Simple verbal predicate: examples of sentences. Compound verb predicate
Compound predicates- these are predicates in which the lexical meaning and grammatical meaning (time and mood) are expressed in different words. The lexical meaning is expressed in the main part, and the grammatical meaning (time and mood) in the auxiliary part.
Wed: He sang(PGS). - He started to sing(GHS); He was sick for two months(PGS). - He was sick for two months(SIS).
Compound Verbal Predicate (CGS) consists of two parts:
a) auxiliary part(verb in conjugated form) expresses grammatical meaning (time and mood);
b) main part(indefinite form of the verb - infinitive) expresses lexical meaning.
GHS = auxiliary verb + infinitive
For example: I started to sing; I want to sing; I'm afraid to sing.
However, not every combination of a conjugated verb with an infinitive is a compound verbal predicate! In order for such a combination to be a compound verbal predicate, two conditions must be met:
- The auxiliary verb must be lexically ambiguous, that is, it alone (without the infinitive) is not enough to understand what the sentence is about.
1. Wed: I started- what to do?; I want- what to do?. If in the combination “verb + infinitive” the verb is significant, then it alone is a simple verbal predicate, and the infinitive is a secondary member of the sentence.
Wed: She issat down(for what purpose?) relax.
2. The action of the infinitive must refer to the subject (this is the subject infinitive). If the action of the infinitive refers to another member of the sentence (objective infinitive), then the infinitive is not part of the predicate, but is a minor member.
Wed:
1.
II want to sing.
I want to sing- compound verb predicate (I want - I, sing I will- I).
2.
Irequestedsing her.Requested- simple verbal predicate sing- addition (I asked, she will sing).
Compound nominal predicate. The concept of the verb copula; types of verb connectives in Russian. The nominal part of the compound predicate and ways of its expression.
A compound nominal predicate (CIS) consists of two parts:
a) the auxiliary part - the link (the verb in conjugated form) expresses the grammatical meaning (time and mood);
b) the main part - the nominal part (name, adverb) expresses lexical meaning.
SIS \u003d link + nominal part
For example: He was a doctor; He became a doctor; He was sick; He was sick; He was wounded; He came first.
Linking verb types:
1. Grammatical link - expresses only grammatical meaning (time, mood), has no lexical meaning. Verbs to be, to be. In the present tense, the connective to be is usually in the zero form ("zero connective"): the absence of a connective indicates the present tense of the indicative mood. He was a doctor .
He will be a doctor .
He doctor . He was sick .
He will be sick .
He sick .
He is sick .
Lyrics there is the highest manifestation art. 2. Semi-significant copula - not only expresses the grammatical meaning, but also introduces additional shades into the lexical meaning of the predicate, but cannot be an independent predicate (in that meaning). a) occurrence or development of a trait: become, become, become, become;
b) preservation of the feature: stay;
c) manifestation, detection of a sign: to be, to be;
d) evaluation of the feature in terms of reality: to appear, to appear, to appear, to be considered;
e) the name of the feature: to be called, to be called, to be called. He became ill .
He stayed sick .
He been sick every autumn. He turned out to be sick .
He considered sick .
He seemed sick .
He is sick .
He reputed to be sick .
Them called sick .
3. Significant link - a verb with a full lexical meaning (one can act as a predicate). a) Verbs of position in space: sit, lie down, stand;
b) verbs of motion: go, come, return, roam;
c) state verbs: live, work, be born, die. She is sat tired .
He left angry .
He returned upset .
He lived as a hermit .
He born happy .
He died a hero .
Verb be can act as an independent simple verbal predicate in sentences with the meaning of being or having:
Him It was three sons; Him It was much money.
Verbs become, become, become etc. can also be independent simple verbal predicates, but in a different meaning:
He turned out to be downtown; He became near the wall.
The most difficult to analyze are compound nominal predicates with a significant copula, because usually such verbs are independent predicates (cf.: He sat near the window). If the verb becomes a link, then its meaning is less important than the meaning of the name associated with the verb ( He sat tired; more important is that he was tired, not that is he sitting, not stood or lay).
For the combination "significant verb + name" to be a compound nominal predicate, the following conditions must be met:
1. a significant verb can be replaced by a grammatical connective to be:
He sitting tired - He was tired ; He born happy - He was happy ; He came first - He was the first ;
2. the link can be made zero:
He sitting tired - He tired ; He born happy - He happy ; He came first - He first .
If the verb has dependent forms of the full adjective, participle, ordinal number (answers the question which?), then it is always a compound nominal predicate ( sat tired, left upset, came first). The parts of such a compound nominal predicate are not separated by commas!
Ways of expressing the nominal part: 1. Noun: Noun in the nominative or instrumental case ( He is mine brother .
He was mine brother .);
A noun in the indirect case with or without a preposition ( Navigator was in oblivion .
I penniless .
This house - Meshkov .);
A whole phrase with the main word - a noun in the genitive case (with the meaning of a qualitative assessment) ( son-in-law was a silent breed .
This girl tall .)
2. Adjective: Short adjective ( He oars .
He became cheerful .);
Full adjective in the nominative or instrumental case( He cheerful .
He became cheerful .);
Comparative or superlative adjective Here the sound of music were more audible .
You the best .)3.
Participle: Short participle ( He injured .
glass were broken .);
Full participles in the nominative or instrumental case( glass were broken .
glass were broken .);
Pronoun or whole phrase with the main word pronoun( All fish- your .
This is something new .);
Numerals in the nominative or instrumental case( Their hut - third on the edge.
Their hut was the third on the edge.); Adverb( I was alert .
His daughter married for my brother).
One-part sentences as a special type of simple sentence. The main member of the single etc. Classification of one-state. e.g.: definitely-personal, indefinitely-personal, generalized-personal, impersonal, infinitive, nominative.
One-part sentences are those sentences that have one grammatical composition. Predicativity in one-part sentences is expressed in one main member, which is its only organizing center. This main member not only names a certain object, phenomenon or action, but also expresses an attitude towards reality. The second composition in such sentences either cannot be at all, or formally it could be, but its absence does not create incompleteness, but is a structural feature of these sentences. Wed: Students bent over notebooks: they are writing a test paper. - The newspapers write about the new successes of athletes. In the first case, the sentence Write a test paper is incomplete, the subject is omitted, but is easily restored from the context; in the second there is no subject, it is not restored, but its absence does not create an incomplete sentence, since it is not the source of the message that is important, but the message itself. In the sentence I am writing you a letter, the subject could formally be (I am writing you a letter), but since the meaning of the 1st person singular is contained in the very form of the predicate I am writing, the “omission” of the subject in this case cannot be considered a sign of incompleteness of the sentence. In the sentence I can't sleep, there can be no grammatical subject at all, since the person experiencing this state is indicated by the dative case and the predicate form does not allow the nominative case.
One-part sentences include definite-personal, indefinitely-personal, generalized-personal, impersonal, infinitive and nominative sentences.
One-part sentences can be common and non-common, depending on whether the main member is explained with additional words or not. Definitely personal suggestions
Definitely-personal sentences are called, the main member of which is expressed in the form of the verb of the first or second person of the present and future tense. The verb in this case does not need a pronoun, since its form contains an indication of a well-defined person. A verb in a definite-personal sentence can be in the form of both indicative and imperative.
For example: Excited by dreams, through the fields, through the meadows lined with stacks, I wander thoughtfully in the cool semi-darkness (N.); Be silent, please, don’t you dare wake me up (Tyutch.) Indefinitely personal sentences are called such one-part sentences in which the main member is expressed by a verb in the form of the 3rd person plural of the present and future tense or in the form of the plural of the past tense and denotes an action, done by the indeterminate, i.e. unidentified persons.
For example: The next day, very tasty pies, crayfish and lamb cutlets were served for breakfast; Generalized personal sentences
Generalized-personal are called one-part sentences, the main member of which is expressed by the verb of the 2nd person singular (present and future tense), and the action denoted by the verb in such sentences equally applies to any person, i.e. the subject of action is conceived in a generalized way.
The main purpose of generalized personal sentences is a figurative expression of general judgments, large generalizations, which is why they are so widely represented in folk proverbs: You cannot throw out a word from a song; With whom you will lead, from that you will type; What goes around comes around; You can’t even take a fish out of the pond without labor; What is written with a pen cannot be cut down with an ax; Do you like to ride - love to carry sleds; Murder will out; Say the word - do not turn back.
Predicate- the main member of a two-part sentence, denoting the action or sign of what is expressed by the subject.
Predicate has a lexical meaning (names what is reported about the realia named in the subject) and grammatical meaning (characterizes the statement from the point of view of reality or irreality and the correlation of the statement with the moment of speech, which is expressed by the forms of the mood of the verb, and in the indicative mood - and time).
There are three main types of predicates: simple verb, compound verb and compound nominal .
Simple verbal predicate, ways of expressing it
Simple verb predicate(PGS) can be expressed one word and ambiguously
.
PGS- one word :
1) a verb in conjugated form, that is, the form of one of the moods; in these cases, the predicate agrees with the subject: He read / reads / will read / would read / let him read / this book.
2) verbal interjection or infinitive; there is no agreement between the predicate and the subject: And the hat bam right on the floor. As the music starts, the boy will immediately dance.
PGS- phrase :
1. PGS - phraseologically free , but syntactically related phrase - may have the following structure and typical meaning:
1) repetition of the verb form to indicate the duration of the action:
I go, I go, but the forest is still far away.
2) repetition of the verb form with a particle so to indicate an intense or fully implemented action:
That's what he said.
3) repetition of the same verb in different forms or single-root verbs to enhance the meaning of the predicate:
He does not sleep himself and does not let others.
I can't wait for spring.
4) a semantic verb with an auxiliary verb form that has lost or weakened its lexical meaning and introduces additional semantic shades into the sentence:
And he take it and say / know yourself sings.
5) two verbs in the same grammatical form to denote an action and its purpose:
I'll go for a walk in the garden.
6) a verb with a particle was, introducing the meaning of a failed action:
I was going to the cinema, but didn't go.
7) design with the value of the intensity of action:
All he does is sleep.
2. PGS- phraseological unit denotes a single action, inseparable in meaning into an action and its material object, in most cases this phraseological unit can be replaced by one verb: take part, come to your senses, fall into a rage, sound the alarm, have the opportunity, have the intention, have the habit, have the honor, have the right; to express a desire, to burn with desire, to acquire a habit, to consider oneself entitled, to consider it necessary etc.:
He attended the conference(=participated).
Compound verb predicate(GHS) has the following structure:
pre-infinitive part + infinitive.
Infinitive expresses the main lexical meaning of the predicate - calls the action.
Pre-infinitive part expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, as well as an additional characteristic of the action - an indication of its beginning, middle or end (phase meaning) or possibility, desirability, degree of commonness and other characteristics that describe the attitude of the subject of the action to this action (modal meaning).
Phase value expressed by verbs become, start (start), accept (accept), continue (continue), stop (stop), stop (stop) and some others (most often these are synonyms for the above words, characteristic of the colloquial style of speech):
I started/continued/finished reading this book.
modal value can be expressed
1) verbs to be able, able, want, wish, try, intend, dare, refuse, think, prefer, get used to, love, hate, beware, etc.
2) a linking verb to be (in the present tense in zero form) + short adjectives glad, ready, obliged, must, intends, capable, as well as adverbs and nouns with a modal meaning:
I was ready / willing / able to wait.
Both in the pre-infinitive part and in the position of the infinitive, a phraseological unit can be used:
He is eager to participate in the conference(= wants to participate)
He wants to attend the conference(= wants to participate).
He lit with eagerness to take part in conference(= wants to participate).
The complication of CGS occurs due to the additional use of a modal or phase verb in its composition:
I started to want to eat.
I felt that soon I could start to want to eat.
A special type of GHS is presented in sentences, the main members of which are expressed by verbs in an indefinite form: to be afraid of wolves - do not go into the forest. The auxiliary part of such predicates is not typical for compound verbs: it is represented by the linking verb to be, which occurs in compound nominal predicates. In addition to being, the auxiliary part can also be represented by the verb mean, for example:
Not to come means to offend.
The predicates expressed are not compound verbal predicates:
1) the compound form of the future tense of the imperfective verb in the indicative mood: I will work tomorrow;
2) a combination of a simple verbal predicate with an infinitive that occupies the position of an object in the sentence in the case of different subjects of action in the conjugated form of the verb and the infinitive: Everyone asked her.underline ( border-bottom: 1px dashed blue; ) to sing (everyone asked, but she should sing);
3) a combination of a simple verbal predicate with an infinitive, which in a sentence is a circumstance of the goal: He went outside for a walk.
It is easy to see that in all these cases the conjugated form of the verb before the infinitive has neither phase nor modal meaning.
Compound nominal predicate
Compound nominal predicate(SIS) has the following structure:
nominal part (bundle) + nominal part.
Nominal part expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate.
Indicative part expresses the grammatical or grammatical and part of the lexical meaning of the predicate.
Indicative part
it happens:
1) abstract: the verb to be (in the meaning of "to appear", and not "to be" or "to be"), which expresses only the grammatical meaning of the predicate - mood, tense, person / gender, number; in the present tense, the abstract connective appears in the zero form: He is a student / was a student.
2) semi-significant (semi-abstract): verbs to appear (appear), be, appear (appear), present (appear), become (become), become (become), stay (remain), be considered, etc., which express the grammatical meaning of the predicate and complement the meaning expressed by the nominal part; these verbs are usually not used without a nominal part.
For example: He turned out to be a student. She seemed tired.
3) significant (full-valued): verbs of movement, state, activity go, walk, run, return, sit, stand, lie down, work, live, etc.
For example: We returned home tired. He worked as a janitor. He lived as a hermit.
Significant and semi-significantbundle when determining the type of the predicate, it can be replaced by an abstract one.
The nominal part can be expressed in one word and ambiguous.
Single-word noun expression :
1) a noun in the case form, more often in the nominative case. / instrumental.
For example: He/was a teacher. The skirt was in a cage.
2) an adjective in full and short form, in the form of any of the degrees of comparison.
For example: His words were smart. He became taller than his father. He is the tallest in the class.
3) full or short participle: Letter was not printed .
4) pronoun: This pencil is mine!
5) numeral: He was eighth in line.
6) adverb: The conversation will be frank. I felt sorry for the old man.
An ambiguous expression of the nominal part:
1) a phraseologically free, but syntactically related phrase may have the following structure:
a) a word with a quantitative meaning + a noun in the genitive case.
For example: The boy was five years old.
b) a noun with words dependent on it, if the noun itself is not very informative, and the semantic center of the statement is located precisely in the words dependent on the name (the noun itself in this case can be thrown out of the sentence almost without loss of meaning).
For example: He is the best student in the class.
2) phraseological unit: He was the talk of the town.
The linking part can also be expressed by a phraseological unit:
He looked gloomy and distracted
- phraseologism in the connective part;
A compound nominal predicate, like a compound verb, can be complicated by introducing a modal or phase auxiliary verb into it.
For example: She wanted to appear tired. He gradually began to become a specialist in this field.
The grammatical basis of a sentence in Russian is represented by two members of the sentence - the subject and the predicate. The latter can take several forms, but the most common of them is verbal. Most often it is simple and agrees with the subject in person, number, and in the past tense - in gender. But there is also such a category of the predicate as a compound. It can be a compound verb (CHS) and a compound nominal (CIS). Today we will talk about the first case.
The construction of the compound verb predicate
Its composition is simple: it is an auxiliary or modal verb, agreed with the subject, and the main verb in the infinitive. Sometimes, instead of a simple link, there may be a compound one, and we will also talk about this.
A link in the GHS can be:
- phase;
- modal.
The phase value of the link determines the moment of action, and the modal value determines the relation to the action. They do not carry independent lexical load. For a better understanding, you can give a table with examples of sentences with a compound verb predicate:
| Meaning | Verb | Example |
| phase | become | At 18, I will start working. |
| to begin | He began to read. | |
| start | She began to write a letter. | |
| proceed | They proceeded to build a house. | |
| stop | Will you ever stop screaming? | |
| stop | I stopped singing. | |
| Modal | be able to | The mouse can dig holes. |
| be able | The patient can get up. | |
| to want | I want to eat. | |
| want | The king wants to eat! | |
| try | We will try to hand over the house on time. | |
| mean | He intended to finish the job. | |
| dare | How dare you contradict me? | |
| refuse | Detainee refuses to testify. | |
| think | We are thinking of adding a veranda to the house. | |
| prefer | I prefer not to mess with officials. | |
| get used to | Oblomov is used to lying on the couch. | |
| be in love | Mom loves sorting through the knick-knacks in the chest of drawers. | |
| hate | I hate being on duty at night! | |
| beware | He was afraid to look at it again. |
This is an incomplete list of possible GHS options. It can also consist of more than two words. So, this category of predicates also includes constructions, where the role of the link is played by the combination of the verb be with short adjectives and adverbs characterizing modality.
Examples of such proposals:
Differences from the compound nominal predicate
It can be unambiguously distinguished from a compound nominal (SIS). It is quite simple to define it - after the link it contains not an infinitive, but an adjective. But in other complex predicates there are tricks. There are outwardly similar cases when in fact there is no GHS in the proposal. They can be divided into the following categories:
- phraseological units;
- goal setting;
- different subjectivity;
- analytical future.
Here are a few such cases.
Predicate-phrase
- And he doesn’t eat, and exhausted his nerves.
- I can't wait for a normal winter to come.
- He went was to the store, but it was closed.
This is a special case of a simple predicate (PGS).
Goal setting phrase
This includes cases where the question “why?” can be asked between the verb in conjugation and the infinitive. or insert the union "to":
The infinitive in such sentences is an addition, since the predicate has a completely full lexical load.
Verbs referring to different subjects
In such cases, the action indicated by the infinitive will not be performed by the same person to whom the verb in conjugation refers. If you wish, you can even remove it, and the meaning of the sentence will not be lost:
- The teacher asked the student to complete the task on the blackboard.The teacher asked the student to doOn the deskexercise.
- The director demanded to call me to him.The director asked me to come to him.
Analytic future tense
The case is strange, but nevertheless it does not really apply to the GHS. The verb to be has lost any modal and phase meaning, remaining only a grammatical indicator of the future tense.
- I will love you.
- Our descendants will remember us.
Brief information
The complex future tense in Russian was not always, as in other related languages. Most often, in the Old Russian language, the conditional mood was used to express the uncertain future, and then expressions with modal verbs began to gain momentum. want, be, have, and each of them did not lose its modality for a long time. In the end won the race the verb be, and this happened closer to the XVIII century.
In this chapter:
§one. The main members of the sentence are subject and predicate
Subject
The subject is the main member of the sentence, independent of the other members of the sentence. The subject answers the questions I.p.: who? what?
In a sentence, the subject is expressed in different ways.
How is the subject expressed?
The subject can be a word or phrase.
Most often the subject is expressed:
1) noun: mother, laughter, love;
2) words that have the function of a noun: nouns derived from adjectives or participles: sick, manager, meeting, ice cream, canteen;
3) pronouns: we, nobody, anything;
4) numerals: three, five;
5) indefinite form of the verb: Smoking is harmful to health;
6) a phrase, if it has a meaning:
a) compatibility: husband and wife, duck with ducklings, me and my girlfriend;
b) uncertainty or generality: Something unfamiliar seemed in the distance. One of the guests covered the window;
c) quantities: 2 million people live in the city;
d) selectivity: Any of them could become the first. Most of the students coped with the control;
e) phraseological unit: The white nights have come.
Predicate
Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, denoting what is being said about the subject that is the subject. The predicate depends on the subject and agrees with it. It answers different questions: what does the object do? what happens to him? what is he? who is he? what it is? what is the subject? All these questions are varieties of the question: what is being said about the subject? The choice of a specific question depends on the structure of the sentence.
The predicate contains the most important grammatical characteristic of the sentence: its grammatical meaning.
grammatical meaning- this is a generalized meaning of the sentence, which characterizes its content in terms of two parameters:
- reality-irreality,
- time.
reality-irriality expressed by the mood of the verb.
- Verbs in the indicative mood are typical for statements that reflect the real situation: It's raining., It's getting light.
- Verbs in the imperative and in the conditional mood are characteristic of sentences that reflect not a real, but a desirable situation. Don't forget your umbrella! If only it didn't rain today!
Time- an indicator of the correlation of the situation with the moment of speech. Time is expressed by the verb forms of the present, past and future tense.
Simple and compound predicate
The predicate in two-part sentences can be simple and compound. Compounds are divided into compound verbal and compound nominal.
Simple predicate- this is a type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word. A simple predicate is always a verb. It is expressed by the verb in the form of one of the moods. In the indicative mood, verbs can stand in one of three tenses: present - past - future.
He knows the verses by heart.
indicative mood, present. time
He knew the verses by heart.
indicative mood, past time
He will learn the verses by heart.
indicative mood, bud. time
You will memorize these verses.
imperative mood
In a circle, you would learn poems by heart.
conditional mood
Compound predicate- this is a type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.
If in a simple verbal predicate the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word, then in a compound one they are expressed in different words. For example:
Suddenly, the baby stopped singing and started laughing.
Stopped singing, started laughing - compound predicates. The words sing, laugh are called action, while expressing the lexical meaning. The grammatical meaning is expressed by the words: stopped, started
Compound predicates are verbal and nominal.
Compound verb predicate
A compound verbal predicate is a predicate consisting of an auxiliary word and an indefinite form of the verb. Examples:
He finished working.
I want to help you.
Auxiliary words are divided into two groups:
1) verbs with the meaning of the beginning-continuation-end of the action, for example: start, finish, continue, stop, stop;
2) verbs and short adjectives with the meaning of possibility, desirability, necessity: to be able, to be able, to want, to want, to desire, to strive, to try; glad, ready, must, obligated, intends.
In a compound verbal predicate, auxiliary words express the grammatical meaning, and the indefinite form of the verb expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate.
In the event that a short adjective serves as an auxiliary word, then it is used with a bunch. The link is the verb to be. Here are the relevant past tense examples:
I was so glad to meet you!
In the present tense, the word is is not used, it is omitted: the link is zero, for example:
I'm so glad to meet you!
In the future tense, the link to be is put in the future tense. Example:
I will be glad to meet you.
Compound nominal predicate
A compound nominal is a predicate consisting of a linking verb and a nominal part. Linking verbs express the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and the nominal part expresses its lexical meaning.
1. The linking verb to be expresses only grammatical meaning. She was beautiful yesterday. In the present tense, the link is zero: She is beautiful.
2. Linking verbs to become, to become, to become, to be, to be considered, to seem, to be called, to appear: The house from afar seemed like a point.
3. Linking verbs with the meaning of movement or location in space: come, arrive, sit, lie down, stand: Mother returned tired from work., Mother sat thoughtful, sad.
In all these cases, linking verbs can be replaced by the verb to be. The sentences will be synonymous, for example:
Mother sat pensive, sad. Synonymous: Mother was thoughtful, sad.
He was considered the most talented of us. Synonymous: He was the most talented of us.
With such a replacement, of course, all the nuances of the meaning are not transmitted. Therefore, the language offers various linking verbs that emphasize different shades of meaning.
Combinations of a linking verb with auxiliary words are possible: She dreamed of becoming an actress.
The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate
The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate is expressed in Russian in different ways, and, paradoxically, not only by names. Although the most common and characteristic is the use of names as a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: nouns, adjectives, numerals. Naturally, names can be replaced by pronouns. And since the role of adjectives and participles is similar, participles can also act along with adjectives. Adverbs and adverbial combinations are also possible in the nominal part. Examples:
1) noun: Mother is a doctor., Anastasia will be an actress.,
2) adjective: He grew up strong and handsome.,
3) numeral: Twice two four.,
4) pronoun: You will be mine., Who was nobody, he will become everything ("International"),
5) communion: The composition turned out to be lost., The daughter was finally cured.,
6) adverb and adverbial combination: The shoes were just right., The trousers turned out to be just right.
The nominal part can contain not only separate words, but also syntactically indivisible phrases. Examples:
She ran into the room with a cheerful face.
She sat with thoughtful eyes.
You can’t say: She ran in with a face., She sat with her eyes., Because phrases with a cheerful face and thoughtful eyes are syntactically indivisible - this is the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate.
test of strength
Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.
Final test
What members of the proposal are considered the main ones?
- subject and object
- definition, circumstance and addition
- subject and predicate
Can the subject be expressed by words derived from adjectives or participles: head, sick, in love?
Can the subject be expressed in phrases, for example: we are with friends?
What is the subject of the sentence: Any of you can prepare for the exam and successfully pass it.?
- any
- any of you
What characteristics are included in the grammatical meaning of the sentence?
- reality - unreality and time
- type and time
Is it true that a simple verbal predicate is a predicate whose lexical and grammatical meaning is expressed by one verb?
Is it true that a compound predicate is a special type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words?
I can't help you.?
- simple verb
- compound verb
- compound nominal
What is the predicate in the sentence: He was always taken seriously.?
- simple verb
- compound verb
- compound nominal
What is the predicate in the sentence: Two by two is four.?
- simple verb
- compound verb
- compound nominal
A compound verb predicate has two parts: auxiliary and main. The main part always consists of an infinitive expressing the main information in the semantics of the predicate. The auxiliary part carries a double load: it expresses the modal-temporal meaning of the predicate and complements the main informative meaning.
The lexical meaning of the auxiliary part includes:
- Indication of the beginning, end, continuation of the action: begin, become, finish, stay, continue, stop, stop, etc. Such verbs are called phase verbs and form a special lexical-semantic group, as a result of which they also acquire a grammatical meaning: You have already begun to fade a little ( Yesenin);
wipe your face and lift the strap from your cap (Konetsky);
Before a thunderstorm, the fish stopped pecking (Paustovsky).
- An indication of the necessity, desirability and possibility of action: be able, want, wish, intend, decide, assume, count, etc. Such verbs are called modal. Like phasic, modal verbs also express grammatical meaning: Without personal labor, a person cannot go
Ah, if I could hate you (Pushkin); I don't want to forget
and I can’t (Svetlov).
The difference between a simple and compound verbal predicate is especially pronounced when compared. Wed: The reader sees and understands what he wants and can see and understand.
In the main clause, all components of the semantics of the predicate are expressed by the conjugated verbal forms sees and understands, in the subordinate clause the modal-temporal component of the semantics is expressed by the auxiliary verbs wants and can, supplementing with their lexical meanings the main meaning of the predicates, expressed by infinitives.
The infinitive included in the compound verb predicate is called “subjective”, since it denotes the action of the same person as the auxiliary part: I wanted to say, I can argue, I like to talk, etc.
The infinitive realizes the need for phase, modal and emotional verbs in the object, therefore the infinitive, which is part of the predicate, can alternate in speech with a noun that acts as an object. Wed: I want to go forward and with each
during the day, every hour I want something new, but he wants to stop and stop me with him (L. Tolstoy); I'm not afraid of death. Oh no! I'm afraid to disappear completely (Lermontov); I loved the noise of the forest, the rush of moss and grass, the variegation of flowers, the thickets of swamps that thrilled the hunter, the crackling of the wings of wild birds, the shooting, the creeping powder smoke; loved to seek and unexpectedly find (Greene).
Depending on the syntactic conditions and lexical-semantic meanings of the auxiliary verbs in the infinitive, either verbal or nominal properties are strengthened. Phase and modal verbs are less bright and independent than emotional ones, therefore, combinations with verbs containing an emotional assessment of an action do not have an unambiguous interpretation in the literature and are considered either as a predicate, or as a combination of predicates with additions.
It is necessary to distinguish combinations from a compound verbal predicate that include an infinitive that acts as an addition and circumstance of the goal.
The infinitive, which plays the role of an addition, is called “objective”, since it denotes the action of another person (not the “subject” of the conjugated verb form): advised to search, asked to save, etc.: Antonenko ordered people to leave the barge (Konetsky);
The battalion commander was ordered to take the altitude that day (Lvov); Not
I will allow in my presence to speak badly_ about life, for
Auxiliary part includes:
- a linking verb to be, expressing only modal-temporal meanings. In the present tense, the link is usually absent ("zero link"): Labor for the good of society is sacred
the key to knowledge (Proverb); Personal happiness is impossible without
the happiness of others (Chernyshevsky); The morning was hazy, the sky
dim (Vigdorova); Empty and colorless is life only
among colorless people... (Chernyshevsky); The world is the greatest key value of our existence, without which they lose their meaning
and the strength of all other blessings and joys of life (Leonov);
- linking verbs, not only expressing modal-temporal meanings, but also introducing various additional shades, sometimes very significant, into the lexical meaning of the predicate: to become, to become, to become, to appear, to be considered, to seem, to be called, etc.: We have winter. Everything becomes brighter, more fun from
Ivan Ivanovich ... (Dubov); The glare of the sun seemed like diamonds
(Akhmatova); Throughout world history, a new culture has always been a synthesis of the new with the old, with the main
the beginnings of the culture it replaced (Bryusov); Regardless of all these tragic inner experiences, Blok, in all periods of his work, remained a true poet and a true artist (Bryusov);
- verbs with the meaning of movement, movement, position in space and time with varying degrees of weakening of the lexical meaning: arrive, come, return, step, stand, sit, lie down, etc.: Autumn has come rainy, cold (Vigdorova); She came out of the pool fresh, cold and fragrant, covered with trembling drops of water (Kuprin); On his table lay open a letter from Vienna (Danin).
Both auxiliary verbs and linking verbs can function in speech as simple verbal predicates with the preservation of lexical meanings. For example: There was a fresh shadow on the terrace (L. Tolstoy); Was
dark, autumn, rainy, windy night (L. Tolstoy); Trees
stood in the snow - two days ago there was a strong snowstorm (Proskurin);
In the place where the flotilla had recently stood, an ice wave was walking (P a u-
stovsky). It is easy to see that in verb forms capable of serving the grammatical side of compound nominal predicates, one of the components of semantics is the meaning of being-existence, which is complemented by other, specific meanings. The component of being determines the interchangeability of such verbs (cf .: stood in the snow - were in the snow, a wave was walking - there was a wave, etc.).
Only a change in the order of words in sentences with the verb to be, which has the most abstract meaning of being, causes a redistribution of syntactic functions. Wed: The shade on the terrace was fresh; The night was
dark, autumn, rainy, windy; There were trees in the snow - two days ago the snowstorm was strong; In the place where the flotilla had recently stood, an icy wave walked. A change in word order entails significant changes in the syntactic functions of some word forms, more subtle differences in grammatical meanings with insignificant differences in lexical semantics (the circumstance of a place on the terrace is transformed into an adverbial definition, a fresh definition becomes a nominal part of the predicate, etc.).
The main ways of expressing the nominal part of the predicate are the adjective in full and short form (moreover, the full form begins to crowd out the short one), the noun and the short passive participle. In addition, the nominal part can be expressed by prepositional case combinations, whole phrases, phraseological units, etc.
Let's supplement the above examples with the following: I spent evenings with people in Bratsk. The comrades of Shiryu soul are rich. Conversations
cordial, smart, good. These people are friendly, Their house is cozy (Bezymensky); Houses are more durable than people and are witnesses of several human generations (Paustovsky); The sail is old, whitened by the rains, with large square patches (Yakovshikh trees (Sokolov-Mikitov); He was a jack of all trades (Dubov).
In interrogative sentences, the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed by a pronoun or a combination of pronouns: Who
This? What is it? Who is Ivanov? What is art?
What is the weather today? What is the result of our work? etc.
Notes: 1. In some cases, short and full forms of adjectives differ in lexical meanings (The girl is very good and the Girl is very good), in valence properties (Life is eventful and Life is rich), etc. Therefore, not in all cases, short forms can be replaced by full ones and vice versa: Here in our area, rich in songs, The girls are too good (Fatyanov); ... In any case, life
us rich! (Koptyaeva).
2. A compound nominal predicate may include particles: With this pain, I seem to be younger (Yesenin); She was like a song to me (Yesenin); Night
as if paler today (Yesenin); The surest sign of truth is simplicity and clarity (L. Tolstoy); The wolf is not a shepherd (Proverb).