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Social problems of a modern family with children. Problems of families with a disabled child

Family is the main value.

Blood family is a value first and foremost. And a problematic, crisis family needs to be helped at an early stage, before it has yet degenerated.

Due to the socio-economic upheavals in the country, the modern family is experiencing enormous difficulties. Russian society, which is in a socio-economic crisis, is not able to help and support the institution of family. Unable to withstand the external destructive onslaught, the family collapses. The main goal of a modern family today is to survive.

Family problems are of interest to both specialists and non-specialists, because These problems concern everyone and are one of the indicators of the quality of life of the population and the well-being of society. Social problems of the family reflect the close dependence of the family on society. The family performs important social functions in society and for this reason the state and public organizations are objectively interested in creating the necessary conditions and carrying out social work aimed at improving family and marital relations and strengthening the family.

It would be utopian to believe that a high standard of living and social services will solve the problems of family and marriage relations and prevent the breakdown of families, and resolve other problems of family and marriage relations. Statistics show that in a democratic society, at any standard of living, family breakdown is 30%. It should be taken into account that, despite the same statistics, the motives for the breakdown of families, the subordination of these motives, as well as problems of relationships in families have their significant differences in different social systems. One of the main social problems of the family is the sharp rejuvenation of marriages. The lower legal age for marriage has reached 16 years. The average marriage age is 19-21 years. Statistics also show that 40% of young families under the age of 24 break up within a year or two of marriage. In general, family breakdown today is 76-78% annually. Thus, family breakdown is the most serious social problem. Along with psycho-emotional and physiological reasons, experts attribute the following reasons to social causes of family breakdown: - Drunkenness of one of the spouses. This reason ranks first among the causes of family breakdown in the Soviet period. But back then, up to 50% of families fell apart for this reason; today, 80% of families break up for this reason.

- Unfavorable housing and living conditions. (During the Soviet period, this reason ranked 4th among social reasons)
- Disagreement with the traditional distribution of roles in the family. Historically, women have carried out the bulk of housekeeping. The social problem is that a woman, along with a man and on an equal basis with him, participates in social production. Thus, the won right for women to participate in social production on an equal basis with men turned out to be not only a victory for her, but also a defeat, since it added new problems to the woman.
- Low level of culture of family and marriage relations
- Increasing mutual demands of spouses towards each other (Experts usually name this reason last)

The above qualification and differentiation of causes takes place only in theoretical analysis. In real life, psycho-emotional, physiological and social reasons are closely interrelated. Along with negative phenomena in family and marital relations, leading to the breakdown of families, positive trends in the growth of self-awareness of spouses have also emerged.

It should be noted that the objective social reason for the deterioration of family and marital relations is the low level of social services and social work with families.

Problems of a family with children prone to drug use.

Family reasons for introducing children to drugs

From the point of view of systemic family psychotherapy, a family is a type of social system characterized by certain connections and relationships of its members, manifesting themselves in circular patterns of interaction, in their structure, hierarchy, and in the distribution of roles and functions.

The family is one of the elements of the microenvironment in which a person’s personality is formed. A complex system of relationships operates in a family, where each member occupies a certain place, participates in the performance of certain functions, and maintains an acceptable level of interpersonal interactions. The family is a dynamic microsystem in constant development. In it, as in an intimate primary group, it is assumed that its members are emotionally attracted to each other, respect, devotion, sympathy and love, which contribute to trust in relationships.

The most important characteristics of a family are its functions and structure.

Functions are an area of family activity that is directly related to meeting the specific needs of its members. Several family functions can be distinguished:

1) Educational. It consists of meeting individual needs for fatherhood and motherhood, education, and self-realization in children. The family ensures the socialization of the younger generation, as well as the mutual influence of family members on each other;
2) Household work consists of satisfying material needs and preserving the health of its members. In the course of performing this function, the restoration of forces expended in the labor process is ensured;
3) Emotional - consists of family members meeting their needs for sympathy, respect, support, and psychological protection. The family contributes to the emotional stabilization of its members and actively contributes to the preservation of their mental health;
4) Spiritual (cultural) communication - consists of satisfying the needs for joint leisure activities and mutual spiritual enrichment. Promotes cultural, spiritual and moral development of the individual;
5) Primary social control - expressed in ensuring the fulfillment of social norms of behavior by all family members, especially those who, depending on a number of reasons (age, presence of illness, etc.) are not able to fulfill them on their own;
6) Sexual-erotic consists of satisfying the sexual-erotic needs of spouses and ensuring biological reproduction.

Over time, changes occur in family functioning: some functions are lost, others change in accordance with new social conditions.

Family structure includes the number, composition, and the totality of relationships between its members and the social environment. The structural approach to family analysis is based on the idea that the family is something more than the individual biopsychodynamics of its members. The interaction of family members is subject to certain patterns, which are usually not explicitly formulated or even realized, but form a single whole - the structure of the family. The reality of the family structure is of a different order than the reality of each of its members.

It is necessary to analyze the structure of the family according to its main parameters - cohesion, hierarchy, flexibility, external and internal boundaries, the role function of each of its members, the nature of structural problems.

These parameters are important from the point of view of analyzing the family reasons for introducing children to drugs, as well as organizing primary and secondary prevention of drug addiction.

Cohesion is defined as the emotional connection, closeness, or affection of family members. The concept of hierarchy is used in studying the structure of roles, rules within the family, as well as in determining the degree of influence of each family member on others. The term "boundary" is used to describe the relationship between a family and its social environment (external boundary), as well as between different family members (internal boundary). If the external boundary is too rigid, then the exchange of information between the family and the environment is limited, and stagnation occurs in the system; if it is weak, family members are more connected with the external environment than with each other. If the internal boundaries between parents and children are rigid, then the parents are busy only with themselves; if weak, then there is a redistribution of roles in the family and interference in each other’s intimate sphere. Within internal boundaries, there is also the concept of “generational boundaries,” which reveals the essence of relationships within each generation of the family. In well-functioning families, the rules governing interactions between parents and between children are different from the rules of parent-child relationships. Parental dyads show a higher degree of cohesion.

In almost 95% of cases of drug addiction in adolescents, we encounter families where the listed parameters are violated and have a negative impact on the development of the child’s personality.

In the family structure, relationships can be distinguished: marital, parent-child, between brothers and sisters (siblings), and between relatives.

Marital relationships are a system of feelings, attitudes, characteristics of the perception of marriage partners, their understanding and acceptance of each other.

The nature of family relationships can be determined using Olson's circular model, which includes two axes: cohesion - emotional acceptance by family members of each other and flexibility - the possibility of change in family leadership, family roles and rules governing relationships. These parameters define the type of family structure.

Olson identifies four levels of cohesion and four levels of flexibility: very low, low to moderate, moderate to high, and excessively high. Of these, low to moderate and moderate to high are central, and very low and excessively high are extreme. Each level of cohesion and flexibility corresponds to certain types of family structures.

The central level of cohesion includes separate and united types of relationships: separate has some emotional detachment, but it is not extreme, united is characterized by emotional closeness and loyalty. The central level of flexibility includes structured and flexible types of relationships: structured implies some democracy, stable roles and intra-family rules; flexible - absolutely democratic, roles are divided between family members and changed if necessary. The central levels ensure balanced and optimal family functioning. Members of balanced types of families are able to combine their own independence with close ties within the family.

Extreme levels of cohesion correspond to disunited and confused types of relationships: disunited is emotional separation, inconsistency of behavior, indifference to each other; confused - characterized by the presence of centripetal forces in the family, extreme demands on each other, complete dependence of all family members on each other. Extreme levels of flexibility correspond to rigid and chaotic types of relationships: rigid - non-interference in personal affairs, emotional distancing of family members, elevated to the principle of mutual behavior, despite the presence of internal attachments and concern for each other’s well-being; chaotic - the absence of more or less stable rules for the distribution of responsibilities. In moments of crisis, decisions are made impulsively, and the roles of family members are unclear and displaced.

Extreme levels of cohesion and flexibility are common in troubled families. 100% of the families of drug addicts we examined in the period preceding their drug addiction were problematic.

Parent-child relationships are a system of diverse feelings of parents and children towards each other, characteristics of perception, understanding of each other’s personality and actions.

E.O. Smirnova, revealing the specifics of parent-child relationships, believes that they are characterized by emotional significance, ambivalence and change as the child grows up.

In our opinion, the dynamics of parent-child relationships depend on age-related changes in both the child and the parents. Age is a factor that determines all relationships of an individual, including relationships with children.

In accordance with the theory of attachment formulated by D. Bowlby and M. Ainsworth, the most important parameters of the parental relationship are tenderness, care, sensitivity to the needs of the child, reliability, security, predictability, consistency. The parent-child relationship, which in this theory is called attachment, includes two opposing tendencies. One of them is the desire for knowledge, risk, exciting situations, and the other is for protection and security. The first encourages the child to separate from his parents and strive for the outside world, the second returns him back to the family. The ability of parents to adequately encourage these tendencies determines the usefulness of the parental relationship for the development of the child.

Our studies of families of drug addicts show that a significant predominance of one tendency over another in the family can become the cause of deviant behavior in the child.

In the structure of parent-child relationships, it is necessary to highlight the attitude of the parents, i.e. a system or set of emotional parental attitude towards a child, their perception of the child by the parent and ways of behavior with him.

In the literature (O.S. Sermyagina), the concepts of “parental styles” and “parenting styles” are used synonymously with the concept of “positions,” although to designate attitudes that are not associated with a specific child, but characterize attitudes toward children in general, it is more appropriate to retain the term “styles.” education."

It is important that in the family the parenting styles of the mother and father coincide, complement each other, or at least do not contradict each other. Contradictions in the educational positions of parents lead to the emergence of interpersonal conflicts between them, disrupting the family’s implementation of its educational function, reducing the potential of the family as an institution of socialization.

O.S. Sermyagina, in her socio-psychological study, emphasizes the importance of emotional relationships in the family. She notes that in the psychodynamic direction of psychology, the main subject of study is affective connections between family members. The emphasis is placed either on parent-child or marital relationships, and violations are recorded primarily at the individual level (social maladaptation, neurotic disorder, etc.)

H.E. Richter uses psychoanalytic concepts (the role of the child and parents, transference, narcissistic tendencies) as the main explanatory categories when studying the affective relationships of parents with children, analyzing on their basis the violations of relationships in the family. By a child's role he understands a structural set of unconscious parental expectations - fantasies that they attribute to the child. From this point of view, family causes of drug addiction are associated primarily with violations of children's roles.

A specific socio-psychological form of organizing the life of a family is the structure of roles in it. In psychology, a role is most often understood as “normatively approved forms of behavior expected from an individual occupying a certain position in the system of social interpersonal relations.” In addition to behavior, the concept of “role” also includes desires and goals, beliefs and feelings, social attitudes, values and actions that are expected of or attributed to a person.

The development of a social role structure has two main goals:

Cultivation of qualities necessary for life in a family, that is, the assimilation of forms of intrafamily relationships, norms of behavior, value orientations and motives of activity that are significant for the family.

Cultivation of qualities necessary for socialization outside the family, orientation of the individual to the standards of professional activity existing in a given society, morals and traditions.

Roles are considered as relatively stable types of behavior in a certain area of life. V.A. Yadov considers role settings to be socially fixed. According to other researchers, expectations regarding the fulfillment of a particular role are stable and inflexible formations. If we consider marital relationships, we can say that wives and husbands in problem families have role attitudes that hinder successful adaptation and are prerequisites for interpersonal and mental tension. Mental tension is defined as a state caused by anticipation of unfavorable developments for the subject and accompanied by a feeling of discomfort, anxiety, and fear.

An analysis of the biography of drug addicts during their growing up period, as well as data obtained as a result of reconstructing the structure of family relationships at different stages of the life of drug addicts’ families, shows that in the period preceding the onset of drug use, 91% of drug addicts had high anxiety in their families.

Of great importance for the study of family roles is their differentiation into conventional and interpersonal. Conventional ones are defined by law and morality, they are standardized and impersonal. Interpersonal ones depend entirely on the individual characteristics of the participants, their feelings and preferences.

Many researchers, in particular, representatives of the behavioral direction, evaluate parental attitudes from the standpoint of success and failure for the development of the child.

In our opinion, this approach emphasizes the external behavioral side of relationships and stimulates a one-sided view of responsibility in matters of child development.

K.G. Jung says that, as a rule, they try to pass on the life that parents did not manage to live “inheritance” to their children and force the children to take a path that should compensate for the unfulfilled desires of their parents, i.e. Parents, to some extent, are looking for an ideal child for themselves. This often causes the opposite reaction in children. Therefore, it turns out that super-moral parents often have immoral children, an irresponsible and idle father has a son burdened with ambition, etc. The worst consequences, in his opinion, are the “artificial unconsciousness” of parents. An example of this is a mother who, in order not to disturb the appearance of a prosperous marriage, artificially, unconsciously supports herself by tying her son to herself - to a certain extent, as a replacement for her husband. And this leads to the formation of a symbiotic relationship between mother and son, which, ultimately, may be one of the reasons for the formation of drug addiction. For a child, a drug is a powerful argument in getting rid of constant dependence on parents and acquiring inner freedom in the struggle for independence.

Thus, parents unconsciously push their children towards deviant behavior. A child, becoming a drug addict, gives his parents (in particular, his mother) the opportunity to realize themselves, becoming caring, loving, and, most importantly, NEEDED for him. And he, in turn, uses this for his own purposes, knowing that his parents will do everything for him. A vicious circle is formed. On the one hand, there are loving parents who want to be needed and do everything for this, on the other, there is a teenage drug addict who uses his parents to maintain his condition. And, in fact, in most cases, subconsciously no one wants to change the existing system of relations.

In such a situation, a pathological unification of the family often occurs, where everyone needs each other. The family unites in the fight against drug addiction of the child. After realizing that this disease can kill a child in the shortest possible time, parents take measures to treat it, but the child also needs to want it. However, in most cases, he begins to undergo treatment either out of curiosity, or because his parents brought him, or he perceives it as a game of “I am being treated.”

In a healthy family structure, a fluid balance is established, which is manifested in the formation of the psychological roles of each of its members, the formation of a family “We”, and the ability of family members to independently resolve contradictions and conflicts. Family education of children is the result of the joint activities of parents and all adult family members. Of course, co-parenting involves differences in the influence of father and mother. Father and mother usually complement each other's influence, but they can also undermine each other. When intrafamily relationships are disrupted, an unfavorable background is created for the emotional development of the child, which ultimately can become one of the sources of drug addiction.

The negative nature of marital relations, expressed in conflict interactions between spouses, is called disharmony, destabilization of the family structure. Family conflict is a complex phenomenon. The reasons for it, on the one hand, are violations in the system of relationships - their rigidity, competitive nature, formality, inequality, on the other - distortions in personal attitudes, role expectations, methods of perception (perception).

In disharmonious families, balance in relationships is used only to avoid change, development and the emergence of possible anxieties and losses associated with this. Balance ceases to be a form of adaptation of the family to the tasks of optimal performance of external and internal functions. Family ties turn out to be only a way to maintain some balance, which in fact hinders the development of the personality of family members and their relationships.

Disturbances in family functioning are the most important reason why children become involved in drugs.

Inverted hierarchy, when for some reason the status of the child in the family becomes greater than the status of one or both parents. For example, a father and daughter can behave like spouses and treat the mother and other family members as younger ones, or during the illness of one of the parents, the child acts as a parent in relation to the sick person and the rest of the children (41% of drug addict families surveyed).

Negative, “neurotic” types of relationships between family members, with all their diversity, are conditionally grouped by T.M. Mishina into three main ones: rivalry, pseudo-cooperation and isolation. The criteria for identifying these types are: the presence or absence of an agreement between the couple regarding norms of behavior, the formal or informal nature of this agreement. Types of interaction can be determined by the ratios of the following characteristics:

motivational structures that form the substantive basis of the contradictions in the joint activities of spouses;

methods of compensation that allow the couple to exist sustainably, despite the presence of this contradiction;

circumstances that cause decompensation (crisis) and create instability, aggravated in conflict situations;

ways to get out of a conflict situation and their relationship to the motivational structure of a given couple.

RIVALRY. The structure of relations is contradictory, friendly-hostile. Both partners are characterized by immaturity of the family role and are unable to accept responsibility for the behavior of the couple as a whole. Conflicts can be presented as contradictions, mainly in the areas of care and guardianship, as well as emotional acceptance, when the significant needs of partners collide. One of the areas where manifestations of rivalry between spouses are most dangerous in their consequences is raising children. It lies in the inconsistency of educational positions and requirements in relation to the child.

PSEUDO-COLLABORATION. From the outside, this type of relationship appears to be consensual, with elements of exaggerated concern for each other. The reasons for the emergence of conflicts in the family lie outside its boundaries and are associated with individual difficulties and failures, which, as a rule, relate to work or communication with other people. Manifestations of pseudo-cooperation between spouses in the sphere of raising children are also dangerous in their consequences, since, depending on external circumstances, the educational positions of parents are constantly modified.

INSULATION. The spouses are emotionally isolated and uninterested in each other. If this nature of the relationship also manifests itself in the educational sphere, then the child feels unnecessary, rejected and unloved, which, in turn, can contribute to the formation of intrapersonal and behavioral deviations.

The most important manifestations of dysfunction in the family are family conflicts. T.M. Mishina defines family conflicts as an aggravation of interpersonal relationships in a family group, when the positions, relationships, and goals of the parties become incompatible, mutually exclusive, or are perceived as such.

Analyzing the origin of family conflicts, Zakharov A.I. highlights unfavorable personality traits of mothers, who, in his opinion, have more pronounced neurotic changes compared to fathers:

sensitivity - increased sensitivity, a tendency to take everything to heart, easily get upset and worry;

affectivity - emotional excitability or instability of mood;

anxiety - a tendency to worry, insufficient internal consistency of feelings and desires, or inconsistency of the personality as a whole, caused by a difficultly compatible combination of two previous characteristics;

dominance - the desire to play a significant role;

egocentricity - fixation on one’s point of view, lack of flexibility of thinking;

hypersociality - increased adherence to principles, an exaggerated sense of duty.

In mothers of adolescent drug addicts in the premorbid period, the listed characteristics have the following distribution: sensitivity - 10%; affectivity - 8%; anxiety - 29%; dominance - 21%; self-centeredness - 26%; hypersociality - 6%.

In fathers, affective instability is replaced by psychomotor instability and impulsivity. Anxiety is replaced by suspiciousness. The dominance of mothers turns into dependence of fathers, caution and mistrust in contacts. Finally, hypersociality will be shaded by persistence and tenacity, bordering on stubbornness. Despite some differences, mothers and fathers have common features: self-doubt, problems of personal self-determination, instability and inconsistency of personality, inflexibility of thinking.

Families with broken relationships cannot independently resolve the contradictions that arise in family life.

As a result of a long-term conflict, family members’ social and psychological adaptation decreases, and the ability to work together is lost (inconsistency in matters of raising children). The level of psychological stress in the family tends to increase and, ultimately, can lead to the formation of drug addiction in a teenager.

Representatives of the humanistic trend in psychology view the disruption of marital relationships as a lack of satisfaction of the need for emotional relationships. They make attempts to analyze the family as a whole, drawing an analogy with the structure of the neurotic personality, using the category of defense mechanisms in the family.

In order to prevent awareness of the negative aspects of life, defense mechanisms are formed at the level of the family system (family myths, irrational beliefs, etc.). Defense mechanisms are based on splitting: if the spouses have similar disharmonies, then the reasons for the rejected aspects of family life are found outside the home. If the disharmonies are different, each partner unconsciously supports in his spouse or child those qualities that correspond to his own repressed tendencies. The existence of such family defense mechanisms leads to the fact that even obvious signs of a child’s drug addiction remain “unnoticed” by parents for a very long time.

In the context of the problem of family drug addiction prevention, it is important to study the so-called pathologizing roles in the family, that is, interpersonal roles that, due to their structure and content, have a psychotraumatic effect on its members (these are the roles of the “family scapegoat”, “Cinderella”, “patient” , “family idol”, etc.).

The motives that may prompt one of the family members to push the rest to develop a system of pathological roles are varied. This, on the one hand, is a disguise of certain personal shortcomings, the desire to preserve and protect positive personal self-esteem in spite of these shortcomings, and on the other hand, the desire to satisfy some needs that, under normal conditions, contradict the moral ideas of the individual and the entire family.

Pathologizing roles can arise on the basis of the projection mechanism as the unconscious endowment of another person with motives, traits and properties inherent in a given person. One of the motives for the formation of a pathologizing role may be the desire to get rid of the pressure of one’s own moral ideas, which is often observed in a clinic where alcoholics and drug addicts are treated - these are the roles of “savior” and “saved.”

Many scientists have studied types of pathogenic parental behavior. Here are some of them:

one or both parents do not satisfy the child's love needs or completely reject him;

the child serves in the family as a means of resolving marital conflicts;

as a disciplinary measure, the child is threatened that they will stop loving him or will give him to another family;

the child is told that through his behavior he is to blame for the divorce, illness or death of one of the parents;

There is no person in the child’s environment who is able to understand his experiences and become a figure replacing the absent or neglectful parent.

Thus, when intra-family relationships are disrupted, an unfavorable background is created for the emotional development of the child and this, ultimately, can become a source of drug addiction, that is, a dysfunctional family is one of the main factors in the development of child drug addiction.

We can highlight some of the most characteristic features of dysfunctional families:

extremely emotional, vulnerable and painful attitude of teenagers towards their parents and their problems. If the family is dominated by a mother who is cold in communication, not emotional, and strict, then the situation becomes most acute;

using a child as a means of pressure when resolving issues of relationships between spouses;

inconsistency in relationships with the child: from maximum acceptance to maximum rejection. The child is sometimes brought closer to himself, sometimes further away, regardless of the characteristics of his behavior;

lack of involvement of family members in each other’s lives and affairs;

directive style of relationships and emotional rejection;

confused relationships and blurred (undefined) intergenerational boundaries, when grandparents actively interfere in the life of the family, continuing to raise adult children, and most often in relation to their grandchildren, hyperprotection and connivance are revealed;

the use of direct provocations in dealing with a child;

underestimated assessment of the child’s achievements, or negative expectations in relation to his actions and actions;

sexual violence;

genetic predisposition to alcoholism or the presence of an alcoholic or drug addict in the family;

absence of a significant adult in the child’s immediate environment.

In an effort to compensate for family dysfunction, a child seeks contacts on the outside and can easily end up in a group of drug addicts, where he will be gladly accepted.

Families in which violations of family interaction (often unconscious by its members) are hidden behind external well-being pose a great danger.

Dysfunctional families, as a rule, are registered with social services, and work is carried out with them aimed at rehabilitation or prevention of disruption of family functioning. But the question should be posed more broadly: psychoprophylactic work must begin with apparently prosperous families.

An analysis of the family causes of drug addiction convinces that the focus of preventive work should be, first of all, the family. A healthy family is one of the most important factors in the socialization of a child and the prevention of drug addiction. This is equally true when it comes to both primary and secondary drug addiction prevention.

Family problems are of interest to specialists, as well as to non-specialists, since these problems concern everyone and are one of the indicators of the quality of life of the population and the well-being of society.

Social problems of the family reflect the close dependence of the family on society. The family performs important social functions in society, and for this reason the state and public organizations are objectively interested in creating the necessary conditions and carrying out social work aimed at improving family and marital relations and strengthening the family.

Statistics show that in a democratic society, at any standard of living, family breakdown is 30%. It should be taken into account that, despite the same statistics, the motives for family breakdown, the subordination of these motives, as well as problems of relationships in families have their significant differences in different social systems.

The main difficulties of a family and its need for professional help are determined by its type.

The cause of social problems in single-parent families is, first of all, low income, since the family has only one earned income (sometimes there is no earned income at all, and the family is forced to live on unemployment benefits or child benefits). A woman's income, as a rule, is significantly lower than a man's due to her lag on the social ladder caused by childcare responsibilities. Income from child support, if the children are entitled to it and receive it, as; as a rule, covers no more than half the cost of their maintenance. Socio-economic problems are not common to all single-parent families; in any case, they are easier to resolve than the socio-psychological problems present in the intrapersonal sphere and interpersonal relationships of members of single-parent families, especially children.

This is, firstly, the resentment, depression and feeling of inferiority that children may experience after their parents’ divorce. Children often blame themselves for the breakdown of their family. Secondly, a feeling of guilt in front of children, which is not uncommon among women (since in most cases single-parent families consist of a mother raising children alone), which is the reason for their overprotection. In an effort to prevent the living standards of her children from falling in comparison with children from prosperous families, the mother takes on an excessive workload, but due to being over-busy, in turn, cannot devote enough time and attention to them. There are also frequent cases when a woman takes out her resentment against her ex-husband, who is responsible for the breakdown of the family, on her children, showing cruelty. In any case, there is no favorable psychological climate in the family. The biggest difficulty is the difficulty in correct gender-role identification and orientation of children. A child forms stereotypes of his perception and behavior, guided by the model that adults, primarily parents, provide for him.

Although the sex-role behavior of people in various cultures has not been fully studied, it manifests itself most clearly in family relationships. A socio-psychological stereotype prescribes the social role of a man such traits and characteristics that are not inherent in the social role of a woman. The very rigid definition of these roles can have an adverse effect if a person is weak, and the stereotype requires him to be dominant, strong, masculine, or vice versa. But in an incomplete family (especially if it became such in the early stages of the child’s socialization or was initially incomplete), the child is deprived of an example of how men and women should behave in various role situations, therefore in the future, in his own family, a person is far from will always be able to demonstrate adequate gender-role behavior; this leads to dysfunction and conflict and possibly also to family breakdown. The main reason for the statistically significant connection between the ill-being of a disintegrating young family and the ill-being of the family of the parents of one of the young spouses (or both spouses) is their inadequate gender-role socialization.

Although there are much fewer single-parent families in which the father raises the children alone than single-parent families in which the children are raised by one mother, they have the same problems of gender role orientation. In addition, a father with a child has a greater chance of starting a new family than a mother with a child. Therefore, one of the problems of such a family will be the formation of relationships between the child (children) and the father’s new wife (possibly with her children).

Recently, a new category of single-parent families has become widespread - single-parent extended families, which are formed, as a rule, as a result of some social catastrophe: the death of parents of young children, parents being in prison, deprivation of their parental rights, drunkenness - most often this is what forces generation of grandparents to take their grandchildren for support and upbringing. Such families, of course, have low incomes; a number of difficulties are caused by the poor health of older people, their weaker adaptive abilities, and inability to adapt to the realities of our time; unfortunately, sometimes they cannot use their authority and ability to control the situation, so children often demonstrate deviant forms of behavior.

Large families, the most common in Russia in former times (at the beginning of the 20th century in the European part of the country, each family had an average of 8 children), currently constitute a very small share of the total number of families. Moreover, often having many children is not planned, but accidental (the birth of twins or the birth of a child as a result of the ineffectiveness of contraception or the inability, due to the woman’s health, to resort to termination of pregnancy).

All large families can be divided into three categories:

- families in which large families are planned (for example, in connection with national traditions, religious precepts, cultural and ideological positions, family traditions). Such families experience many difficulties due to low income, cramped housing, workload of parents (especially the mother), and their state of health, but the parents are motivated to raise children;
- families formed as a result of the second and subsequent marriages of the mother (less often the father), in which new children are born. Research shows that such families may be quite prosperous, but their members have a feeling of an incomplete family;
- dysfunctional large families formed as a result of irresponsible behavior of parents, sometimes against the background of intellectual and mental decline, alcoholism, and an asocial lifestyle. Children from such large families especially often need help, rehabilitation, and suffer from illnesses and underdevelopment. In case of loss of parental care, their fate is especially difficult to arrange, because family legislation prevents the separation of children from the same family, and it is not always possible to adopt 3-7 children of different ages and varying degrees of social maladjustment.

Large families of all types have a common social problem, specifically related to large families: children from such families, compared with their peers from prevailing small families, more often demonstrate low self-esteem, they have inadequate ideas about their own importance, which can negatively affect their entire subsequent fate. In addition, short intervals in the birth of children, characteristic of large families, lead to the constant presence of a large number of young brothers and sisters, which entails a decrease in the social age of older siblings. This is an objective pattern traced in various types of large families, independent of the property and educational status of the parents.

Families of disabled people are forced to overcome economic difficulties caused by the collapse of the production and rehabilitation system, previously based on the work of disabled people, and the limitation of working capacity and adaptive ability. Disabled people are generally very limited in their life activities. The introduction of programs aimed at adapting society to the needs and capabilities of people with disabilities is hampered by a lack of funds and organizational difficulties.

The implementation of the right of disabled people to work and self-sufficiency is one of the main problems of their social rehabilitation. This is not only a way to improve their financial situation, but also the most important factor in self-affirmation and internal development. Research shows that all disabled people can be divided into four categories: those who do not work but want to work; those who do not want to work, but are forced to work (both of these categories experience dissatisfaction); those who do not work and do not want to work; those who have a job and want to work (these two categories experience greater satisfaction). Thus, the question of labor rehabilitation of disabled people as part of their social rehabilitation includes a socio-psychological factor: the presence or absence of motivation to engage in work.

Families raising disabled children are forced to solve all the problems associated with disability (low income, disabilities, etc.), but often express voluntary consent to deal with these problems, refusing to place a disabled child with an incorrigible congenital pathology in a specialized boarding school. Such a decision, of course, deserves approval, but the difficulties associated with raising such a child are extremely great: there are still very few institutions that provide assistance to parents in such activities; Caring for a child who has been disabled since childhood is often incompatible with other activities, so the mother, as a rule, is forced to leave work or move to another job with a more flexible schedule, located closer to home, but with lower pay. The number of divorces in such families is much higher - fathers are often unable to withstand constant difficulties and leave the family. Disabled children, deprived of qualified rehabilitation and developmental assistance, sometimes lead an almost biological existence, without receiving those skills and abilities that will help them at least in self-care, if not in labor self-sufficiency.

Family problems (dysfunctionality of family ties, pathologization of relationships between spouses, between parents and children) do not depend on the social status of the family and can be characteristic of both wealthy, intelligent, and low-income or poorly educated families. Social workers can currently provide assistance to such a family mainly at the stage of its crisis, at the time of conflict or disintegration, but most social institutions are not yet able to engage in the prevention of family dysfunctions and the establishment of family communications in a pre-crisis state. Meanwhile, this is one of the most important tasks of social work in a stable society. As the social situation in Russia improves, when the tasks of ensuring survival fade into the background, the problems of family therapy, improving and stabilizing family relationships will take first place.

Among them is the problem of family (domestic) cruelty, which is only partly related to external social difficulties, aggravating under the influence of the general psychopathology of the socio-psychological situation in the country. Family cruelty serves as a means of outburst of aggressiveness, accumulated under the influence of traumatic living conditions, on the weakest and most defenseless (in the family these are women and children). It is also explained by previously existing traditions, low competence in regulating one’s psychological states, and lack of skills for alternatively relieving negative emotions. However, there is also some personal predisposition to domestic violence and to being a victim of violence: it has been observed that women who are beaten by their husbands in their first marriage are often abused in their second marriage. Using technologies for stabilizing family relationships, a social worker must take into account personal risk factors, as well as options in which social therapy will be ineffective.

A family is an association of people based on marriage or consanguinity, connected by a common life and mutual responsibility. Family is not only marital relationships. When analyzing a family, it is necessary to consider both vertical connections, going back several generations, and horizontal ones, i.e. relationships between brothers, sisters, sons-in-law, daughters-in-law, brothers-in-law, sisters-in-law, brothers-in-law, matchmakers. Not every person today will explain the degree of kinship behind these concepts. Being little used, they have fallen out of speech, which in principle reflects the reality - the impoverishment of families and the destruction of family ties.

In the family, human values, beliefs, and ideals turn into personal characteristics and shape further life actions and behavior. Each family creates its own cultural environment within the framework of the general culture of a particular people, religion, or state. And therefore, “entering the family” means accepting and assimilating its subculture. Those who do not recognize this order are most often rejected by the family.

If the object of culture as a whole is the huge masses of people, then family culture is addressed to the individual, his specific personal destiny. If the family as a social institution suddenly refused to fulfill these roles, then socialization on a mass scale would cease, culture would perish, which, in turn, would lead to the death of human civilization.

TO basic family functions relate:

· maintaining biological continuity through the birth of children and ensuring biological existence (food, housing, clothing);

· creation of cultural continuity, transfer of public cultural heritage to new generations;

· stabilization of the social structure.

Thanks to the implementation of family functions, the historical flow, constantly evolving, retains its social, biological and cultural meaning. It makes no sense to deny that the modern family is experiencing a deep crisis. The first occurred in the 1920s - 1930s - it was a crisis of the traditional family, caused by the modernization of society, but to a greater extent provoked by the policies of the communist state. The ideologists of the October Revolution called the family a relic of the past. The new crisis does not lead to the withering away of the family institution. All sociological surveys indicate that the family is recognized as the highest human value.

The family by its nature is the most inert of all social institutions, least prone to radical changes and changes. The totalitarian regime, which took control of all social institutions and deprived them of any autonomy, did not leave the family out of its attention, trying to erase its uniqueness and individuality. Comprehension of the essence of the modern family, all aspects of its study (demographic, legal, economic, social, medical, sexual, psychological, etc.) represents the main goal of family science.

The most common in the Russian Federation nuclear family consisting of one pair of spouses with or without children. A nuclear family can be complete or incomplete (consisting of one parent with children). A family with several family nuclei (grandparents, their children and grandchildren, or families of brothers or sisters) is called expanded . Families can also differ in the presence or absence of children, and in their number.

The complex of problems of all types of families is determined by the question of the purpose of the family in the modern world. Having emerged as the main form of life, the family initially concentrated in itself all the main functions of servicing human activity. Since the family gradually got rid of a number of these functions, sharing them with other social institutions, recently it has been difficult to identify a specific type of activity inherent only to the family. In essence, all of its former functions today can be carried out outside the family. In this regard, the question arises: what is a family - a historical relic that exists only due to people’s adherence to everyday traditions, or a fundamental social institution, outside of which human existence is impossible?

This theoretical question is becoming increasingly relevant instability of family life , the increase in crisis phenomena, which are only partly due to the socio-economic difficulties experienced by our country. Economically prosperous countries that have not experienced such a sharp drop in the standard of living of their population are experiencing similar difficulties in functioning.

The instability of family life is expressed primarily in the increasing number of divorces. The number of divorces per year per 1000 inhabitants of our country has reached approximately 6.3 in recent years - this is one of the highest rates in the world. The instability of family life is also manifested in the constant reduction in the number of children per married couple. Almost every country entering the industrial era experiences the so-called first demographic transition from unregulated to regulated fertility.

Currently, in most developed countries there is a second demographic transition from a small family to a predominantly one-child family. This is not caused by economic, but, first of all, by social reasons, since all previous external incentives to have many children (providing benefits, apartments, etc.) are a thing of the past. Having one child, parents are aware of the need to invest maximum resources and effort into it.

Against the background of a general decline in the birth rate, there is an increase in the number of illegitimate children. Today, the parents of almost every fifth child in our country are not in a registered marriage. This can be partly explained by weakening moral standards and more liberal attitudes towards children born out of wedlock, and can sometimes be seen as an indicator of the spread of de facto marriages.

There is another sign of instability in the family lifestyle - the belief that loneliness is an attractive and comfortable lifestyle. Currently, there are (primarily in the most developed countries of the world) a significant number of people who find pleasure in this lifestyle. A special market is emerging to serve them. Single people can spend much larger amounts of money on their own entertainment than people with families. Such an existence, while allowing for the possibility of stable emotional unions between two single people, decisively excludes only one component of family life - the presence of children.

Analysis of the situation of the family in modern society has not only theoretical significance. Objective trends in family development influence the development, approval and implementation of state family policy.

The main difficulties of a family and its need for professional help are determined by its type.

The cause of social problems in single-parent families is, first of all, low income, since the family has only one earned income (sometimes there is no labor income at all, and the family is forced to live on unemployment benefits or child benefits). Income from child support, if children are entitled to it and receive it, usually covers no more than half the cost of their care.

It is even more difficult to resolve the socio-psychological problems present in the intrapersonal sphere and interpersonal relationships of members of single-parent families. The biggest difficulty is the difficulty in correct gender-role identification and orientation of children. A child forms stereotypes of his perception and behavior, guided by the model that adults, primarily parents, provide for him.

A socio-psychological stereotype prescribes the social role of a man such traits and characteristics that are not inherent in the social role of a woman. But in an incomplete family (especially if it became such in the early stages of the child’s socialization or was initially incomplete), the child is deprived of an example of how men and women should behave in various role situations, therefore in the future, in his own family, a person is far from will always be able to demonstrate adequate gender-role behavior. This can lead to dysfunction and conflict and possibly family breakdown.

Although there are much fewer single-parent families in which the father raises the children alone than single-parent families in which the children are raised by one mother, they have the same problems of gender role orientation. In addition, a father with a child has a greater chance of starting a new family than a mother with a child. Therefore, one of the problems of such a family will be the formation of a relationship between the child and the father’s new wife.

A new category of single-parent families has become widespread - single-parent extended families , which are formed as a result of some social catastrophe: the death of parents of young children, parents being in prison, deprivation of their parental rights, drunkenness. This forces the generation of grandparents to take in their grandchildren for their support and upbringing. Such families have low incomes. A number of difficulties in these families are explained by the poor health of older people, their weaker adaptive abilities, and inability to adapt to the realities of our time. Sometimes older people cannot use their authority and ability to control the situation, so children often demonstrate deviant forms of behavior.

Large families , the most common in Russia before, now steadily constitute a very small proportion of the total number of families. All large families can be divided into three categories :

1) families in which large families are planned (for example, in connection with national traditions, religious precepts, cultural and ideological positions, family traditions). Such families experience many difficulties due to low income, cramped housing, parents’ workload, and their state of health, but the parents are motivated to raise their children;

2) families formed as a result of the second and subsequent marriages of the mother (less often, the father), in which new children are born. Research shows that such families can be quite prosperous, but their members have a feeling of an incomplete family;

3) dysfunctional large families formed as a result of irresponsible behavior of parents, sometimes against the background of intellectual and mental decline, alcoholism, and an associative lifestyle. Children from such large families especially often need help, rehabilitation, and suffer from illnesses and underdevelopment. In case of loss of parental care, their fate is especially difficult to arrange, because family legislation prevents the separation of children from the same family, and it is not always possible to adopt 3–7 children of different ages and varying degrees of social maladjustment.

Families of disabled people are forced to overcome economic difficulties caused by the collapse of the production and rehabilitation system, previously based on the work of disabled people, and limited ability to work and adaptability. The implementation of the right of disabled people to work and self-sufficiency is one of the main problems of their social rehabilitation. This is not only a way to improve your financial situation, but also the most important factor in self-affirmation and internal development.

Families raising children with disabilities , are forced to solve all the problems associated with disability (low income, disabilities, etc.), but often express voluntary consent to deal with these problems, refusing to place a disabled child with an incorrigible congenital pathology in a specialized boarding school. Such a decision is commendable, but the difficulties associated with raising such a child are extremely great. There are still very few institutions that provide assistance to parents in such activities; caring for a child who has been disabled since childhood is often not compatible with other activities, so the mother, as a rule, is forced to leave work.

A complete family with few children, in a state of social or family disadvantage, is not officially at risk, but may also need help. Non-payment of wages, bankruptcy of enterprises, and unemployment affect both the financial situation and the socio-psychological well-being of working family members. The destruction of the stability of social status, the loss of confidence in the security and inviolability of the family world have a negative effect on adults and children, and can sometimes lead to antisocial reactions. Relatively little assistance provided at such a moment to a family that does not have formal signs of social risk can help it maintain stability. Otherwise, the family may fall into the disadvantaged category.

Social workers can currently provide assistance to families mainly at the stage of their crisis, at the time of conflict or disintegration. Most social institutions are not yet capable of preventing family dysfunctions and establishing family communications in a pre-crisis state.

PROBLEMS OF FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES

M.A. Boldina

The article reveals the concept of “disabled person”, identifies groups of families with a child with disabilities, and their problems of social protection. The work experience of the city of Khimki, Moscow region is presented.

The concept of “disabled” in translation means sick, handicapped, incapacitated, helpless. The Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation” dated November 24, 1995 No. 181 gives the following definition: “A disabled person is a person who has a health impairment with a persistent disorder of body functions, caused by a disease, the consequence of injuries or defects, leading to limitation of life activity and causing the need for its social protection.” According to the order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated July 4, 1991 No. 117 “On the procedure for issuing a medical certificate for disabled children,” disabled children include children who have “... significant limitations in life activities leading to social maladaptation due to impaired development and growth of the child , his ability for self-care, movement, orientation, control of his behavior, learning, communication, play and work activities in the future."

Currently, the concept is gradually being established that a disabled person is a person who has certain limitations in his capabilities, who can actively participate in all spheres of social activity, and should have equal rights and opportunities with other members of society. This is facilitated by the introduction of the concept of “person with disabilities”. There is a growing social movement around the world for people with disabilities to defend their rights to freedom of choice, self-determination and open access to participation in all spheres of society.

Impaired ability to carry out a particular activity may be from birth or acquired later, and may be temporary or permanent. The problem of childhood disability is relevant all over the world. According to WHO, people with disabilities make up 10% of the world's population, of which 120 million are children and adolescents. Children with disabilities in the Russian Federation make up more than 12% of the total number of all disabled people. In structure

Childhood disability is dominated by more than 60% mental retardation and diseases of the nervous system. Every tenth disabled person has a complete or partial inability to perform independent activities, severity of disorders and limitation of social functions.

Families with children with disabilities represent one of the most vulnerable groups of the population; they can be differentiated into four groups. The first group consists of parents with a pronounced expansion of the sphere of parental feelings. The characteristic style of parenting is hyperprotection, characterized by an over-caring attitude towards the child, petty regulation of the family’s lifestyle depending on the child’s well-being, and limitation of social contacts. This style of family education is typical for most families of single mothers. This style of family education has a negative impact on the formation of the child’s personality, which is manifested in egocentrism, increased dependence, lack of activity, and decreased self-esteem of the child.

The second group is families characterized by a cold communication style, a decrease in emotional contacts between parents and the child. Parents pay excessive attention to the child’s treatment, trying to compensate for their own mental discomfort by emotionally rejecting the child. This style of communication in the family leads to the formation of emotional instability and high anxiety in the child’s personality, gives rise to an inferiority complex, and lack of self-confidence.

The third group of families is characterized by a cooperative style. In these families, there is a stable cognitive interest of parents in organizing the socio-pedagogical process, collaboration and dialogue in choosing goals and programs for joint activities with the child, encouraging children's independence, support and sympathy in case of failures. This style of family education contributes to the development of

the child’s sense of security, self-confidence, and the need to actively establish interpersonal relationships.

The fourth group of families is characterized by a repressive style of family communication, an orientation toward a leading position, often the father's. This style is manifested in a pessimistic view of the child’s future, restrictions on his rights, and strict parental instructions, failure to comply with which is punished. With this style of parenting, children experience aggressive behavior, tearfulness, irritability, and increased excitability, which complicate their mental and physical condition.

In families with children with disabilities, the divorce rate is very high, fathers’ communication with their former family is limited only to providing financial assistance, the mother bears the entire burden of caring for the child and provides all the necessary measures for his treatment, education and rehabilitation.

The birth of a disabled child or the “acquisition” of disability for a number of factors and reasons disrupts the entire normal course of family life and causes stress in parents. Researchers T.G. Bogdanov and N.V. Mezurov provide a description of the phases of mental awareness of the fact of the birth of a child with disabilities.

The first phase is characterized by a state of confusion, sometimes fear. Parents experience a feeling of inferiority, helplessness, and anxiety for the fate of their sick child. At this time, the prerequisites are laid for the establishment of a unique socio-emotional connection between parents and a child with developmental disorders.

The second phase is a state of shock, which transforms into negativism and denial of the diagnosis. An extreme form of negativism is the refusal to examine the child and carry out any corrective measures. Some parents repeatedly turn to various scientific and treatment centers in order to cancel a diagnosis that is incorrect, from their point of view, while others become unjustifiably optimistic about the possibility of a cure.

The third phase is characterized by the state of parents who begin to accept

diagnosis and understand its meaning, plunge into deep depression.

The fourth phase is complete acceptance of the diagnosis, psychological adaptation, when parents are able to correctly assess the situation. Many parents do not achieve this, often withdrawing from constructive cooperation with specialists.

The family, the immediate environment of a child with disabilities, is the main link in the system of his upbringing, socialization, satisfaction of needs, training, and career guidance. The problems of families with the appearance of a child with disabilities increase.

Material, financial, and housing problems come first. In such families, sometimes insurmountable problems arise related to the purchase of food, clothing, shoes, the simplest furniture, and household appliances. Housing is usually not suitable for a disabled child - there is no separate room or special facilities for the child. Services for children with disabilities in such families are predominantly paid. All this requires a lot of money, and the majority of families have a very modest income, which consists of the husband’s salary and the child’s social disability pension. The mother in these families is deprived of the opportunity to work fully.

In second place are the problems of teaching and rehabilitating a child through education. Most children study in specialized boarding educational institutions. In this form of education, children are separated from their families for at least five days a week. Children with severe disabilities are excluded from the educational environment and are sent to residential care systems. As a result, the family is alienated from the active process of education, which affects the isolation of the family system from the needs and problems of the child.

The most common form of education and rehabilitation of disabled children is rehabilitation centers, where individual rehabilitation programs for children are implemented through educational means. In recent years, educational

opportunities for disabled children have been expanded through the opening of new types of institutions. These institutions operate as day care centers for children with various developmental and socialization problems.

For children with serious illnesses, a form of home-based education is provided, but here problems of isolation from peers and exclusion from the sphere of full-fledged relationships with society arise. For children with multiple developmental disorders, stay in psychoneurological boarding homes is provided. The family's consent to place the child in a boarding home is associated with stressful experiences. If the family decides to leave the child at home, then a long difficult period begins for all its members, associated with the constant overcoming of the difficulties of the child’s rejection by society. In this case, it is necessary to provide the family with comprehensive information about all types of rehabilitation services and coordinate the activities of social services, institutions and specialists.

The third place in a number of problems is occupied by obtaining comprehensive medical care and social services. Medical and social rehabilitation of children with disabilities should be early, stage-by-stage, long-term, comprehensive, including medical, psychological, pedagogical, professional, social, domestic, legal and other programs, taking into account an individual approach to each child. The main thing is to teach the child motor and social skills so that in the future he can get an education and work independently. A big problem is the low level of awareness among families about the activities of rehabilitation and educational institutions for children with disabilities, as well as about the work of social services. The legal independence of the family is also very low; parents are poorly oriented in the rapidly changing legislation and do not know what benefits they can count on.

Psychological problems come into fourth place. The psychological climate in the family depends on interpersonal relationships, the moral and psychological resources of parents and relatives, as well as on the material and living conditions of the family.

my, which determines the conditions of education, training and medical and social rehabilitation. The appearance of a child with disabilities in a family is always a severe psychological stress for all family members. Often family relationships weaken, constant anxiety about a sick child, a feeling of confusion, depression are the causes of family breakdown, and only in a small percentage of cases does the family unite.

Having a disabled child negatively affects other children in the family. They receive less attention, opportunities for cultural leisure are reduced, they study worse, and get sick more often due to parental neglect. Psychological tension in such families is supported by the psychological oppression of children due to the negative attitude of others towards their family; they rarely communicate with children from other families. People around them often shy away from communication, and children with disabilities have virtually no opportunity for full social contacts or a sufficient circle of friends, especially with healthy peers. When considering family planning, only a few parents decide to give birth again after having a child with disabilities.

Society does not always correctly understand the problems of such families, and only a small percentage of them feel the support of others. In this regard, parents do not take children with disabilities to the theater, cinema, entertainment events, etc., thereby dooming them from birth to complete isolation from society. Recently, parents with similar problems have been establishing contacts with each other, uniting in self-help groups.

The decisive role in protecting the rights and interests of families with children with disabilities is played by state economic and social policy, which is based on provisions defining the main priorities of assistance:

Cash payments in connection with the birth, maintenance and upbringing of children;

Multidisciplinary benefits for families with disabled children;

Free distribution of medicines, technical devices, etc. to families and children;

Social services for families.

Social protection of families with disabled children is based on an appropriate regulatory framework. The law differentiates the benefits provided to a disabled child and his family, that is, to all family members living together. Additional benefits for parents are provided by law in order to provide them with the opportunity to provide the most complete care for a disabled child. Social protection of a family with a disabled child is focused not only on solving specific problems, but also, above all, on strengthening and developing its own potential. In this process, the role of social services and specialists working in these institutions becomes especially significant, who should not only help the family overcome daily difficulties, but also teach family members ways of self-help and mutual assistance, help them build their life scenario in accordance with the highest level of quality life

According to the unanimous opinion of experts, this process must begin with the family, since the role of the family in the rehabilitation of disabled children is simply difficult to overestimate. The participation of family members, especially the mother, turns out to be decisive in the results of rehabilitation. But at the same time, the meaning of family can be not only positive, but also negative. That is why in medical institutions where treatment and other rehabilitation activities are carried out, work is organized with family members of disabled children. Parents must be prepared to carry out rehabilitation of disabled children at home. The role of the social worker in these cases is extremely important, since it is from him that advice and help are expected. The lack of faith of parents in the success of rehabilitation has a negative impact on the lifestyle of a disabled child, and faith in success creates a positive psychological climate, socio-economic activity of parents, etc., which, in turn, contributes to adaptation, successful learning and the entire process integration of a disabled child into society.

The nature of rehabilitation work with a disabled child in a family is determined by the characteristics of the disease. Rehabilitation of disabled people due to diseases caused by

leading to mental retardation, requires systematic, long-term studies in order to teach self-care and hygiene skills, at school age and beyond - additional classes to master the school curriculum and professional skills. People who have been disabled since childhood due to a pathology that has led to deviations in physical development require longer training, therapeutic massage, and mastery of technical means for training the affected and compensating organs. Such children cannot do without the help of their parents. Therefore, to carry out this work, parents of disabled children must have certain skills, the necessary knowledge, time and funds.

For a long time, our society was dominated by the attitude towards the upbringing and education of children with disabilities only within the framework of the state system of special schools and boarding institutions. In the 90s the situation began to change. Today, parents also face a dilemma: to raise a disabled child in the family or to place him in a boarding school. Due to financial difficulties, a family is sometimes forced to place a child in a boarding school, but today many families do not do this.

In recent years, the problems of families with children with disabilities have been solved at the state level. This is social rehabilitation, the inclusion of sick children and their parents in public life. These functions, in particular, are assigned to rehabilitation centers for children with disabilities. Such centers are faced with the following tasks: to highlight, if possible, all the negative and positive aspects of traditional upbringing in the family, as well as in children's institutions of the social protection system, and on the basis of this to create their own program for the rehabilitation and adaptation of a family with a disabled child.

Rehabilitation centers work very closely with both the family and community agencies. After all, raising an abnormal child requires significant psychological and pedagogical support from the family. Even under the most favorable conditions, a child with disabilities spends most of his life at home and

grows up infantile, ignorant of life, unable to endure difficulties and communicate with strangers.

Raising a young child in a child care institution causes even more serious consequences. The lack of maternal love and warmth leads to socio-psychological deprivation, which manifests itself in a narrowing of the circle of informal communication, narrowness of interests, isolation, inability to build correct relationships with other people, aggressiveness, and sometimes leads to mental disorders. The most difficult personality trait of such children to correct is a lack of trust in the world around them.

All studies conducted indicate that family members raising a disabled child have personality disorders. Some mothers and fathers cannot cope with their tragedy on their own; their attitude towards an abnormal child is inadequate, distorted, and often incorrect attitudes and feelings are formed. Such a family needs social work aimed not only at the child himself, but also at the entire family as a whole.

Currently, not only state, but also regional programs to help families with children with disabilities are being developed, which provide measures for training and instructing parents, rehabilitation methods in all aspects, material support for these measures, social and pedagogical patronage of the family, and others. We can note the successfully functioning rehabilitation centers and other social services for families in Moscow and the Moscow region, St. Petersburg, Barnaul, Saratov, Perm, etc.

The experience of implementing various types of social assistance for families with disabled children, which is available at the Rehabilitation Center for Children with Disabilities in the city of Khimki, Moscow Region, seems very interesting. The work of the Center is carried out in three main areas.

1. The Center operates a Parent School, during which specialists from various fields (teachers, psychologists, doctors, social workers, lawyers, etc.) conduct discussions on issues of treatment and education

and teaching disabled children, analyze various conversations, help in resolving them. First of all, parents are taken out of the state of stress in which they have been since the birth of a sick child. Next, they are taught norms of behavior, given knowledge in the field of psychology and behavior of children with disabilities, possible conflict situations and possibilities for resolving them are analyzed.

2. Very important employees of the Khimki Rehabilitation Center are presented with another area of work - the rehabilitation of mothers. After all, in both severe and mild forms of disability, a child is psychologically and physically dependent on his mother throughout his life. A women's club has been created for mothers. His program includes aerobics, visits to a psychologist, a massage therapist, a sauna, theaters and excursions. Having trusted the teachers, psychologists and social workers of the Center, mothers begin to better solve both the pressing problems of their children and their own in the family.

3. The next direction is social and cultural activities in the form of club work. When all the thoughts and deeds of a mother and father are directed towards a sick child, their circle of interests narrows, and there is a gradual withdrawal from relatives and friends, i.e. social isolation. Joint trips to monasteries, museums, art galleries, theaters, relaxation in the forest or on the river help to break through the social isolation in which the family of a sick child finds themselves.

The experience of the Saratov Regional Rehabilitation Center for children and adolescents with disabilities deserves all attention.

The work of this Center today is distinguished by a systematic approach to the rehabilitation process, when the interaction of social, medical, psychological, sociocultural, correctional

pedagogical assistance. Rehabilitation is carried out taking into account the various needs and capabilities of disabled children entering the Center with not one, but several pathologies, for example, a combination of pathologies of the central nervous system with delayed psychomotor development, as well as the presence of bronchopulmonary diseases.

The range of rehabilitation services provided by the Center is very wide. This

social services at home, including medical and social patronage, psychological and pedagogical support, services for children in the day care department using a complex of rehabilitation measures; inpatient care with determination of the specific duration of the child’s stay at the Center; outpatient services for families with children with specialist consultations.

Medical rehabilitation includes consultations, massage courses, exercise therapy, physiotherapy, reflexology, drug treatment, etc.; social rehabilitation includes work with families raising children, social patronage, organization of legal consultations, lectures for parents, leisure activities for children, work at a summer rehabilitation camp, and conducting recreational and sports activities. Opportunities are also being sought for additional financial assistance.

New Year's gifts, purchase of food, clothing and shoes, stationery.

There are various types of psychological rehabilitation (consulting, individual psychotherapeutic appointments, group and individual psychotraining, psychocorrection of neurotic disorders and mental retardation, family psychocorrection, psychoprophylaxis).

Corrective pedagogical rehabilitation carried out by the Center includes counseling parents on issues of education and training, since parents of disabled children have a persistent stereotype about the exceptional effectiveness of one drug treatment. There is a psychological, medical and pedagogical consultation, classes are held for children both at the Center and at home.

Professional rehabilitation is also mandatory - the work of various clubs, computer developmental training, the formation of a database of special institutions, consultations on referral to educational institutions, work with the employment service. It is extremely important for disabled children to feel less limited in some way than their peers. This is facilitated by the work of health sections at the stadium and the provision of sports and cultural events. As for sociocultural rehabilitation, then

it is carried out by existing clubs and study groups. Regular excursions, cultural events with the participation of children and their parents, visits to theaters and museums help in this matter.

Comprehensive rehabilitation of disabled children requires clear coordination of institutions dealing with the problems of atypical children. The center has established connections with specialized preschool institutions, schools, and universities of the city (Technical University, Pedagogical Institute, Volga Region Academy of Civil Service, research institutions, Employment Service, All-Russian Society of Disabled People, Department of Education of Saratov, Department of Social Protection and many others).

The work of the Pervomaisky Center for Social Assistance to Families and Children in the city of Krasnoyarsk is also interesting. Helping families with disabled children is one of the main activities of the Center. To this end, the development studio “Smile” is implementing the “Commonwealth” project at the Center. The goal of the project is to attract a wide range of disabled children and their parents to active, equal participation in public life. At the first stage of the project, activities are devoted to the rehabilitation of sick children through music, fine arts, educational games, social orientation classes, leisure activities, etc. The second stage is dedicated to ensuring the integration of disabled children into society through the organization of joint events for healthy and sick people children. The Center also conducts advisory, educational and educational work with parents.

In recent years, public organizations and various charitable foundations have been a good addition to state social institutions, the work of which is aimed at social support for children and adolescents, the disabled, the elderly and youth, etc. For example, in the city of Novocherkassk, as part of the public organization of the Union “Women of the Home” There is a Charitable Foundation “Help the Children!” and the Buratino Society for the Social Protection of Disabled Children. The Foundation's charitable activities are primarily

aimed at children suffering from oncological, hematological and other forms of serious diseases. The Foundation's programs include free medical rehabilitation courses, summer holidays for disabled children in the psychological rehabilitation center (Moscow) and at the bases of the Don River. New Year's events are held, including congratulations at home for seriously ill children, visits to the circus and theaters, mini-concerts in the regional oncology center, and in the Children's Home.

The Buratino Society for the Social Protection of Disabled Children was founded by the parents of sick children themselves. Members of this organization are involved in improving the health of children in summer and winter. Parents and their children regularly receive treatment at discounted and free vouchers in sanatoriums. Joint trips to the zoo, circus, theater, and dolphinarium in Rostov-on-Don are regularly organized.

The experience of various social welfare institutions in providing assistance to families with children with disabilities shows that the solution to this problem must simultaneously proceed in many directions. It seems appropriate to have a targeted state policy in the area of childhood disability, i.e. a set of measures aimed at reducing it by improving the quality of medical care for pregnant women and newborns, and expanding the network of medical genetic institutions. It is necessary to further develop a network of rehabilitation centers, correctional institutions,

educational and educational institutions that have already proven themselves well in the work on social adaptation and rehabilitation of families with disabled children. And various public organizations and charitable foundations, which have recently begun active work in the social services market, can fill missing niches and correct shortcomings in the work of government institutions.

Today there is an urgent need to improve the system of economic assistance to families with children with disabilities. One of the current areas is improving the content and forms of work of social service institutions, increasing the effectiveness of assistance to families with children with disabilities. And, finally, it is necessary to cultivate in society the desire to morally support families with a disabled child and be able to understand their problems____________.

1. Aksenova L.I. Social pedagogy in special education. M.: Publishing house. Center "Academy", 2001.

2. Garashkina N.V., Boldina M.A. Theory and practice of socio-pedagogical work with families. Tambov: Publishing house of TSU named after. G.R. Derzhavina, 2003.

3. Zubkova T.S., Timoshina N.V. Organization and content of work on social protection of women, children and families. M.: Publishing house. Center "Academy", 2003.

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Problems of families with young children

As a result of the sharp decline in the birth rate in the Russian Federation, families with one child predominate. The appearance of a child in a family can become the main reason for a family’s transition to lower social groups in terms of material security. The birth of the first child reduces the financial level of the family by 30%.

In Russia, social deprivation persists—limitation of material and spiritual resources necessary for the survival, full development and socialization of children.

1. Material and living problems

The number and proportion of families below the poverty line are especially high in families with children. In 1995, among families with children under 16 years of age, 54.3% were poor (without children - 24.5%), in 1996 these figures increased to 33.7 and 14.7%. The number of families in extreme poverty (with an average per capita income of up to 0.5% of the subsistence level) and permanent poverty (with an average per capita income below the subsistence level throughout the year) is higher; the share of poor families with children in rural areas is 2.3 times higher than in the city. Unemployment and delayed payments of child benefits and wages worsen the already low financial situation.

The economic crisis has led to double employment of women, female unemployment and deskilling of working women, who are forced to be on leave for a long time to care for frequently and long-term ill children.

According to the Federal Employment Service of the Russian Federation, in 1995, 73% of the unemployed were women, of which 91% were women who were the only breadwinner in the family. Secondary employment of parents, especially women, leads to physical wear and tear, mental stress and lack of time to raise children. Income consists of parents' salaries, child benefits, and secondary earnings. Lack of children's clothing, shoes, toys, child care items due to high prices, poor quality that does not meet sanitary and hygienic requirements, increased fees for services in preschool institutions, children's camps, deterioration in the quality of organized meals - all this leads to differentiation of families according to the conditions and results of upbringing and negatively affects the physical development and health of children.

motherhood social risk childhood

2. Psychological and pedagogical problems

Interpersonal relationships in the family are especially important for a child's development. In the process of communication, he acquires the skills of speech, thinking, objective actions, and masters social experience. The development of a child is directly dependent on the moral individual characteristics of family members. Children are guided by the behavior of their parents as a prototype of their own actions. Therefore, the behavior, way of thinking and actions of adults are very important.

The moral and emotional climate of the family largely shapes the relationship between parents and the harmony of marital relations. Families based on equality and partnership have the highest potential.

For many years, the country gave priority to public education. Many parents often “avoid” the problems of raising children, believing that their main task is to ensure that the child is supported in the family, and that the school should deal with upbringing. Alienation of parents from children leads to their neglect and even social orphanhood. The reason for the weakening and even breaking of family ties may be the drunkenness of parents, abuse of children, a conflict situation in the family, or the lack of a favorable emotional atmosphere due to the parents being too busy at work. The opportunity to communicate with children during visits to the theater, exhibitions, and children's parties is reduced.

The cause of alienation can also be errors in upbringing, difficulties in communication, especially in adolescence - disrespectful attitude towards the child, the prevalence of a prohibitive style. A lack of communication leads to the fact that children do not receive the necessary emotional support. The constant concern of parents with pressing problems of everyday life leads to excessive “grounding” of thinking stereotypes, excessive pragmatism, and under these conditions, persistent norms of behavior and value orientations are formed for life. Parents pay little attention to legal issues and sexual education of their children. Parents' attitudes toward the spiritual, cultural, and physical development of their children remain low.

Cramped living conditions and the lack of a specially equipped children's corner form in the child such character traits as irritability, self-doubt, aggressiveness, and touchiness.

Family troubles and defects in upbringing in the family are aggravated by the following factors:

rejection of the child (if the premature birth of the child is undesirable, especially if its gender does not match the expected one);

overprotection (lack of independence in a child, especially when raised by grandparents);

hypoprotection, leading to neglect, impaired socialization, slowdown in the formation of social skills;

inconsistency, contradictory nature of upbringing, a gap between word and deed, demands and control, inconsistency in the actions of parents and grandparents;

inconsistency with the requirements and expectations of the child, his capabilities and needs;

inflexibility of parents in relationships with children (imposing their own opinions, their actions, sudden changes in relationships at different periods of life);

affectivity (dissatisfaction, irritation, anxiety about the behavior of children, which creates turmoil, chaos, general excitement in the family);

anxiety and fear for children, which leads to nervous system disorders;

hypersociality (when parents raise a child without taking into account the individual characteristics of his character, placing excessive demands on him, without emotions, responsiveness and sensitivity).

Thus, the family microclimate is very important and aggravates family well-being or ill-being. There has been an increased demand recently from young parents for help from the older generation; the latter are a kind of transmitter of the social experience accumulated by their generation.

3. Medical problems

At all times, the indicator of public health has been the well-being of families.

Currently, the health status of the Russian Federation is characterized by a fall in the birth rate and an increase in the overall mortality rate. 20% of newborns have deviations from normal physical and mental health.

In 2000, the birth rate per 1000 population was 8.7; mortality rate - 15.3. In 1987, 2.5 million children were born, in 2000 - 1.16 million (more than two times less). Infant mortality is high. Its level is 2-4 times higher than that in economically developed countries. In 1999, this figure increased to 16.9%. In the structure of mortality of children under 1 year of age, the condition of the perinatal period and congenital anomalies remain (64%). Every third child has abnormal health conditions. A real threat is being created to the gene pool. The health of children is a matter of primary importance.

In various regions, 8-10% of primary schoolchildren, 6% of middle school-age children, and 3.5% of older children can be considered absolutely healthy. The number of healthy preschoolers has decreased by 5 times; only 55.6% of six-year-old children have a biological age that corresponds to their “passport age.” The number of children with delayed development is growing. The overall morbidity rate in children under 14 years of age in 1999 increased by 12.1% due to almost all classes of diseases.

The incidence of hepatitis C continues to increase annually, and there has been an increase in the incidence of tuberculosis by 21.8% compared to 1997, especially in the age group 3-6 years. In 1999, 558 HIV-infected children were identified in the Russian Federation, of which 125 developed AIDS and 88 died.

An analysis of the health of women with young children showed a high burden of various types of pathology (data from the Institute of Hygiene for Children and Adolescents).

An unfavorable environmental situation (air pollution with carbon monoxide, city noise, radiation, chemical industry waste, water and air pollution) has a negative impact on children's health. The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant caused great damage to health. Until 1986, there was no registration of thyroid diseases. Only 4% of Russian children are healthy, the rest have all sorts of abnormalities. 19.6% of the children surveyed live in unfavorable housing conditions (data from the Kazan Medical Institute, 1987). Almost every eighth child is raised in a single-parent family. An unsatisfactory moral and psychological microclimate in the family is observed in 16.3% of the children examined. In the family of every seventh child, alcohol abuse occurs by one of the parents or other family members.

The transition to a market economy, unfavorable environmental conditions, heavy physical labor, hazardous production (at the end of 1999, about 2 million women worked in unfavorable conditions, more than 2 thousand of them are diagnosed with an occupational disease every year) - all this led to an increase in cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and mental disorders.

The World Declaration on Child Survival, Protection and Development in the 1990s indicates that environmental protection and sustainable management are essential for the sustainable development of children.

It is necessary to improve the quality of the environment, fight diseases, malnutrition, reduce the mortality rate, improve social services, and break the vicious circle of poverty.

4. Social protection of a young family

In order to support a young family in accordance with the Federal Target Program “Youth of Russia”, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 25, 1994 No. 1279, the following tasks are expected to be solved:

development of mechanisms aimed at supporting families with young children;

development of a network of information and consultations for young families;

assistance in solving the housing problem and employment of young women with children;

assistance in purchasing durable goods by young families and obtaining education.

Some of the tasks aimed at supporting young families are already being implemented in the Federal programs: “Children of Russia”, “Housing”, “Employment”, as well as in regional programs. In addition to this, you need:

coordination of efforts of various state public structures;

systematization and interconnection of adopted and existing social programs in the part where they affect the problems of a young family;

expansion of various forms of credit specifically for young families: targeted, preferential, long-term (10-15 years) loans for the acquisition of land, construction, organization of a farm, “family firm”, etc.;

providing loans for education of adult family members and their children;

creating conditions for employment, priority advanced training and retraining of young women with children, including the creation of opportunities for evening and part-time advanced training and education for mothers on long-term maternity leave;

creating favorable conditions for home education of preschool children through a network of home-based services of social workers;

development of a system of benefits in the field of protecting the health of citizens, confirmed by the legislation of the Russian Federation, republics within the Russian Federation and legal acts of autonomous territories, regions, cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg (use of medical institutions, etc.);

creation of a network of various consultations for young families (socio-psychological assistance, medical-genetic, economic, legal, everyday problems, information and reference services on labor vacancies for seasonal and home-based work, as well as on retraining opportunities, on family entrepreneurship issues).

In other sections of the adopted program, practical measures for comprehensive support of a young family and related to solving issues of employment, social services, etc. are developed in detail.

In the field of reproductive health, the program provides for a set of measures based on the principle of the right of spouses and individuals to freely and responsibly decide on the number of their children and to obtain the necessary information, education and funds for this, creating conditions for providing psychological and legal assistance to young spouses. This work is primarily related to the organization of social assistance services and centers “Youth and Family”, “Young Family” and others, the development and adoption of regional programs to support socially vulnerable families.

The main activity of the “Young Family” services, in addition to informational and methodological work, is to provide services such as social patronage of young families living in unfavorable socio-psychological conditions, medical and social patronage of minor pregnant women and nursing mothers, patronage of young families and individuals in need of constant care.

5. Features of medical and social patronage in families at social risk

When conducting medical and social patronage in families with children from a social risk group, a differentiated approach of medical workers is mandatory, taking into account the nature, influence of social risk factors on the child’s health, and readiness to provide social and legal assistance to the family.

When conducting medical and social patronage in a large family, it is necessary to identify the financial and housing difficulties of this family and take into account the difficulties that a mother with many children experiences due to the need to visit a children's clinic.

When servicing a large family, it is necessary to more thoroughly monitor the implementation of recommendations of various types of patronage: purchasing items to care for a newborn, organizing a corner for a newborn (choosing a crib location, taking into account lighting, location of doors), diet, the child’s wakefulness, etc.

Organize a full examination of children at home by a pediatrician with specialists, including anthropometric measurements and laboratory tests (blood, urine, etc.).

Fathers should also be involved in health education work with large families in order to strengthen their responsibility for the health of children and more evenly distribute responsibilities between parents for caring for and raising children.

It is necessary to inform a large family about its rights, benefits, and benefits. Such families are accepted by doctors of any specialties in children's clinics and antenatal clinics out of turn; If the child becomes ill, the mother is provided with sick leave to care for a longer period.

In a family living in poor material and living conditions, if there is no way to improve them, it is necessary to work to intensify the family’s efforts in carrying out sanitary and hygienic measures (maintaining optimal temperature conditions, frequent ventilation, improving lighting, eliminating dampness, regular wet cleaning of the premises, compliance with the rules of personal hygiene, organization of rational nutrition, walks, physical education and hardening) with mandatory constant monitoring of the implementation of these recommendations for creating appropriate conditions at home for the development of a healthy child. Children from such families should be placed in child care institutions as a matter of priority, provided with free food and treatment for illnesses of children in the first year of life.

A family where the mother or both parents are students or minors, in addition to the difficulties in raising a child (lack of life experience, skills in caring for a child, material resources, poor or unsettled living conditions) are added difficulties associated with studies - nervous strain , especially during a session. Pregnant students are much more likely to experience complications during pregnancy, childbirth, fetal death, prematurity, and subsequently a delay in its physical and neuropsychic development. The mother has hypo- or agalactia (lack of milk). When working with the expectant mother, it is necessary to explain the need for systematic visits to the doctor and monitoring of her health during pregnancy; give recommendations on sleep patterns, rest, nutrition, fluid intake, physical activity, and preparation of the mammary glands for feeding the child.

Expectant mothers should have a dosed study load, adequate sleep, and abstain from drinking alcohol, smoking, and taking medications without a doctor’s prescription. The social worker must establish contact with the parents of the young family to provide them with moral and material support before and after the birth of the child, contact the administration of the educational institution for the possible allocation of a separate room in the dormitory, a place in a preschool institution, or a scholarship for such a family; organize a free schedule for attending classes.

Children of the first year of life from such families should receive free food. Minor mothers should receive psychological support and qualified psychological and medical assistance, and be under the constant supervision of medical and social workers, since such families need increased attention, moral and material support.

When working in families where the work activity of parents, especially the mother, is associated with occupational hazards, the social worker needs to establish contact with the administration of the enterprise to regulate the process of work activity in order to eliminate as much as possible the influence of unfavorable working conditions affecting the health of the pregnant woman and her unborn child, and at the birth of a child, create proper hygienic conditions in the family, proper organization of the daily routine, feeding, bathing, hardening of the child, and, if necessary (when there are deviations in the child’s development), organize consultations with relevant specialists.

In the event of a stillbirth or the birth of a child with congenital diseases, it is necessary to conduct a thorough analysis of the possible causes and identify the presence of hereditary factors; assess the health status of spouses and existing children, find out the nature of family relationships. In case of repeated pregnancy, the woman must be referred to an antenatal clinic and medical genetic consultation for the purpose of a more in-depth examination and prognosis for future offspring and even decide on the advisability of continuing the pregnancy.

When working in families of alcoholics, a social worker must constantly explain the harmful effects of alcohol on the health of family members, especially children. Alcohol abuse leads to family conflicts, increases the number of divorces, and destroys families. Almost always, there is general discomfort in the family, work activity and labor productivity sharply decrease, and the financial situation worsens. Alcohol abuse has a detrimental effect on the health of children, leading to the birth of children with congenital malformations. When a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, she may develop epilepsy, mental disorders, and delayed physical development. A constant tense situation in the family significantly affects the academic performance of children, leading to the development of neuroses, morbidity, and injury. The incidence in families who abuse alcohol is 3.5 times higher than in families without problems. Every year, 300 thousand children are born in the country with congenital malformations. Recently, this number has increased significantly (there are no clear statistics). Among the parents of deceased children, 40% of fathers and 33% of mothers abused alcohol in the first year of life.

To combat this evil, government policy, widespread work, anti-alcohol education and promotion of a healthy lifestyle are necessary.

When working in families with an unfavorable psychological climate, it is important to find out the reasons: alcohol abuse, low general culture, different levels of education, social, professional status, living together with the older generation (parents of the husband or wife).

Such families need consultation and correction of family relationships by a psychologist. Parents should know that stress received by a pregnant woman and negative emotions can lead to disruption of the course of pregnancy, intrauterine development of the fetus, a high rate of stillbirth, and the death of an early child. A constant state of anxiety leads to functional disorders of the child's nervous system - sleep disturbances, neuroses, changes in character (stubbornness, capriciousness, etc.), general weakening of the body, poor performance at school.

6. Functional responsibilities of a social worker in maternal and child health institutions

The functional responsibilities of a social worker in maternal and child health institutions are:

identification and recording of families at medical and social risk;

identifying from them families of high social risk (families of alcoholics, drug addicts, disabled children, young mothers, single mothers, etc.);

studying the needs of these families for specific types of medical and social assistance;

conducting all types of patronage (for pregnant women, nursing mothers, children in the first year of life, etc.), identifying risk factors with the subsequent transfer of this information to medical workers;

providing assistance to families in solving their social and everyday problems, including housing, material, working conditions, in placing children in preschool institutions, boarding schools, etc.;

providing advisory, including pedagogical, psychological assistance to families at social risk;

providing social and legal assistance (active explanation of the rights and responsibilities of these families, as well as social benefits provided by the state, etc.);

organization and control over the receipt by young children of free food and medicine, and other benefits;

providing assistance to families in raising children;

Carrying out, together with medical personnel, sanitary and educational work on hygienic education of children and promoting a healthy lifestyle;

implementation of family planning activities;

Organization of interconnection and mutual assistance in the work of various institutions and departments;

maintaining accounting and reporting documentation (diary of patronage visits, family passport, etc.).

7. UN Convention on the Rights of the Child

On November 20, 1989, the UN General Assembly proclaimed the adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. It has been called the “Magna Carta for Children,” the world’s constitution of children’s rights. The main purpose of the Convention is to maximize the protection of the rights of the child; its position, in essence, comes down to 4 basic requirements that must ensure the rights of the child. These are: survival, development, protection and provision, active participation in society. All these areas have specific content.

The child's right to life. This includes the birth and survival of the child, including in the event of illness. The child has the right to affordable medical care, which is established by a special standard of living, and the child also has the right to a name and citizenship.

Right to development. It includes the areas of education, recreation, leisure and participation in cultural life.

Right to protection. This is the right to all kinds of situations in which a child, due to his vulnerability and dependence on the adult world, needs attention. The Convention provides for care for disabled children, refugees, children separated from their parents, children who have broken the law, and establishes special legal norms for the protection of children in armed conflicts, as well as from the use and acquisition of drugs.

The right to active participation in society. It is carried out by measures to ensure freedom of speech, conscience, religion, and free expression of opinion. The Convention establishes the corresponding responsibilities of parents.

Currently, more than 127 countries around the world have joined this document. Russia's report on the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child was considered in January 1993 at the third regular session of the Committee on the Rights of the Child. Based on the results of the consideration, the Committee adopted the document “Concluding observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child” for the Russian Federation.

General measures for the implementation of the Convention.

In order to implement state policy regarding children of the Russian Federation, legislative, administrative and other measures are taken.

The concept of state policy, the concept of state social assistance to families and children, the presidential program “Children of Russia”, and Presidential decrees on social assistance to families and children were developed and adopted.

In the structure of state authorities, committees, departments, and departments for working with families and children were created to implement the children's policy.

Each region has departments for working with children and regional programs for protecting children's rights. Special social institutions are created for children forced to leave home.

Definition of a child in laws and rights.

A child is every human being under the age of 18 (according to the laws of many countries, adulthood may occur earlier or later). According to our legislation, 18 years is the age of majority.

Basic general education is compulsory. The minimum age for the employment of children is 16 years; in agreement with trade unions and the student council, the age can be reduced to 15 years. If the parents give written consent, the child can be hired at 14 years old. The minimum age of criminal responsibility is 14 years. If a child commits a serious crime, then also only from the age of 14.

Marriage is permitted from the age of 18, but in some cases, by decision of local governments, it can be reduced by 2-3 years.

Military service begins at age 18.

The Law on Citizenship of the Russian Federation came into force in 1992. In 1993, amendments were made to it. The citizenship of children is regulated by this law. A child can change citizenship taking into account the current circumstances (before 5 years - parents, after 5 - himself). In the citizenship law, the child is given a surname (up to 5 years of age the parents give it, after 5 years they give it themselves).

The Law of the Russian Federation of October 25, 1990 “On Freedom of Religion” quite broadly sets out the right to freedom of choice of religious and atheistic beliefs, if they are observed within the framework of the law. The Law of the Russian Federation “On Education” establishes the right of religious associations to create educational institutions, as well as the right of parents of minor children to choose forms of education and types of educational institutions.

The boundaries between state and church began to blur in the spirit of mutual understanding. Currently, more than 1,200 church schools have been opened in the Russian Federation, where children from 6 to 18 years old are educated. Representatives of various religious denominations opened more than 50 kindergartens.

A depressing feature of our society is the fact that children still remain victims of the tyranny of adults. In the Russian Federation there is an increase in various manifestations of child abuse. Negative methods of education, humiliation of human dignity, including physical and mental violence, can be traced in the family, preschool institutions, orphanages, vocational schools, boarding schools, and special educational institutions. In these institutions, there are cases where children are injured and become victims of various types of criminal attacks. Fleeing from cruel treatment, about 50 thousand children leave their families every year, and up to 20 thousand leave orphanages and boarding schools. The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation provides for liability and punishment for the most aggravated forms of cruelty to children. The responsibility of parents for raising children is enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, in the Family Code, in the Law “On Education”, administrative and criminal legislation, and the regulations of the Commission on Minors’ Affairs.

For the first time, the Convention stipulates that children can turn to the guardianship and trusteeship authorities for protection if their parents abuse their rights. Parental rights cannot be exercised in conflict with the interests of children. Parents bear equal responsibility for upbringing even if the marriage is dissolved.

The court deals with issues of deprivation of parental rights. Parents are allowed to see their children if they do not have a harmful influence on them. According to Russian legislation, a child who is temporarily or permanently deprived of his family environment is placed under guardianship or trusteeship, for adoption, or placed in a boarding school. The number of such children increases every year. In many cases, the best form of alternative care for a child without parents is adoption. Adoption is decided by local governments. If the child has reached 10 years of age, his or her consent is required for adoption. Currently, special adoption centers and agencies are being created, and the number of adoptions abroad is increasing. The concept of “handicapped children” appeared - these are disabled children suffering from mental or physical illness. For such children, special correctional classes are created, which can be located at schools, kindergartens, and medical institutions. Children are sent there only with the consent of the parents based on the conclusion of psychological and pedagogical commissions. The presidential program “Children of Russia” has a subprogram “Disabled Children”, which provides for and guarantees the rights of disabled children to decent and full participation in society. Models of integrated education for children with developmental disabilities have been developed. Special orphanages have been created for mentally retarded children. In them, children are fully supported by the state; they undergo medical rehabilitation and, upon reaching 18 years of age, are sent to boarding homes for people with mental disorders.

Refugee children occupy a special place. The presidential program includes a subprogram “Children of Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons.” More than 25 million Russians live outside the Russian Federation, one third of them are minors. Currently, due to armed conflicts in Russia, there are more than 500 thousand refugees, of which more than 60 thousand are children. Every year, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation submit reports to the Government on the situation of children in the Russian Federation. The socio-economic situation in the country affects the situation of children - an issue also addressed in the report.

8. Development of a child in the first three years of life and care for him

The first period of a person’s life lasts 280 days or 10 lunar months of intrauterine development, when after fertilization the mother’s entire body is rebuilt. The most critical for the health of the unborn child are the first 3 months of pregnancy, when the formation of internal organs and systems occurs, and the effect of unfavorable factors during this period can lead to various congenital deformities and deviations of fetal tissues and organs from normal development. The fetus is nourished during this period by the placenta, which also performs hormonal and protective functions. Through the placenta, medications, alcohol, drugs, and, in the last month of pregnancy, microelements (such as iron) enter the fetal blood. If a baby is born prematurely, he or she may develop anemia (anemia) due to iron deficiency. Therefore, a pregnant woman’s nutrition should be coordinated with a health professional, especially in the second half of pregnancy, when dairy and plant foods should predominate: cottage cheese, eggs, a variety of vegetables, fruits. It is necessary to exclude from the diet foods that contribute to the development of allergies in the unborn child: extractives, spices, coffee, chocolate, nuts, citrus fruits, strawberries. In recent months, limit salt and liquid intake; Alcohol, nicotine, and drugs are especially unfavorable for fetal development.

During pregnancy, you need to keep your skin and mucous membranes clean, monitor the regular functioning of the gastrointestinal tract (take laxatives only as prescribed by a doctor), and get adequate sleep (8-9 hours at night and 1-1.5 hours during the day). A daily hygienic shower, washing the mammary glands with warm water, followed by rubbing with a hard massage towel is necessary. According to the doctor's indications, nipple massage and tanning baths with oak bark and potassium permanganate are carried out. Toilet the external genitalia with warm water and soap is mandatory. Sexual activity should be limited, especially in the first and last months of pregnancy, as this can lead to undesirable consequences. You should walk every day 2-3 times a day. Clothes should be loose, made of natural fabrics; from 6 months onwards it is useful to wear a bandage and low-heeled shoes.

This period is very important for expectant mothers. They must undergo psychoprophylactic preparation for childbirth and a school for future parents. The presence of the husband during childbirth is encouraged, as well as ensuring that mother and child remain together in the same room after childbirth.

If the family has poor living conditions and pregnancy is unwanted, this can become a risk factor for the mother’s health. When carrying out medical and social patronage of a pregnant woman, it is necessary to pay attention to the above and help free the pregnant woman from heavy physical labor and work in harmful conditions; It is necessary to encourage individual and home work, and carry out sanitary education work. The expectant mother must be surrounded by the care and attention of her husband, who must be involved in the birth of the child from the first days of pregnancy.

Baby care. At prenatal visits, future parents should familiarize themselves with basic tips for caring for a child and take care of a dowry for the newborn. Fabrics should only be cotton, retain heat, and be easy to wash and iron. Children's underwear must be boiled and washed with special baby powders and rinsed thoroughly, otherwise diaper dermatitis may develop. Store children's underwear separately from adults.

A set of linen for a newborn baby should include: 15 - 20 thin diapers, about 10 flannel ones, a pair of caps or scarves, 6 - 8 light ones, 5 - 6 flannel undershirts, 20 diapers (preferably made of gauze); a quilted or woolen blanket, 2 flannelette blankets, 2 duvet covers, one walking corner made of white fabric with lace. New linen must be washed and ironed.

The crib for a newborn should be in the brightest place, not in a draft or near a radiator. It needs to be washed periodically. It is recommended to purchase a mattress for the crib from hard horsehair. The head end of the mattress needs to be raised slightly. You should not put pillows or feather beds on your newborn.

The stroller should be comfortable, suitable for the season, and easy to open; it also needs to be periodically washed with a brush and soap, inside and out.

By the time the child is discharged from the maternity hospital, the apartment must be cleaned, vacuumed, and all corners and crevices wiped with a damp cloth. It is better to remove carpets from the room, wash the windows; curtains on the windows should be light. The room must have a thermometer (room temperature for a newborn is 20--22 ° C), it must be ventilated 4 times (in the summer the window must be constantly open). It is necessary to choose a place for changing a newborn.

A first aid kit for a newborn consists of sterile cotton wool, napkins, hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, 5% alcohol tincture of iodine.

Newborn care items consist of: a thermometer for measuring body temperature; thermometer for measuring the temperature of the bathtub; children's enema; oilcloths; baby soap; small scissors; pipettes; compress paper; sterile vegetable oil, covered with a lid; dishes for storing clean pacifiers and pacifiers; baby bottles for drinking and feeding; a baby bath, in which only the baby should be bathed; tank for soaking dirty diapers.

A newborn is a child in the first 3-4 weeks of life. A full-term newborn, according to WHO, is a child who has completed the full cycle of intrauterine development from 38 to 40 weeks, born at term, with all signs of maturity. With the first cry, the baby establishes its blood circulation and breathing. Gradually, over 5 days, the body is populated with microbes. The child begins to urinate; with the separation of original feces - meconium, intestinal function is established. Since the newborn’s internal organs and systems are functionally immature, respiratory arrest may occur; unstable body temperature, lack of immunity, weak intestinal function, a small amount of produced enzymes can lead to the accumulation of gases, bloating of the intestines, causing a lot of anxiety for the child. Bowel function is usually restored by 3 months of age.

A healthy full-term newborn is active, its weight ranges from 3.2 to 4 kg, height 50 - 56 cm, head circumference greater than chest circumference, irregularly shaped head, clenched fists, legs pulled towards the body and constantly moving. There is vellus hair on the head. The skin may be pink and clear, or it may be reddish, wrinkled, and flaky. Redness sometimes occurs in the folds of the skin. The subcutaneous fatty tissue is poorly developed, but evenly, the umbilical wound is under the crust, as it has not yet healed.

A body weight of less than 2500 g is typical for premature babies, more than 4000 g is typical for large babies.

Immediately after birth, the child loses 4 to 6% of its original body weight and begins to regain its weight by 6-8 days of life. The child may experience physiological jaundice, which disappears by the 7th-8th day of life. The umbilical cord usually falls off before the baby's 5th day of life.

The normal development of a child depends on his contact with his mother. After birth, the baby must be immediately placed on the mother's stomach. Hearing her heartbeat, feeling her smell, her voice, he calms down, being protected. The mother looks at the child and strokes him with her fingertips. Established psychosocial contact with the mother is necessary for the normal psychomotor development of the child.

Daily care for the newborn is carried out after a night's sleep, before the first morning feeding. It is necessary to prepare all the necessary, clean linen. The child is unwrapped, dirty linen is removed, washed under clean warm running water with hand movements from front to back, then the skin and folds are dried with a diaper.

Toilet of skin folds is carried out with a cotton swab with sterile vegetable oil. To do this, once every 10 days, vegetable oil is poured into a clean bottle, placed in a bowl of water so that the water is above the oil level and boiled for 10-15 minutes from the moment of boiling.

Every day 1-2 times a day, if there is no discharge from the umbilical wound, it should be cauterized with potassium permanganate or brilliant green. The eyes are treated with two cotton balls soaked in a furacillin solution or boiled water, from the outer edge to the inner. The nasal passages are treated with cotton wool with rotational movements. If there are crusts, they are removed with cotton wool soaked in warm Vaseline oil. Wash the face with a cotton swab moistened with boiled water. The ears are treated with two cotton buds once every 10 days. There may be a seborrheic crust on the scalp, which can be removed by carefully scratching and applying an oil compress an hour and a half before bathing the child.

The baby is bathed daily, usually before the nine-hour feeding. If the umbilical wound has not healed, you need to bathe in boiled water. The bath is first treated with soda, rinsed, and a flannel diaper is placed on the bottom. A solution of potassium permanganate is added to the water until it turns pink. The child is immersed in water up to his shoulders. You can * use baby soap twice a week. The water temperature should be 37 "C, the duration of the procedure is 10 minutes. The bathing ends by dousing the child's neck from a jug with water one degree lower.

The daily routine must be observed from the first days of a child’s life. Out of 24 hours, a newborn sleeps for 22 hours and is awake after feeding; leniya. The mother should talk to him, sing, bring him to the light, trying to attract attention. The baby sleeps after active wakefulness until the next feeding. A healthy child usually wakes up at the same hours. The baby is first applied to the breast 30 minutes - 1 hour after birth. At the first attachment, a health worker must be present to ensure that the child has taken the nipple correctly and to teach the mother how to express milk from the breast. The baby should be fed from one breast at each feeding. Before feeding, the mother should put on a scarf, a mask, and wash her breasts with soap and water. The first days the child is fed lying down, then sitting, placing a stool under his foot, while placing the child on a clean diaper. Feeding time -- 15 -- 20 min.

From the very first days of a child’s life, it is necessary to accustom him to feeding after a certain time. From birth to 1.5 - 2 months. the child is fed 7 times a day; from 1.5 --2 to 4.5 --5 months. -- 6 times every 3.5 hours; from 5 months up to 1 year - 5 times a day. A child, especially in the first months of life, receives the greatest benefit from breast milk. Warm, sterile breast milk contains proteins, fats, carbohydrates in the ratio and quantity that is best for digestion, as well as essential vitamins, mineral salts, and immune bodies. A nursing mother always has a greater status of respect from others, especially her husband. Recently, we have “moved away” from a strict feeding regime and, if the child is healthy and gaining weight well, you can switch to a free feeding regime, especially if the child behaves restlessly at night.

A newborn baby often spits up. For prevention, after feeding, you need to hold the baby upright in your arms so that he burps up the air that he swallowed during feeding. leniya. Then carefully place him in the crib, changing position alternately from one side to the other.

An indicator of the health of a newborn is considered to be sucking activity and weight gain, so the child must be weighed daily. To do this, you need to take scales from the children's clinic. Control feeding is done before and after breastfeeding. By the difference in mass, you can determine the amount of milk sucked. It is necessary to constantly monitor the baby's stool, appearance and behavior. Every day he should add 20 - 25 g, in the first month - 600 g, increase his height by 3 cm. Normal stools are yellowish in color, sourish in smell, homogeneous, 2-4 times a day.

To raise a healthy child, it is necessary to feed him properly. Nutrition determines the normal growth and development of a child, his resistance to the effects of adverse external factors. The most complete nutrition for an infant is breastfeeding. In 1999, the proportion of children under 3 months of age who were breastfed was 41.9% (1997 - 43.5%), under 6 months of age. -- 27.6% (1997 -- 32.3%). The decline in breastfeeding rates is also associated with the nutritional status of pregnant women. This type of feeding is called natural. From 5 months the first complementary food is introduced - vegetable puree: first from one type of vegetable (potatoes), gradually with age carrots, cabbage, zucchini and all the vegetables of the season are introduced. From 6 months a second cereal complementary food is introduced - rice, buckwheat, oatmeal porridge, you can give a mixture of different cereals. You can use imported dry milk porridges with fruits from Nestlé and Heinz. Add butter to vegetable purees and porridges, 2 g per dish (4 g/day). The third complementary food is introduced at 7.5 - 8 months. These are kefir, cow's milk or other fermented milk products.

Complementary feeding of a healthy child begins with small doses, gradually increases to normal over a week from a spoon before breastfeeding under the control of stool and general condition.

The child needs other food products: boiled yolk - from 6 months, cottage cheese - from 5-6 months, meat - from 7 months, meat puree - from 5 to 50 g - from 8 months. and up to 70 g - by the year, which is at 9 months. is replaced by meatballs, and from 10-11 months. - steam cutlet. In parallel with the meat puree and meatballs, meat broth is introduced. From 8 to 9 months, you can give sea fish instead of meat 1-2 times a week.

Juices are introduced from 4 months of life with 1/2 teaspoon, bringing to the required volume of 30 - 50 ml after meals. Sour and tart juices must be diluted with water. You should start giving juices from one type and only after 6-7 months. you can mix fruits. Up to 7 months Be careful with citrus fruits and strawberry juice. Fruit puree is recommended from 3.5 to 4 months. from 1/2 teaspoon, gradually increasing to 50 - 60 g.

Mixed feeding is prescribed if the mother has hypogalactia (little milk), which is confirmed by control feeding and low weight gain, anxiety of the child, and the amount of supplementary feeding is 1/5 of the daily volume.

When bottle-fed, the baby does not receive breast milk at all. In Russia as a whole, about 70% of children 1 year of age require artificial feeding, which makes it important to provide the child population with milk formula. Currently, the commodity resources of the domestic baby food market are formed mainly at the expense of Russian producers.

In 1999, the production of infant formula and canned fruits and vegetables increased, while the production of meat food products decreased.

In 1999, funding for the federal target program “Development of the Baby Food Industry” amounted to 3.4 million rubles or 36% of the state investment limit provided for.

As the main food product, the child receives adapted milk formulas that are as close as possible to human milk. Among domestic mixtures, we can recommend the adapted mixtures “Alesya”, “Nitrilak 1”, “Malyutka”, “Malysh”; from imported ones - "Semilak" (USA), "Nutrilon", "Frisolak - N" (Holland), "Ensolak - M" (France), etc. Complementary foods are introduced a month earlier.

The fight for natural feeding and the prevention of hypogalactia must be carried out during prenatal care in maternity hospitals and during the dynamic observation of a pediatrician when conducting patronage for a healthy child. Natural feeding occurs with proper rational nutrition of the pregnant, nursing mother, prenatal preparation of the nipples, psychosocial contact between mother and child, early breastfeeding, adequate sleep, and moral support from the family and husband.

Hypogalactia. Causes of hypogalactia:

constitutional characteristics of the mother;

social (unwanted child, student parents, minor mother, etc.); .

illness of the mother or child.

To enhance lactation, you need sufficient sleep with rest during the day, walks, a nutritious diet, a decoction of dill seeds, nettle leaves (1 tablespoon of herb per 1 glass of boiling water, 1 tablespoon 5-6 times a day). A shower massage procedure gives a good effect: after feeding, the mammary gland is washed with a shower at t = 45 ° C with simultaneous massage; can be replaced with a compress of terry cloth moistened with hot water.

Drug therapy: first complex - apilak 1 tablet 3 times a day under the tongue, under 30 years old - gendevit, over 30 - undevit 1 tablet 2 times a day, vitamin E 3 times a day, nicotinic acid in tablets; the second complex - brewer's yeast 60 g 3 times a day (dry - 1 tsp 3 times a day), vitamin B15, lipoic acid.

Physical development of the child. Over the course of 1 year of life, a child triples his weight and increases his height by 25 cm. So, at 1 year - the average weight of a child is 10 kg, height - 75 cm. For the first month, the child gains 600 g, for the second and third - 800 g, for the fourth - 750 g, for each subsequent month by 50 g less.

For the first 3 months. The child gains 3 cm in height over the next 3 months. -- 2.5 cm, from 7 to 9 months. -- 2 cm per month, from 10 to 12 months. -- 1 cm per month.

By 3-4 months. the head and chest circumference are compared and then the chest circumference becomes larger than the head circumference. Head circumference by 1 year is 46 cm.

Neuropsychic development (NPD). A child is born with unconditioned reflexes. During his life, he develops conditioned reflexes, in the acquisition of which education plays a role.

The scientific development program includes leading lines of development:

hearing analyzer;

movements;

Psychosocial development. By 2--3 months. can recognize complete sound synthesis of speech. You need to speak to your child kindly and calmly.

A newborn sees, but can coordinate a visual image only by 5 months. By 2 months the child smiles unconsciously. A conscious smile appears by 5-6 months.

By 7 months feelings of special attachment to one of the adults appear. You must talk to your child for 15 minutes. Anxiety and fear strengthens the emotional attachment to the one who brings reassurance.

In the first half of the year, the child receives maximum information from contact analyzers, in the second - through hearing and vision.

By 5 - 7 months. babble - repeated repetition of a sound signal. It is necessary to repeat after him, to assign meaning to the sounds.

By 9 months the child knows his name and responds to it. There are fears caused by strong and new stimuli. You cannot place a lot of toys near the child and change the environment.

From 7 months It is necessary to potty train your child.

Daily regime. This is the correct alternation of sleep, wakefulness, fixed hours of feeding, walking. A newborn baby sleeps 22 hours a day and is awake for 2 hours. A one-year-old child sleeps 8-10 hours at night and 2 daytime naps of 1.5 hours each. From 1.5 years old, the child sleeps once during the day for 1.5 hours. After feeding, the child should be actively awake. Active wakefulness causes natural fatigue, which ensures deep sleep. In the first year of life, there are 4 daily routines.

For the development of a child, special sets of toys are used:

from 1 to 3 months. -- rattles of different shapes and colors, “tumblers” (hanged over the baby’s chest);

from 3 to 6 months. - rattles with a handle, rubber toys that make a “tumbler” sound (hang and place at arm’s length for the child);

6 -- 9 months -- a variety of toys that help the general development of speech and movements (balls, buckets, sounding toys, rings, dolls, bears, etc.). You should not give your child toys that are small or have sharp corners;

from 9 to 12 months - various toys. When playing with a child, you need to name the toys.

Walking for a child is a matter of entertainment, learning about the world, establishing contacts with peers, and developing the child. In summer you need to walk in the shade as much as possible. In winter - 2 times a day. Children under 1 year old can walk at temperatures down to -10 °C. It is not recommended to pick up or feed your baby while walking. The child's face should be open.

For development, the child also needs massage, which should be aimed at improving statistical motor functions. Massage and exercise therapy in early and preschool age are also needed for the development of higher nervous activity (from contact skin irritants). Nerve impulses tone the central nervous system, so the skin turns red, lymph circulation improves, and tissues are freed from metabolic products. As a result, the tired muscle rests better than at rest.

...

Bibliographic link

Belyakova K.D. SOCIAL PROBLEMS OF FAMILIES AND WAYS TO SOLVING THEM // International school scientific bulletin. – 2016. – No. 4. – P. 51-53;
URL: http://school-herald.ru/ru/article/view?id=112 (access date: 03/20/2020).

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