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Independent production of stairs to the second floor from wood. How to make a staircase with your own hands How to make beautiful stairs with your own hands

Most private houses in our time have several floors. It is cheaper to build such a house, since you can get more living space with a smaller foundation. After all, it is the foundation that accounts for the main expenses during construction. Yes, and organizing a convenient layout of a two-story house is easier.

But the presence of more floors requires the construction of stairs, which often frightens those involved in the construction of their house or cottage. To them, such work seems to be something complicated, but in fact, everything is quite simple. A good staircase is easy to build with your own hands, just knowing a few features.

What is the staircase made of?

Stair elements

First you need, of course, to understand what it is, what are its main elements. The basic design here is so simple that the differences between different types are minimal.

First, everyone knows that it consists of steps. It is on them that the main burden falls. The steps do not hang in the air, they rely on one of two types of supporting structures - bowstrings or stringers.

Bowstrings are two thick boards in which special grooves are cut for steps and risers. Such grooves are made according to the template. The bowstrings are pulled together with strands of both metal and wood;
Unlike bowstrings, stringers are not straight boards, but have a sawtooth shape. Horizontal cuts are used as a support for the steps, and vertical cuts are used to fasten the risers. Another difference between the kosour and bowstrings is that during construction, you can use not two boards, but one. In the latter version, the steps rest on the walls.

Kosour marking scheme

Optional, but present almost everywhere, the element is the risers. Their main function is decorative. The risers make it possible to hide the interior space of the stairs.

Railings that increase the level of safety of use are also not required, but highly desirable. Sometimes stairs have elements such as a support step or special platforms.

What are stairs

In most modern houses, one of their three main types is made - marching, on the bolts, screw. At the same time, they choose based on aesthetic preferences, the availability of free space in the house, budget and other parameters.

Marching stairs

The most common marching stairs

The simplest and most common design is the marching staircase. Although, having such an important plus - ease of construction, it also has one important drawback - it takes up quite a lot of space. As a result, its construction may not be justified in a small house.

Depending on the number of storeys of the building, its size, stairs of this type are built single-flight, two-flight, three-flight, etc. Marches are called separate segments, which may consist of a different number of steps, but usually no more than fifteen. The optimal number is considered to be ten steps.

In addition, they are divided into open and closed. In most cases, owners make a choice based on aesthetic preferences, because the only difference between them is the presence or absence of risers. Open marching stairs are chosen by those who want a feeling of lightness in the interior.

They have a similar device. They also differ simply in what kind of support they use for them. They can rely on bowstrings, or they can rely on stringers. At the same time, there is no total preference for one type of support. It all depends on the wishes of the owner or location. For example, for a staircase against a wall, it is quite logical to use a stringer as a supporting beam.

To save space, they are often made with a turn. In this case, trapezoidal rotary steps, called winders, are used. The most common angles of rotation of mid-flight stairs are 90 degrees (quarter-turn stairs) and 180 degrees (half-turn stairs). They also come with a 360-degree rotation, but then they can also be attributed to screw ones.

Bolts stairs

Stairs on the rails have a modern, technological and light look.

With the growing popularity of high-tech or modern interiors, the popularity of stairs on the rails has increased. They really have a modern, technological and at the same time light look. They got their name from the German word "bolz", which means "bolt" in translation, this is the name of their main structural element - large hinged balusters.

The design feature here is the absence of a frame, which creates the feeling that it is floating in the air. Its role is assumed by the steps and the bolts, mounted to the handrails.

There are several types of designs of stairs on the rails. You can choose either one that involves only the use of balusters, or with one side resting on a wall, bowstring or stringer. Combinations are quite common. The choice depends only on the taste and planning features of the house.

In addition to aesthetics, they have one definite practical plus - high maintainability. Any element, from steps to railings, is very easy to dismantle.

Spiral stairs

Spiral staircases are popular in both modern and classic interiors.

Both in modern and classic interiors, spiral staircases are popular. They are valued primarily for the fact that they take up very little space (example in the photo). If you have a small house, then this is the choice for you. Their compact, space-saving proportions make efficient use of space. On the other hand, it was not without drawbacks - they are not wide and steep, and self-mounting, although not very difficult, requires more work than in the case of marching ones.

There are two main designs in use today:

The first of them involves the use of bent-glued handrails, on which the steps are attached. This design is quite complex, but it is also distinguished by its special beauty;
The second, the most common and classic, involves the use of a central support and curved handrails. Steps are attached both to the support and to the handrails. This design is simpler and does not have such strict requirements for the strength of materials as the first one.

The design of the spiral staircase can also provide for the support of the steps on the wall. In this case, special recesses are made in the wall, to which they are attached. It will not necessarily be circular, it may well be polygonal.

Make a ladder: Requirements

You need to design a staircase at the design stage of the whole house. In this case, you need to take into account a few simple conditions and requirements:

It is necessary to consider where it will be installed;
How many tenants and how often they will use it, and how old these people will be;
Will it be necessary to carry something very heavy along it;
It is required that the slope angle not only does not exceed 42 degrees, but is also constant along its entire length;
The minimum width should be 80 cm and not less;
Steps should be installed on the basis of a minimum design load of 200 kilograms per meter. cube;
The minimum design load for the railing is 100 kg per meter. cube;
Stair railings should not be too low. Their smallest height can be at least 80 cm;
Balusters should not be too rare, the clear distance between them should not exceed 15 cm.

Make a ladder: Calculations

Before making a staircase, it is necessary to correctly make calculations

Having taken into account all the above requirements and choosing the appropriate type of stairs, you can safely proceed with its construction with your own hands according to the drawing.

The success of independent construction depends on correctly made calculations. Calculating the design parameters of the stairs, you determine those dimensions that best contribute to ensuring convenient and safe movement. Moreover, convenience is supported by a certain ratio between the rise and advancement.

When designing, you need to remember that all steps of one march must have the same dimensions. At the same time, the sum of the double height of the riser and the step should not be less than the length of the average human step, which is 60–66 cm.

To achieve the greatest convenience, it is worth maintaining the difference between the width of the step and the height of the riser at the level of 12 cm, but the greatest safety is achieved when the sum of these parameters is not less than 46 cm.

When calculating the angle of inclination, it is taken into account that the distance from the plane of each step to the ceiling should not be less than two meters.

The optimal angle is considered to be in the range from 23 to 37 degrees.

Naturally, the larger it is, the less space the structure will take, but at an angle of more than 45 degrees, it will simply be inconvenient to climb along it.

In order to determine the total length of a simple flight of stairs, you can use the formula H2 + D2 = L2, where H is the sum of the distance from the floor of the first floor to the ceiling and the thickness of the interfloor ceiling, and D is the size of the projection onto the floor. In order to determine the size of the projection, you must first find out the number of steps required. To do this, divide H by the selected step height. After that, the resulting number of steps is multiplied by their selected width.

Make a ladder according to the instructions: a ladder with bowstrings

There are many types of stairs, now we will talk about the stairs on bowstrings.

Staircase to the second floor on bowstrings

How to make a string

It is necessary to start building a staircase on bowstrings from their manufacture. Why choose either a solid solid and fairly thick board or a durable glued laminated timber. The length of the boards is selected based on the length of the stairs or march. You also need to prepare the strands with which you fasten the beams so that they do not part in different directions during operation.

The markup is done even before the bowstrings are installed. This stage plays an important role, since its incorrect execution often leads to a banal distortion of the steps. In order for the cutouts of the grooves to be completely identical, located equidistant from each other, a self-made template is used when marking. A thin sheet of plywood is used as a template.

On the inside of the board, you need to draw a limiting line, stepping back 5 cm from the edge, otherwise the bowstring has a chance to turn into a kosour.

It is these lines that will act as the border of the steps. Then they take a template, apply and outline the places for future grooves, moving to the end. The location of the grooves on the beams of the bowstrings should be mirrored.

Mounting the bowstring

Mounting bowstrings does not require any special skills and a lot of time. The whole procedure consists in the fact that the bowstring is fastened with screws to the floor and the ceiling of the floors. Sometimes, if a very large load is expected, support beams are used. But such a design is rarely found in interiors, due to its bulkiness and lack of practical necessity.

Cutting elements

For cutting grooves, a conventional milling machine is used. This requires two or three approaches, no more. They almost always start with side cuts, after which they make additional ones that make work easier with a chisel. The optimal depth is 1.5–2 cm. At the end, the grooves are cleaned and the edges are smeared with glue before mounting the steps.

How to make steps and mount them

The manufacture of steps is one of the simplest procedures among all installation work. A dry board is taken. Its thickness should be at least 3.5 cm. The width must correspond to that which was chosen for the steps in the calculations. The board is cut based on the width of the stairs, including the railing. Grind after cutting. The procedure for making risers looks almost the same. Unless you can use a less thick board - up to 2 cm.

When assembling a flight of stairs, the steps are first of all attached, for which self-tapping screws are used. The best option is 6x90 self-tapping screws, of which there should be six pieces.

It is also possible to mount without the use of additional devices, but only with glue. But its strength depends on how tightly the step fits into the groove.

Sometimes the steps are attached to the bowstrings without using grooves. Then, surfs or bars are attached to the inside of the boards with the help of metal holders, on which the steps are placed. Risers can be attached to bowstrings with or without screws.

How to make railings and mount them

Railings can be either made independently or bought ready-made. Although they may differ from each other in appearance, they have the same design - the railing consists of handrails and balusters. Handrails are usually made from boards, and balusters are usually made from square bars. Moreover, the latter can be both very simple and carved.

The number of balusters should usually correspond to the number of steps. Two of them, installed at the beginning of the stairs and at its end, play the role of support. All the rest are decorative.

They also help the safe use of the design. Self-tapping screws act as fasteners, which can be hidden with a decorative plug. After fixing the balusters, handrails are attached to them. For this, self-tapping screws are also needed.

Staircase on stringers

Staircase to the second floor on stringers

The manufacture of a stringer is in many ways similar to the manufacture of bowstrings, although these two types of support structures use a slightly different principle for holding steps.

Using this technology, temporary, outdoor (street) home-made stairs are made in houses.

You need to choose a solid board of solid durable wood. The board must be dry.

After that, a marking template is made, similar to the one used to make the bowstring. The template imitating the protrusions must correspond to the calculated dimensions of the steps. This time you do not need to draw an indent line, since it will not be necessary to cut out the grooves.

For sawing out protrusions, it is most convenient to use an electric jigsaw. After they are sawn, they need to be sanded.

Self-manufacturing stairs at first glance may seem like a rather complicated task, requiring calculations, the right choice of material and certain skills. But this is only at first glance. It is enough to get acquainted with how everything is done to understand that there is nothing complicated here.

Making your home comfortable does not require too much time, or too much effort, or a significant financial outlay.

There are also types of stairs for limited space - folding, retractable, cabinet stairs. They are temporary and are made mainly of iron.

Video

Watch a YouTube video on how to make a ladder with your own hands.

When building a house with at least 2 floors, you definitely need to think about the stairs in it. And if the house will be built with your own hands, it is logical to do the stairs as well.

Various photos of stairs help to make a preliminary choice and clearly understand what type of lift you need. But before undertaking work, carefully calculate the future design for strength and dimensions, this will save time and money, because incorrect calculations (or lack thereof) will lead to numerous alterations of the original project.

Stair types

There are a large number of different options for flights of stairs. They differ in the material of manufacture (wood, concrete or metal), the type of rise (sloping stairs, spiral, with a turn by a certain degree).

The most common is a ladder made of wood. Also often construct a staircase with a turn of 90 degrees. It is not uncommon for these two types of lifting device to be combined into one.

In case of limited space, a spiral staircase is made of metal. The screw type of lifting allows you to save space, and the manufacture of metal - to increase the strength of the structure. Concrete is used for stairs in massive buildings (for example, mansions).

What to look out for

In a low-rise building, having no construction experience, it is better to order a modular staircase, a kind of designer, where all the details are sawn and numbered, and you just have to assemble them using the instructions. These are usually made of wooden stairs.

When building a staircase made of concrete, in addition to pouring the frame, you will need to perform an external finish (beautiful stone or wood materials). It's a double waste of time and money. However, for cottages of 3 or more floors, they are mandatory according to fire safety requirements.

When making a staircase for the first time, you do not need to aim at a complex structure right away. The simpler the model, the more likely it is that you will be able to successfully build this lifting device on the first attempt.

Pay attention to the angle of inclination of the stairs: if it is more than 45 degrees, the ladder will be considered attached, and you can only go down it backwards. The optimal angle of elevation is considered to be 37 degrees.

Wood as a material for construction is preferable, as it allows, thanks to its properties, to correct minor construction flaws that have arisen due to inaccurate calculations and inexperience of the contractor.

Also, after construction, the building may settle due to loose soil, as a result, the staircase can become several centimeters higher or lower than the floor, and it is easier to fix this in a wooden structure.

When constructing a lift with a turn towards it, the distance between the spans must be at least 100 mm.

Stages of construction

Answering the question of how to make a staircase to the second floor with your own hands, there are several stages of construction.

The first stage of any structure, whether it is a staircase to a house or an interfloor staircase, is the creation of a project. Particular attention should be paid to the safety of the building and its ease of use.

The structure must withstand the average weight of an ordinary person with a fair margin. Be sure to use railings!

If they are not available, another fence must be designed to ensure the safety of descent and ascent.

Consider creating a wooden staircase with stringers

After you have designed your building, you need to prepare the materials. In our case, choose boards of suitable thickness and length, prepare balusters with railings and prepare stringers. This will be the second stage of construction.

A pine board 4 cm thick is suitable as a material for stringers. On it, we mark the steps according to the pattern and cut them out with an electric jigsaw.

Note!

We use the resulting product as a model for the second (and if the width of the stairs is more than a meter, then the third) kosour. We cut the required number of steps in size.

The third step is to assemble all the parts together. First of all, the stringers are installed in their places of permanent placement. Then, with the help of self-tapping screws, the steps are attached to the stringers.

Then, using studs, they put balusters on the steps, and handrails are attached to them. The stairs are ready!

DIY staircase photo

Note!

If you have already built a two-story house or are the owner of a two-level apartment, then the topic of constructing a second floor staircase will be of interest to you.

In order to acquire a comfortable and high-quality ladder system, you have only three ways: buy a ready-made structure in a specialized store, order the necessary model from a carpenter, or make a ladder with your own hands.

For those who chose the third option, this article is devoted. In it you will learn a lot of useful information about the staircase design, as well as get acquainted with step-by-step detailed instructions for making stairs in photos and videos.

For owners of a two-level dwelling, the staircase of the second floor is a necessary attribute of the interior

What are the stairs - a little theory

Before you start building stairs with your own hands, you need to decide on the type of construction that will be most suitable for your home.

Types of stairs by design type

We will choose a system from three types:

Marching.
Screw.
Combined.

Let's take a look at each of them a little.

Marching

This type is the easiest to manufacture and therefore, if you decide to make a staircase with your own hands, then this option will be the most suitable for you.

Single-march designs, despite their apparent simplicity, can be beautiful and spectacular.

Marching stairs, in turn, are divided into types:

single-march;
two-march;
multi-march.

Both the first and second types are considered not difficult to manufacture and are in the greatest demand.

screw

Such stairs are a spiral going up to the second floor. This type saves a lot of room space, but it is labor-intensive in production.

The spiral staircase is original and beautiful, but it is better to entrust its production to professionals.

Combined

These systems combine the two previous types. Their manufacture is the most difficult and therefore not suitable for independent construction.

Combined systems are more complex in production and it will be quite difficult for a beginner to mount them.

We make a ladder with our own hands - instructions for making

First, we will determine the material of manufacture and prepare the tool necessary for the job.

Material selection

For the production of a ladder structure, you can choose:

wood;
a rock;
concrete;
metal;
plastic.

For the manufacture of stairs, you can use a variety of materials

The most suitable material for self-manufacturing stairs is, of course, natural wood. Its advantages are obvious:

environmental friendliness and safety;
non-toxicity;
ease of processing;
relatively economical price;
long service life.

Therefore, for the construction of our stairs, we will choose natural wood. It is best if it is pine wood - spruce, pine. You can also use ash, beech, maple, oak, birch and other species.

Natural wood is the best choice for making stairs with your own hands

So, we have decided on the type of construction being erected - this is a mid-flight staircase. They also chose the easiest to process and environmentally friendly material - natural wood. The next step is to prepare the necessary tool.

Cooking tool

To make a wooden staircase with your own hands, we need:

Measuring devices - tape measure, ruler, level.
Electric drill of manual type.
Hacksaw for woodworking.
Screwdriver.
A hammer.
Electroplaner.
Sandpaper.

The optimal set of necessary tools

Preparing the basic elements

Before installing the ladder system, it is necessary to prepare the following details:

Processed boards of the required dimensions (according to the drawing).
Bars for the production of steps.
Step boards.
Bowstrings or stringers (depending on the type of construction).
Railings, balusters, handrails - these parts can be bought ready-made.
Fasteners - screws, screws, bolts.

This figure shows in detail all the components of the structure.

The main stages of installation

In order to make a high-quality staircase with your own hands, use the following manufacturing instructions in photos and videos.

Stage 1. Schematic drawing

Let's draw a drawing on which we denote the main elements of the future design.

Stage 2. We perform the necessary calculations

Performing design calculations is probably the most exhausting process, but it still needs to be done. You can do this in a few steps:

determine the height of the structure - to calculate it, measure the distance from the floor plane of the first level to the floor of the 2nd floor. This will be the length of the march;
we determine the height of the steps - usually the most optimal height for a person of average height is 17 centimeters;
we calculate how many steps and risers are needed - for this, we divide the height of the stairs, which we have already measured, by the height of the steps (17 cm);

Before making a ladder, it must be calculated

step width - for convenience when walking, the smallest value of this parameter should be 22 cm, and the largest - 40 cm.

Stage 3. Making a kosour

We cut the beam prepared for this part to the desired size and cut out the notches of the desired size to install the steps.

Stage 4. Checking the kosour

To do this, we attach it to the place where the stairs will be located, if necessary, we make adjustments to the part.

This diagram shows detailed calculations of the kosour

Stage 5. We fasten the stringers

We attach the stringers and fasten them together to the upper beam using anchor bolts.

We securely fasten the stringers with anchor bolts

Stage 6. Installation of risers

Attaching the risers to the stringer is carried out using self-tapping screws.

Recently, the construction of a country house is very often not limited to one floor. In order to expand the space, a second one is being built or an attic room is being insulated and brought into a condition suitable for comfortable living. And this means that one cannot do without a staircase in the interior of the first floor.

Do-it-yourself stairs to the second floor can be assembled from a ready-made kit, which can be purchased from companies specialized in the development and manufacture of this interior functional element. In the proposed catalogs, you can choose a staircase that fits perfectly into the environment of both floors, and will be convenient and safe for all family members to climb and descend.

You can try and build a staircase yourself, but in this case it is necessary to produce it, since if the design is not well thought out, a familiar element of the house for everyone may well become a traumatic “simulator”.

In addition, you need to decide what role the staircase will play in the interior. It can be completely invisible, and not be a decorative decoration of the room, but it can become the center of the composition, around which the entire design of the room will be built.

Therefore, in order to choose a suitable instance, it is better though would schematically draw the stairs you want would see in your home, or you can find a ready-made version and adapt it for a particular room.

Before choosing a staircase model, you must definitely find out how it works and how to calculate its correct parameters.

The main components of the stairs

The design of the stairs has many components, some of them are mandatory, while others may not be included in the devices of some types of this structure.

So, a staircase cannot do without steps and supports that support them - these are the main elements of the simplest designs of interfloor stairs.

The step itself consists of two parts - vertical and horizontal. The first of them is called riser, and the second - tread. The riser is a support for tread, but sometimes they do without it.
Supports can be of two types:

- a bowstring is a beam that supports the steps from their ends;

- kosour - a beam supporting the steps from below.

The railing is also an important element of the stairs, although it is not present on all of its types. But if there are children or elderly people in the house, then you can’t do without them.
Balusters are vertically installed railing supports, which most often become not only a functional part of the stairs, but also its decorative decoration. This element can be made of different materials and have different shapes.

Since there are different types of stairs, each of them can have details that are necessary for a particular design.

Rack - this element is used for the device of a spiral staircase. Steps of a special shape are fixed to the rack with a certain step, which form a spiral rising from the first to the second floor.

Bolts are special bolts, which are also elements supporting the steps, they are mounted in the wall and directly on the steps themselves. They are not used for everyone, but only for certain types of stairs.

Types of stairs

Having learned what elements the stairs consist of, you need to understand in more detail how each of the types of these structures looks like, established between floors.

marching stairs

This type of staircase is popular for any type of private home. It consists of one or more straight marches, equipped with evenly spaced steps. It is convenient to go down and up on it, but the disadvantage of this model is that it requires a lot of space in the room.

The most common - mid-flight stairs

If the staircase consists of several flights, then each of them must have at least 3 ÷ 4 and no more than 15 steps. Failure to comply with this standard may result in uncomfortable stair climbing. Usually the number of steps in each march is 8 ÷ 11 pieces, and special platforms are installed between the marches. Their sizes are multiples of the average stride length.

Marching stairs can be closed and open. The first of them have risers in the design of the steps, and the second ones are arranged without them. The open version is convenient in cases where the steps are not wide enough.
Mid-flight stairs may have steps attached to stringers or bowstrings. For these parts, boards are selected that have a thickness of at least 45 ÷ 50, and better - even 60 ÷ 70 mm.
If a straight staircase without turns has more than 8-9 steps, then for strength it is also recommended to divide it with a platform.
In the case when the staircase is built with a slight turn, it is called a turning one, and sometimes steps are arranged on this site instead of a platform, which are called winders.

Winder steps quarter turn stairs

In addition to the above types, mid-flight stairs can be:

— quarter-turn- the angle of which when turning is 90 degrees, and they are arranged mainly at the junction of two walls;

- half-turn - their rotation has an angle of 180 degrees;

- circular models - marches consistently form a 360-degree turn.

The design of the stairs on the bolts

The name of these ladders on the bolts comes from the German word "volzen", which means a bolt. Thus, it is a bolted ladder. In fact, it is a fastener in the form of a pin having threads at its ends. With the help of their steps and fences are fastened together and mounted in the wall. Thanks to these devices, the design looks light and airy. Contributes to this and the absence of risers.

In addition, such a model can be stretched on a certain section of the wall, or it can look quite compact. Despite the seeming lightness, the design is reliable and durable, it is able to withstand hundreds of kilograms, so the ladders on the rails are becoming more and more popular.

Despite the “airy” look, the ladder on the rails is very reliable.

Naturally, such a structure cannot be located in the middle of the room, since it must be attached to the wall, the main condition for installation is its strength of the material from which it is built.

It is quite difficult to calculate the ladder on the rails on your own, but it can be purchased as a set or you can order professionals to make it with reference to specific home conditions.

Video: installation of a wooden staircase on the rails

The installation of this design is quite complicated, and it is better to entrust it to qualified craftsmen who will be able to evaluate the possibility of its installation. Therefore, before purchasing a kit, it is best to first consult with specialists.

Spiral interfloor staircase

This design is more difficult to install, but has the advantage of being the smallest of all available options, making it ideal for small spaces. In addition, such a staircase can be installed in any convenient place in the room and, if desired, make it the center of the interior composition, since the design has a fairly aesthetic appearance.

Spiral staircase - saves space, but not always convenient for carrying bulky items

There can be different types, but for a two-story house, a model consisting of their racks and wedge-shaped steps is best suited. For the rack, choose a metal pipe or a wooden support.

The rack itself is fixed to the floor of the first floor and in the interfloor or attic floor.
Steps are fixed on it with a narrow side and rotated so that the overall design resembles a spiral.
Balusters are installed on the wide side of the steps, the upper part of which is fixed in the handrail, repeating the spiral direction of the entire structure.

Video: installation of a spiral staircase

Inconvenient in such a model is the fact that it will be difficult to lift or lower down some massive piece of furniture. In addition, when choosing such a model for installation, you need to know that the smaller the opening in the interfloor for it, the steeper and more inconvenient the staircase will be.

It is not difficult to calculate the screw structure. To do this, the area in the room where it will be installed is determined, its center is calculated - this will be the installation site of the rack. Further, the distance from the rack to the border is measured - this will be the span width, i.e. step length.

For comfortable walking on such a ladder, the size of the middle of the step should be at least 200 mm, and the widest part should be no more than 400 ÷ 420 mm.

It is quite possible to make and assemble such a structure on your own, if you have skills in working with wood, and the ability to calculate the load on the selected material. However, if you are not confident in your abilities, then it is better to entrust the work to a specialist, since an improperly arranged structure is very traumatic.

Requirements for the design of stairs

Before starting work, you need to find out the requirements for the design of the stairs.

Safety is perhaps the most important condition. In order for it to be fully implemented, it is very important to accurately calculate all the parameters:

- the slope angle, the width and height of the steps, the method of fastening the first and last of them are calculated;

- if the staircase is not located between two walls, the fence must be installed, and its height must be at least 800 ÷ 850 mm;

- if there are small children in the house, the balusters supporting the handrail of the fence should not be located further from each other than 100 ÷ 120 mm;

- the width of the steps should be 200 ÷ 300 mm;

- the staircase must withstand sufficiently large loads - for residential buildings they are 300 ÷ 350 kg / m²;

- it is impossible for the steps to be slippery - the texture of their outer coating is necessarily thought out;

- the entire structure must be securely and rigidly fixed between floors;

- it is undesirable to install the structure at an elevation angle of more than 45 degrees;

- the width of the spans cannot be made less than 850 mm, the best option is 1000 ÷ 1200 mm;

- the ladder will be less traumatic if it is divided into two or three parts by platforms;

- fasteners for structural elements must be made of high-quality material, so they cannot be saved on;

- if wooden parts are processed independently, then you need to bring them to perfect evenness and compliance with the dimensions established by the drawing or patterns.

Video: errors in the design and construction of stairs

Calculation of the parameters of the stairs and the manufacture of parts

Since for self-production and installation, a marching structure with steps laid on a stringer is the most affordable, as well as convenient and safe to use, it is worth considering it.

The first thing to do is to calculate the location, number and size of steps, as well as the width of the flight of stairs.

Calculation of the parameters of the stairs

Calculation of the design of the mid-flight stairs is as follows:

The height of the room and the length of the entire or part of the wall are taken as a basis - the place that is reserved for the installation of the stairs. Having reduced these values on a scale, a right-angled triangle is drawn, in which the staircase itself will be the hypotenuse, and the legs will be the height of the rise and the floor.

An angle of 45 degrees is considered ideal for installing stairs, but it can be changed, depending on the desire of the owner of the house and on the area of \u200b\u200bthe room.

The comfortable width of the step should be at least 200 mm, so the leg of the floor, based on its natural length, is divided by this value. The resulting number of steps is marked on the drawing.
The height of the risers, convenient for movement, should not exceed 100 ÷ 120 mm. To calculate them, you need to divide the height of the total rise by the selected height of the risers and also transfer it to the drawing.
Thus, it is possible to calculate the dimensions of the stringer for laying steps.
The width of the stairs will depend on the preferences of the tenants and the size of the room.

Video: an example of the calculation of a marching interfloor staircase

Manufacture of staircase parts

In order to properly manufacture parts, you need to accurately transfer the dimensions from the drawing made to the material, and select high-quality, well-dried wood.

The most difficult thing is to cut the stringers perfectly evenly, since the reliability and strength, as well as the aesthetics of the design, will depend on this. For these load-bearing elements, a board is selected whole without cracks and numerous large knots, with a thickness of at least 45 ÷ 50 mm.
The tread sheets can have a width of 1.5-2 cm more than the space provided for them on the stringers, plus the thickness of the risers. Steps should be perfectly even with rounded neat edges, and this is also very important to consider. For them, a board with a thickness of 30 ÷ 35 mm is selected.
If it was planned to make the staircase closed, with risers, then they must also be done carefully. For these elements, it is not necessary to take a board of great thickness, since basically the entire load will fall on the stringers, and the risers will play a supporting role. A thickness of 15 ÷ 20 mm is sufficient.

Balusters and handrails would be better to purchase ready-made, along with fasteners. If there are children in the house, then, for safety reasons, two balusters should be installed on each step. In the case when the children have already grown up, then one element supporting the handrail is enough.

Prices for various types of staircase elements

Stair elements

Ladder installation

The installation of the stairs is the most crucial moment after the manufacture of all structural elements, and it must be approached with maximum responsibility.

The stringers are installed first according to pre-set marks. On the floor, they are fixed to a support beam fixed in the right place, and in the upper part they are installed in cut gaps in the floor beam. Sometimes, to fix the upper part of the stringers, metal supports are used, mounted on a beam covering the ceiling. Anchor bolts act as fasteners for these load-bearing elements.

In order for the parts to be installed perfectly evenly, they are constantly calibrated during the installation process according to the plumb line and building level.

If risers are provided, then they are screwed before laying the canvas of the steps.
Then, on top of the stringers and risers, the tread panels are fixed with self-tapping screws.

The fastening of the risers and steps takes place in the complex, and goes down up.

Then, when the steps are ready, you can proceed to the installation of balusters.

On both sides, that is, on the floor of the first floor and at the top of the stairs, support posts are installed, which will become the boundary for the overall design of the handrail (railing). They will also play both a supporting and decorative role.

Balusters can be of different sizes, and made of different materials, so they can be attached in different ways. Some of them are simply installed in drilled holes in the steps and handrails, others are screwed with self-tapping screws, and the attachment points are closed with decorative plugs.

, they are covered from above with handrails, which are fixed on the supporting extreme posts. If necessary, another support post can be installed in the middle of the ladder.
If three or even four racks are installed, then instead of balusters, two or three even boards (slats) fixed parallel to the course of the stairs can serve as a reliable fence.
When the entire structure is assembled, you can proceed to surface treatment with a grinder and sandpaper. Preparation is carried out before applying protective and decorative paint coatings.
The first layer that is applied to the tree is antiseptic compounds. They will protect the wood from rotting, mold or fungus, from domestic insects. After this, the structures are allowed to dry completely.

Further, the staircase can be varnished in several layers (preferably water-based) with hot wax or paint.
If you need to darken the wood, it is pre-coated with stain or other tinting compounds, and then, after drying, a varnish coating is applied on top of them.

After the paintwork has dried, the staircase will be ready for use.

Photo instruction for creating a ladder made of wood

Step 1 - drawing of the future design

Video: another interesting option for mounting stairs to the second floor

If you need to install in the house, you need to carefully calculate each step of your work and approach it with all responsibility and accuracy.

Today, the construction of a private house is not limited to one floor, so it is necessary to make a staircase to the second floor in order to be able to get convenient access. It is quite possible to build a staircase from various materials on your own, the most important thing is to carefully carry out all the required calculations, since otherwise this design can become dangerous and unreliable.

The construction of an internal staircase in a private country house is a rather difficult process, but quite doable.

When building stairs, you must:

Take into account the interior of the house;
Make all required calculations;
Choose a design that will fit in all respects.

To easily choose the most acceptable option, you should first schematically draw a staircase that should be in the house or find a ready-made version that is most suitable for all requests and already adapted to your needs. Before choosing a staircase model for a private house, it is important to correctly calculate all available design parameters. Many people wonder what is the best ladder to make.

Most often in a residential building stairs are made of materials such as:

Wood;
Concrete;
Metal.

According to its configuration, the staircase can be straight, spiral or rotary. In addition, there are also combined options. Concrete products are considered the most durable and durable, however, it takes quite a lot of time to prepare a solid foundation and manufacture a structure. A metal structure can be made quite simply, you only need to know the rules for working with welding, and a wooden staircase can be made very easily by yourself, the most important thing is to read the step-by-step instructions for its manufacture.

The easiest way to make a straight flight staircase, as it has a small amount of detail and takes up very little space. Screw structures are characterized by the fact that they need a small area, they look very elegant, however, they are not always easy to use.

A staircase of several spans is considered a rather complex structure, which is problematic to build. This design is perfect for a house where there is a significant distance between floors.

Instructions for making a simple wooden staircase

The simplest device is considered to be a simple single-flight staircase.

It consists of:

Kosourov;
railing;
Tread;
Riser.

To calculate the height, you need to take the distance between the floors and add the thickness of the floors. In order to quickly calculate what the length of the span and base should be, it is initially worth deciding on the parameters of the steps. If small children live in the house, the optimal step height will be 15 centimeters, and in all other cases it should be equal to 20 centimeters. It is not worth making the risers higher, as the rise will be less comfortable.

The optimal width of the steps should be 20-30 centimeters, since if they are wider, the whole structure will take up much more space, which may not be very convenient.

There is a step-by-step instruction for the manufacture of stairs, which must be followed, as this will allow you to perform a fairly high-quality and durable construction. For the manufacture of stairs, it is necessary to select durable and strong wood, since all elements of the stairs must withstand not only the total weight of the structure, but also people. It is necessary to cut out a template from durable cardboard that will meet all the parameters of the future staircase, and then use this template to make wooden elements for the stairs. Then it is necessary to collect all the elements of the stairs and treat them with antiseptic solutions, cover them with paint or varnish.

How to make a staircase quickly and easily out of concrete

If the house has concrete floors on the second floor, then you can equip a simple concrete staircase that will be durable and, if properly processed, will look very beautiful. You can make a completely concrete staircase in the house, or pour only the kosour with concrete, and make everything else from other materials.

For the production of such a ladder you will need:

Waterproof plywood;
Durable beam;
fittings;
self-tapping screws;
Concrete solution.

The construction of a concrete staircase requires special attention, so everything must be carefully calculated, since the foundation must be very strong. You need to start with the assembly of the formwork, which must be done according to all the available drawings and taking into account that there should be absolutely no gaps.

The finished formwork must be placed between floors and secured with wooden beams. After that, it is necessary to lay reinforcement inside the frame and pour the prepared base with concrete mortar.

It is necessary to fill the frame with mortar immediately, otherwise the solidity of the finished structure may be violated. When the concrete hardens well enough, the formwork can be removed and the steps periodically watered to avoid cracking the concrete. The design must dry thoroughly and then you can proceed to finish the stairs. You can decorate the finished structure with a variety of materials, in particular, you can use wood, stone, tile and many other materials.

Quick and easy: building a staircase in a private country house made of metal

Home-made ones look quite interesting and original, however, for their manufacture it is necessary to make a little effort and take into account all the features of working with this material. To put a ladder made of metal, you must first prepare some materials and tools.

In particular:

Steel channel;
metal corners;
Welding machine;
Sheet metal;
File.

Forged stairs have excellent aesthetic and operational properties. Read more about forged stairs in the material on our website:.

It is necessary to start building a staircase with the fact that the channel is cut into pieces and a frame is assembled from them. Weld the corners to the side faces of the frame at regular intervals, which will be equal to the height of the steps. All corners must be strictly parallel to one another. The upper ends of the frame are firmly fixed and attached to the ceiling of the upper floor, and the lower ends are fixed to the floor. Then the steps made of sheet iron are welded, as well as the railing. At the final stage, the finished structure is treated with special anti-corrosion mixtures. In order not to redo the structure, it is necessary to carry out all stages consistently and strictly observe all the rules for its construction.

Tips on how to make the stairs yourself in a private country house: building a screw type

The spiral staircase looks quite interesting and original, which takes up very little free space. This is a compact design that can be placed even in a small area. The spiral staircase can go from the ground floor or from the garage, which is very convenient. The most famous and common method of mounting spiral staircases is step-by-step stringing steps onto a central base. Steps can be triangular or trapezoidal.

To build a spiral staircase you need to take:

steel pipe;
Wooden slats;
Welding machine;
Corners for steps;
File;
Primer.

The pipe will act as a central post, so its length must fully correspond to the available distance between the floors. For greater stability, it is necessary to concrete the pipe near the base. For the manufacture of steps, it is necessary to use templates made of wooden slats. They must be glued in such a way that they form steps with the specified parameters. Each step must be attached to its own pre-prepared cylinder, carefully sanded, primed and painted.

If necessary, and for greater convenience, the spiral staircase can be converted to a straight structure. Before mounting the permanent staircase, a temporary structure is installed.

What types of construction can be

If you firmly decided, we make a staircase in a private country house, it is worth initially determining what design should be.

In particular, it is quite possible to distinguish such types of structures as:

On stringers;
On the pains;
Screw.

The most popular are the stairs on the kosoura, as they are suitable for rooms of various sizes and stylistic solutions. Such a device is very durable and guarantees safety during its operation. Many people prefer to make a staircase on the bolts, the peculiarity of which is that all structural elements are fastened together with the help of special bolts and pins. If necessary, you can very easily repair it and completely disassemble it.

Do-it-yourself staircase to the second floor (video)

It is quite possible to make a staircase in a private country house on your own, the most important thing is to clearly follow all the rules and requirements.