options for them in the canon of housing construction. A house was erected with one corner of the roof, and a barn with another ... Now few people think about this, approaching this issue from the concepts of aesthetics, or the possibility of material, nothing more. The house is designed to accommodate Life with certain qualities. Thus, it is necessary to take into account the place of setting (they heard the expression “the house must be placed on a stone”, this is because the current of force crosses differently). Do not build houses on sand, not only because it can collapse, but also because sand is not a conductor, there will be no power in such a house.

It is also necessary to take into account the shape of the house, and the angle of the roof, as well as the material from which the house is built, and then the house can be given any properties - a Healing House, a Ritual House, a Residential House. All buildings and houses must have one hundred percent compliance with Form and Content.

By the way, the stove in the house, as its engine, must necessarily rely on the load-bearing beams of the floor, and not on an independent foundation - as is often the case now. Depending on how the stove stands in the house in relation to the entrance, to the right or to the left of it, the stove can be Straight and Unspun, respectively. So in your house, everything is either “rushing”, going well, or not very ... About the magic of the Russian stove, one can and should speak separately, its ability to give birth to bread, warm the house and keep the Fire of the hearth, in itself is priceless.

How were houses built in the old days?

- In the old days, houses were built by the whole Relatives, and often by the whole world, such a term was - help, everyone gathered and built together. The ovens were adobe, and only immaculate girls and boys were invited to “beat” the oven, what strength they put into the oven! “In your own home, even the walls help” - so they say. Since we are talking about the house as a concept, about the essence of its purpose, so to speak, I can say more simply: the House is a place of Power that you create artificially. Home is a tool of evolution given by Rod. Your home, a universal tool with which you can do everything! This house has now been built, but we do not know how to interact with it. I mean with the house itself, with its space.

Of course, in order for the house to truly become yours, you must build it yourself, or at least take the maximum part in its construction. It is necessary to structure it for yourself, in the process of birth at home, water it, where it is salty with your sweat, and, maybe, where you get hurt with a little blood, the more valuable it will become for you, the more you put your strength into it, into your home. Previously, at least three generations of relatives Father, Mother, Grandfather and Grandmother and children lived in one hut. Knowledge was transferred naturally. There was a continuity in the transfer of knowledge, from grandfather and father to grandson and son.

- I heard that there used to be the concept of "Construction sacrifice"?

- Yes it is. Before a tree was cut down, gifts were brought to each tree and each tree was directly asked for permission to cut down. Promising him the continuation of existence in a new form, in the form of a Dwelling. And if the tree gave such permission, then it experienced a state of supreme joy. As a result of the action of such a higher emotion, the entire molecular structure of wood changed, and now it was friendly to humans. In the new incarnation - a new measure, this expression is equal to all. A tree cut down in such a state will imprint it forever in its body, and a house built from such a log will constantly share this state of joy with its residents. And also will protect them from all misfortunes.

Now almost no one does this. But what I want to say: the attitude of a person himself to the house, to Life can change everything down to the atomic level. It is very important what you have inside, with what mood you live and act. Even a house built of railway sleepers soaked in creosote can become a source of positive power if a bright person full of the Joy of Life lives in it...

House, Family Homestead as an artifact.

The estate is not only a hedge, a garden, a kitchen garden, a forest, a clearing, a pond, but also various buildings - a house, a pantry, a shed, a bathhouse, a gazebo.

Nature and man himself should be a model and measure for the structures created on the estate. Then all the buildings will be harmonious and beautiful, life will flow in them in the most favorable way for the psyche and health, and it will be possible to reveal and realize many of the abilities inherent in a person.

Today in architecture there are:

1. Estates and houses built according to living dimensions.

These houses are inherent in the properties of all living beings - they were created taking into account the golden ratio and the so-called wurf coefficients. Wurf is a three-member division of the human body (it will be discussed in more detail below). This includes houses created using the old Russian system of sazhens. This is how houses are built for a comfortable and pleasant life.

Basic fathoms in meters:

City police 2,848
Large 2,584
Great 2,440
Greek 2,304
Treasury 2,176
Pharaoh 2,091
Piletsky 2,055
Royal 1,974
Church 1,864
Folk 1,760
Chernyaeva 1,691
Egyptian 1,663
Masonry 1,597
Simple 1,508
Small 1,424
Lesser 1.345

All 16 fixed sazhens, according to which it is proposed to design structures, are calculated based on the size of historical buildings - cultural monuments. Fathoms increase in accordance with the coefficient of harmony of the musical series - 1.059.
I would like to emphasize that fathoms are a tool for creating volume, and not just a unit of length. From any size you can make a sazhen.

Harmonious dimensions give buildings and structures the following properties:

1. Beauty;
2. Durability;
3. Strength;
4. Excellent acoustics;
5. Health effect for people;
6. Harmonization of space.

Before the introduction of design by meters, not only houses, but also parks, cities were created according to sazhens, the name of one of the sazhens reminds us of this - the city.

The land in the estate was changed by tithes - 1 tithe - 109 acres. There are 2400 square fathoms in one tithe. 4,548 sq. m - square sazhen.

2.848x1.597=4.548 sq. m;
2.548x1.76 = 4.548 sq. m;
2.44x1.864=4.548 sq. m;
2.304x1.974=4.548 sq. m;
2.176x2.090=4.548 sq. m;
1.508x2x1.508=4.548 sq. m;

When creating a house according to sazhens, it is taken into account that in nature there are no identical figures - diversity pleases the eye, pacifies the psyche.

Amazing yields were also noted on the ridges, marked by sazhens.

Separately in the estate is the theme of creating a "living pond", i.e. such a reservoir, where the water is maximally self-purifying (does not overgrow), everything is favorable for the life of fish, crayfish and, at the request of the owners, for swimming. Of course, for the construction of a pond, it is first of all important to have a source of water (indicators of the source are green grass, willow, alder), a bed of clay, and the location of the banks along geodetic lines. And only then is the marking of the pond by fathoms.

The depth of the bottom should be different, and it is desirable that the reservoir be deeper in the north, shallower in the south. For convenience, it is possible to build 1 or 2 terraces deep into the pond with a width of about 0.5 m for planting aquatic plants, such as water lilies, reeds. It is desirable to stretch the banks of the pond in the direction of the wind. The combination of natural forms and geodesic lines is important. For example, a pond shaped like a shrimp or a snake will not self-clean if built on a plain. But this form is great for a reservoir at the foot of a mountain or in a ravine.

The paths in the estate do not have to be straight. The energy goes tortuously. A striking example is the streets of old Moscow. Standing at the beginning of such a street, you will not see its end - it is so crooked. It is necessary to follow nature, and there are no straight lines in it, especially parallel ones. Likewise with the ridges. It is better when long ridges are arranged in the form of a meander or snake.

2. Dead estates and houses.

These structures slow down natural processes, therefore, they are used to preserve inanimate products and bodies, like refrigerators, storehouses, crypts. Such houses are based on regular geometric shapes that are not found in nature - a square, a circle, an isosceles and an equilateral triangle. The exception here is a hexagon - a honeycomb, a regular geometric figure, but alive.

Land is measured in squares - square meter, square weave, square hectare.

Ponds are created in the form of regular geometric shapes, regardless of geodesic lines, cardinal points and wind direction.

The paths are straight, turns at clear angles.

3. Other facilities.

Not "living" and "dead" estates and houses. Such structures are created by amateurs or are intended for some unknown, space purposes. These include new building, city apartments. The topic has not been studied, you can write a dissertation ....

Used Books:

2. Seminar July 6-10 by Sepp Holzer at the Krameterhof.
3. Site sazheni.ru
4. Forum http://forum.anastasia.ru/topic_47351_90.html

Rationale for the use of fathoms

God has arranged the World, and in the Harmony of the World God's perfection is remotely reflected. God gave people reason and feelings capable of perceiving the Harmony of the World. Moreover, Harmony is inherent in the Man himself. And Man can not only perceive, but also reproduce the Harmony of the World in his works.

Harmony is measurable. One of the measures of Harmony is a human measure - a sazhen. Creating something by sazhens, Man gives Beauty and Harmony to his works. As much as it is organic for a Human to live in the nature created by God, so it is natural for a Human to live and use the creations that reflect this Harmony.

It is natural for a person to live in a harmonious environment created by him. This so-called "cultural" environment. It is a secondary habitat artificially created by Man. However, this secondary nature must also comply with the laws of Harmony and be favorable for a person. Such a correspondence can be provided by a sazhen.

The uniqueness of the system of ancient Russian sazhens lies in the fact that “fundamentally there is no single standard measuring unit for sazhens, and the measurement system itself is not Euclidean.

For many centuries, the lack of a single standard did not interfere, and moreover, it contributed to the construction of magnificent structures that were aesthetically proportional to nature, also because in ancient Russian architecture all articulations were three-part, notes A. F. Chernyaev in the book Golden Fathoms of Ancient Russia .

For example, fingers, toes, hands (shoulder-forearm-hand), legs (thigh, lower leg, foot), etc. - have a three-membered structure. Moreover, a two-term limb did not exist in nature.

The ratio of 3 lengths make up a proportion called wurf. Wurf values ​​for the human body vary, averaging 1.31.

Moreover, the coefficient of the golden section squared, divided by two, is equal to the wurf. (1.618x1.618): 2=1.31.

At present, most architects in Russia have undeservedly forgotten the method of designing by sazhens and use the metric system.

Consider the history of the meter. Meter was first introduced in France in the 18th century and originally had two competing definitions:

As the length of a pendulum with a half-period of swing at a latitude of 45° equal to 1 s (in modern units, this length is m).

As one forty-millionth part of the Paris meridian (that is, one ten-millionth part of the distance from the north pole to the equator along the surface of the earth's ellipsoid at the longitude of Paris).

The modern definition of the meter in terms of time and the speed of light was introduced in 1983:

A meter is the length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum in (1/299,792,458) seconds.

It turns out that the meter is an artificially derived unit of measurement that is not directly related, and, accordingly, does not reflect the Harmony of the World and Man. A meter is a standard that forms a line. Fathoms are a natural measure for Man. They form a three-part (3 is a sacred number) system, according to which the area and volume are harmoniously formed.

Peter the Great, as D.S. Merezhkovsky, in his work "Antichrist", abolished the natural measures: a fathom, a finger, an elbow, an inch, which were present in clothes, utensils and architecture, making them fixed in the Western manner. It is not just that the meter was introduced in France and Russia during the revolutions. The destroyers knew why it was necessary to forget the wisdom and traditions of the ancestors, to destroy the roots...

Ancient people felt Harmony intuitively, without thinking about measurements. But the connection with God was weakening, and therefore rigidly fixed sizes of sazhens arose, rules for building various structures according to sazhens appeared.

Our ancestors carefully preserved and passed on the age-old wisdom and beauty, embodying them in the temples of Ancient Russia. Life in estates and houses built according to sazhens allowed not to lose the feeling of the Harmony of the World, reminded Man of God.

Now we visit estates miraculously preserved after collectivization and urbanization. For example, in Moscow, near Red Square, the family estate of the Romanovs, where now only the house-museum remains, “The House of the Romanov Boyars”. The house-museum and part of the estate of the artist Vasnetsov in the former Troitsky Lane near the Sukharevskoye metro station have been preserved.

On Novy Arbat, a piece of the estate and the family home of the Lermontovs are hidden behind skyscrapers. Everyone knows Boldino - the family estate of the great Russian poet Pushkin. A charming corner is the estate of the artist Polenov in Tarusa, a museum run by his descendants.

The family estate of the “father of Russian aviation”, the memorial house-museum and the estate of Zhukovsky are located in the village of Orekhovo, which is 30 km from Vladimir, on the Vladimir-Aleksandrov highway. And there are many such examples.

The revival of the ancient traditions of creating estates and estates will undoubtedly serve the socio-economic upsurge and improvement of life in the country, the development of the spiritual, creative forces and abilities of the new landowners.

Used Books:

1. A.F. Chernyaev "Golden fathoms of Ancient Russia".
2. Forum http://forum.anastasia.ru/topic_47351_90.html
3. Wikipedia.

Variety of fathoms

Consider various options for using fathoms in the design of a residential building. Common to all methods: when building a house according to sazhens, the external dimensions of the house should have different sizes along 3 coordinate axes, and only an even number of sazhens is set aside. Similarly, the space inside the house is planned, only an even number of half-sazhens, elbows, spans, metacarpuses or vershoks is taken.

Details such as windows and doors rounded at the top, a high roof, different terraces and porches, asymmetric elements and parts of the house make it original and memorable. A separate topic is the decoration of the house with carvings, the so-called "patterning". This is a whole language of various figures, telling about the family living in the house. The furniture is made in accordance with the size of the house and the owners. The color of the decoration complements the interior space of the house: curtains, carpets, paintings.

Design for 16 fixed fathoms

An even number of fathoms is plotted along the 3 axes, which must be different and not be next to each other in the list.

1. Piletsky 2.055
2. Egyptian 1,663
3. Lesser 1.345
4. Treasury 2.176
5. Folk 1,760
6. Small 1.424
7. Greek 2,304
8. Church 1,864
9. Simple 1,508
10. Great 2,440
11. Royal 1,974
12. Masonry 1,597
13. Large 2,584
14. Pharaoh 2,091
15. Chernyaeva 1,691
16. Policeman 2,848

So, the external dimensions of the house can be as follows: length - 6 church fathoms, height - 4 royal fathoms, width - 4 people's fathoms. If the house is round or polygonal, then the outer diameter is equal to an even number of fathoms, for example, 4 masonry fathoms.

Fathoms according to the golden proportions of the owner.

It is proposed to take five consecutive numbers of the golden ratio 0.382/0.618/1/1.618/2.618. These coefficients must be multiplied by the growth of the owner - as a result, a number of fathoms is obtained, proportional to its growth. For example, with a height of 1.764 m, the scale will be as follows: 0.674 / 1.090 / 1.764 / 2.854 / 4.618 m. The indicated row is successively multiplied by 2, 4, 8, 16 ... - a table is formed, according to which the sizes of individual fathoms are determined. The fathoms calculated by this method are divided into 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 ... parts, respectively. As a result, we get independent units: half a sazhen, elbows, spans, metacarpuses, vershoks.

Types of "human" fathoms.

The most famous "human" fathoms:

- flywheel. This is the length of outstretched arms;

- growth. Just the height of a man;

- oblique. The height of a person with his arm raised up.

According to the indicated sazhens, a house is designed, taking into account the size of the owner and hostess. The external dimensions of the house are calculated according to the size of the owner, and the internal dimensions are calculated according to the size of the hostess. There is a certain meaning hidden here: such a correspondence is intended to reflect the relationship between the roles of men and women in the family.

In conclusion, it should be noted that regardless of the units of length (the distance can be measured in feet, meters or parrots), when designing according to fathoms, we create a “live”, harmonious space for a Person for Love, creativity and relaxation.

Used Books:

1. A. F. Chernyaev “Golden fathoms of Ancient Russia”.

Review of the hostess of the house, built according to the system of ancient Russian sazhens, about her house

My house is really built according to Russian sazhens. But only outside. Inside - how it happened. It is comfortable to live in it, we don’t want to leave it - we perceive it as a living being, very friendly and cheerful.

Whether the reason for this sazhen, or the fact that it was built with love by our like-minded person, a very clean and kind person with extensive construction experience, is hard to say.

Most often I hear such words about my house: “what a nice one you have!”. It seems small, but it seems - not very, moderately high, moderately - wide, so strong - in a word - okay. But in this, I think, the merit of fathoms.

He is pleasing to the eye with his proportions, well, smart, of course (after all, we love him - so we dressed him up). Guests, entering for a moment, do not leave for hours - they just sit on the steps or the terrace. This is especially noticeable in children, the mother of the baby will lower the baby to the ground to go home, and he again climbs the stairs to the house - and he is so happy.

Six months after the construction of the house, I attended Chernyaev's seminar in Lipetsk. There I learned an important thing that everyone should take into account when building a house, even if the construction is not in sazhens.

The height of the ceiling in a house with stove heating should be as high as possible - superheated air rises and hangs from the ceiling. If the ceilings are 3 meters (Chernyaev says 3.20 is better), then everything is fine. If it is lower, then our head is always in the discomfort zone.

Indeed, during the heating season, my son could not sleep on top of a bunk bed (our ceiling height is 2.5 meters) - it is very hot and stuffy up there.

I am for the fact that the houses of the settlers were solid, beautiful and well-ordered. The extra costs of “beauty” pay off a hundredfold - how many times my eye catches my eye.

Since ancient times, Russia has been famous for its rich coniferous and deciduous forests. Therefore, the tree acted as the leading building material in those days. Everything was built from wood, from huts for the common people and baths, to mansions for rulers, as well as churches.

An interesting fact is that the secrets of ancient Russian architecture are still applied today. There was a time when wood faded into the background, and stone, concrete and brick were used instead. However, now in the 21st century, wood, as a building material, has gained a second life.

Wood is a traditional material of Russian architecture

All houses in Russia were built from a log house. A log cabin is logs connected to each other. For the construction of huts, pine and larch logs were used, in more rare cases - oak or birch. For the construction of the roof, spruce wood was taken, since it is lighter.

Endless forests are just one of the many reasons why our ancestors preferred wood. Here are a few more factors that influenced the popularity of this building material:

1. For a Russian person, wooden houses are not just a place to live, but a kind of continuation of the forest, nature. In such a house, a person feels calm and comfortable.
2. The author of On the Russian State, Giles Fletcher, argues in his book that for Russians, a wooden building is much more convenient than a stone one because the stone is cold and damp, and the houses made of dry wood are warm. And this, according to the author, is extremely important for the harsh climate of some regions of Russia.
3. Our ancestors understood that, as in the forest, in such a house one can breathe easily and freely. The windows in those days were small and narrow, and in the cold season they were completely covered with boards. Therefore, a wooden dwelling is the best option.

Respect for wood has come to Christian Russia since pagan times. People believed that if you turn to the tree, hug it, then all diseases and problems will go away, because a “good spirit” came from the tree.

You say that all this is a fairy tale? Far from it. After all, in every fairy tale there is a grain of truth. Wood, especially conifers, emits a pleasant aroma, the inhalation of which is a kind of healing inhalation. This is an excellent prevention of colds. And those suffering from chronic bronchitis after a year of living in such a house will forget about their illness. Such aromatherapy calms and relaxes a person. Therefore, our ancestors were not storytellers at all, it was just that people at that time expressed themselves in slightly different words.

What instruments were used in Russia?

The name "log" is not accidental. It came from the expression "cut down a hut." What does this mean? Logs for the log cabin were harvested exclusively with the help of an ax, although saws already existed at that time. Unlike a saw, an ax “smoothes” the wood fibers when cutting, making the ends of the logs smooth.

Nails were used extremely rarely, because when in contact with their surface, the tree began to rot over time. And in those days there were no special impregnations that protect the surface from moisture and insects. Sharpened wooden pegs were used as a fastener.

How were timber harvested for construction?

The choice of wood for the log house was approached very responsibly, because not every trunk will make good material. Pine should be flat and not eaten by insects. Having chosen suitable trees, the craftsmen made special marks on the trunks - notches. The bark was removed in narrow strips towards the root.

A whole piece of bark was needed to allow the resin to run off. After that, the trees were left to stand in the forest, sometimes even for several years. During this time, resin was abundantly released from the tree, lubricating the trunk.

The felling of the selected pines was started in late autumn or early winter, when the tree was already “sleeping”. If cutting is done in summer or spring, the pine tree will start to rot.

Unlike conifers, deciduous trees were cut down during the warm season.

For huts, small trees were chosen, and for temples and churches - centuries-old pines.

Construction of houses

Traditionally, the construction of a house began in the spring with the erection of a special stone sole - the prototype of the modern foundation. If they built a shack (a barn for storing supplies), then they often did without a foundation, i.e. logs were laid on the ground.

A series of logs connected with each other was called a "crown", this name is used to this day.

The buildings of that time can be conditionally divided into several groups:

• crate;
• hut;
• mansions.

A crate is a quadrangular room without windows with a thatched roof, not intended for heating. The cage was rarely used as a dwelling, mainly food was stored in it. The hut is a slightly larger crate with an installed stove. Often the hut was connected to the cage, and the covered passage between them was called the canopy.

Mansions were a combination of several rooms. They included chambers, a basement, a room, a room, etc. The upper floors of the choir were intended for the nobility, and the lower ones for the servants.

In those days, several technologies for building houses were used. For the construction of shacks and cages, a log house was used "in cut", while the logs were stacked in pairs on top of each other. Often they were not even fastened together with stakes.

For the huts, a technology with a funny name “in the paw” was used, and all because the hewn ends of the logs really looked like paws. The fastening was made in such a way that the ends did not go out. This was done to prevent drafts.

With the “in oblo” technology, the ends slightly went beyond the line of the walls and remained round. At the same time, the craftsmen tied logs and crowns together with the help of pegs, and moss was lined between the crowns. This technology was considered the most reliable. The house could stand for more than a century. And the room itself was always warm.

A lot of time has passed since then. However, some ancient Russian secrets of architecture are still relevant. Today's architects and designers successfully apply them in combination with the latest technologies.