Used drugs. Synthetic pyrethroids Synthetic pyrethroid preparations

The use of pyrethroids in the form of powdered flowers of Persian, Dalmatian and Caucasian chamomile of the genus Pyrethrum is known even before our era, but the chemical structure was established only in the 50s of the last century. The active insecticidal substances in the powder are derivatives of cyclopropanecarboxylic acid - cinerin 1 and 2, pyrethrin 1 and 2, jasmolin 1 and 2. These substances are liquids with a low odor, quickly inactivated due to oxidation and hydrolysis. Due to the fact that the synthesis of cynerins and pyrethrins is difficult, their analogues, synthetic pyrethroids, are obtained for practical use.
Currently, more than 30 synthetic pyrethroid insecticides are produced in various countries.
Synthetic pyrethroids under various trade names are used in agriculture: cypermethrin, ripcord, stomoxin, stomazan, baitikol, butox, ectomine, ectopar, fastak, karate and others.
Permethrin (rovikurt, ambush, corsair) is a technical preparation. Available as 25% and 50% emulsifiable concentrate, 25% wettable powder and 5% solution. The drug is recommended against numerous pests of the forest, as well as for the fight against sucking and gnawing pests of plants, fruit and vegetable crops.
Fenvelerate (sumicidin, phenaxin, phenax) is produced in the form of 3-30% concentrates, dusts, granules. Contact insecticide recommended for pest control of a number of crops.
Cypermethrin (arrivo, inta-vir, tsimbush, tsiperkal, sherpa, etc.) is a colorless liquid, readily soluble in organic solvents. Cypermethrin does not have an embryotropic and mutagenic effect, even in large doses, and does not affect the reproductive functions of animals. LD50 for white rats 250.0-300.0 mg/kg, highly toxic to bees. CK50 for fish 0.0012 mg/kg.
Decametrin (deltamethrin) is a white crystalline substance, practically insoluble in water. Produced in the form of 2.5% concentrate (decis), 5% concentrate (butox). The presence of the alpha-cyano group in the decametrin molecule increases the toxic effect, preventing its decomposition by hydrolases and oxidases. LD50, for white rats 128-139 mg/kg. SC50 for fish 0.1 mg/kg.
Synthetic pyrethroids belong to the third generation of insecticides. They show mainly contact action. The advantage of pyrethroids over traditional insecticides is their high biological activity against insects and mites at different stages of their development, and as a result, low consumption rates. Perythroids are not stable, but when used in agriculture and veterinary medicine, they can enter the environment and cause poisoning in humans and animals.
Most ready-made preparations contain synergins: piperonyl butoxide or MGK 264, which slow down the metabolism of the insecticide and thereby increase the insecticidal activity and toxicity.
Causes of poisoning. Violation of instructions for the use of these drugs. Cases of toxicosis in cats and dogs are more often noted. Fish are more sensitive to the effects of pyrethroids than mammals.
Toxicodynamics. Arthropod pyrethroids are nerve poisons that cause a progressive series of poisoning symptoms including hyperreactivity, ataxia, convulsions, paralysis, and insect death.
The mechanism of the toxic effect of pyrethroids on insects is the stimulation of sensory, central, and motor axons. Pyrethroid molecules wedge into Na+ conducting channels and thus increase the passive current of sodium into the cell. Delay the return of channels to their original state. As a result, the neuron is in the stage of hyperpolarization, its main function is disturbed, which leads to the death of the insect.
In animals, the release of mediators by presynaptic nerve endings increases. Pyrethroids are antagonists of the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor complex, as a result, the flow of chloride ions into the cell decreases, which first leads to increased excitation, then inhibition of the central nervous system. Pyrethroids inhibit Ca + 2, Mg + 2 - dependent adenosine triphosphatase, inhibit calcimodulin of nerve cells, which leads to an increase in the concentration of intracellular calcium. The accumulation of calcium ions in the cell leads to the activation of lysosomal enzymes, increased contractions of smooth and striated muscles. The activity of acetylcholinesterase does not change.
In the body of warm-blooded animals, when taken orally, pyrethroids are rapidly metabolized and excreted from the body with feces and urine. The rate of pyrethroid hydrolysis depends on the chemical structure and configuration of the molecule. As a result of hydrolysis, many new various compounds are formed, which makes it impossible for pyrethroids to accumulate.
Permethrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin belong to the third hazard class.
Clinical signs. Acute poisoning is characterized by damage to the central nervous and peripheral systems. Animals are observed: at first, excitation, then depression, vomiting, diarrhea, tremor, impaired coordination of movements, clonic-tonic convulsions, paresis of the hind limbs. Cimbush in toxic doses causes clonic-tonic convulsions, exophthalmos, salivation, stiff tail muscles, paralysis of the hind limbs in animals. Pyrethroids cause dermatitis. When pyrethroid vapors are inhaled, attacks of suffocation are noted. This may be the result of the presence of an organic solvent which can cause hydrocarbon pneumonitis.
pathological changes. In acute poisoning, severe hemodynamic disorders. In the internal organs, the brain, as well as on the epicardium and endocardium, petechial hemorrhages, degenerative inflammation of the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract are noted. In the central nervous system, dystrophic changes in ganglion cells, cortex, subcortical nodes of the brain stem and cerebellum are noted.
Diagnostics is complex. Differentiate from poisoning with hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide.
Treatment. With oral intake of poison, it is necessary to remove the contents of the gastrointestinal tract. Vomiting is usually not induced. Activated charcoal is effective in the first 5 hours after poisoning. In case of percutaneous poisoning, the poison is washed off the skin with water at room temperature, 0.5% sodium bicarbonate solution or soapy water. Convulsions are stopped with diazepam (0.2-2.0 mg/kg intravenously) or chloral hydrate. Metacarbamol (a structural analogue of guaifenesin) is used: for dogs and cats 0.055-0.22 g/kg, for horses 0.022-0.055 g/kg, for cattle 0.11 g/kg intravenously. The drug is produced in the form of a 10% solution in ampoules of 10 ml, vials of 20 and 100 ml, tablets of 0.5 and 0.75 g under the name Robaksin (Robaxinum®V). Plasma substitutes are administered to correct dehydration. To reduce salivation, atropine sulfate is administered, especially to cats. As an antitoxic and anti-inflammatory agent, prednisone or dexamethasone is prescribed. Methylprednisolone is most effective at a dose of 1-2 mg/kg every 6-8 hours intravenously. Damaged skin is treated with a 30% oily solution of vitamin E or ointments containing glucocorticosteroids.
VSE. Slaughter for meat of animals treated with 0.01% permethrin emulsion can be carried out no earlier than 10 days later, and those treated with 0.02-0.05% only after 20 days. Slaughter of animals treated with cypermethrin is allowed after 3 days. It is necessary to control the background level of pyrethroids in environmental objects, feed and feed additives. The decisive criterion for evaluating the meat of slaughtered animals after contact with pyrethroids is a chemical-toxicological analysis. In the presence of pyrethroid residues in meat and offal, such products are not allowed to be eaten by people. MRLs for pyrethroid residues in livestock products in the Republic of Belarus are not regulated. In fish 0.0015 mg/kg.
Prevention. Observe the rules for storage, transportation and use of pesticides. It is necessary to exclude the contact of animals with pyrethroids, strictly observe the waiting periods and the terms of slaughter of poisoned animals.

Material prepared by: Yuri Zelikovich, teacher of the Department of Geoecology and Nature Management

© When using site materials (quotes, tables, images), the source must be indicated.

Cypermethrin is an internationally recognized sanitary insecticide and acaricide for indoor and outdoor use. Finds application in professional agriculture; can be used on an individual plot against synanthropic (cohabiting with humans) and blood-sucking insects and ticks. The main advantages of cypermethrin are resistance to solar radiation and the fact that, to date, resistance (resistance) to it has not been identified in objects of damage; phytotoxicity was also not noted. However, c hypermethrin is a strong poison for warm-blooded animals, incl. and you and me (hazard class - 2) and destroys together with harmful and beneficial insects (hazard class for bees - 1), therefore it is intended primarily for professional use, and people who have not undergone special training need to use cypermethrin, knowing its properties and observing the necessary precautions.

Origin

The drug cypermethrin belongs to the group of pyrethroid insecticides. They originate from plants of the genus pyrethrum (Pyrethrum spp.), Well-known to flower growers as Dalmatian chamomile, pink pyrethrum, girlish, etc., see Fig. , hung with bunches of dry pyrethrum, and ixodid ticks are never found on Dalmatian chamomile.

In the 19th century pyrethrums were isolated from pyrethrums "responsible" for scaring away unwanted cohabitants of the pyrethrin substance. However, they turned out to be, firstly, rather repellents - they repelled pests more than they destroyed them. Secondly, pyrethrins quickly decomposed in light and air. In the 70s of the last century, synthetic extremely powerful insecticides and acaricides, pyrethroids, resistant to oxidation by atmospheric oxygen and exposure to light, were obtained on the basis of pyrethroids.

Action

Pyrethroids are contact poisons that act on the nervous system of animals. Although the principle of action of the nerves (see below) is the same in all animals, their specific structure differs significantly in different systematic groups. The composition of cypermethrin pyrethroids is selected for the maximum damage to the nervous system of arthropods and the minimum for warm-blooded ones. But nothing is given for nothing - on cold-blooded vertebrates, incl. fish, cypermethrin is almost as strong as insects. Its effect on warm-blooded animals is enhanced when their integument is moistened, therefore cypermethrin should not be used in fish farms and closer than 2 km to natural reservoirs, bird ponds and bathing areas.

For readers who are serious enough interested in biology, the mechanism of action of pyrethroids is shown in Fig. on right. To explain to others: the nervous system acts like electrical information transmission systems with noise-immune coding and confirmation of the validity of the received checksum transmitted back, only in the nervous system this is done in completely different ways. Pyrethroids (this is a rather rough analogy) block both forward and reverse transmission channels. Consumers of information from the control center (muscles, internal organs) lose contact with it and begin to work in discord, which means paralysis and death.

Composition of cypermethrin

Cypermethrin as an insecticidal-acaricidal agent is a mixture of several substances that have the same chemical formula, but different spatial molecular structures and properties. Recall, who forgot - chemists call such substances isomers.

The basic molecule of cypermethrin is shown on the left in the figure; it is an ester of cyclopropanecarboxylic acid. Figuratively speaking, her “sting” is a cyano group (highlighted in yellow). In the center and on the right are examples of isomers; in principle, there could be many more. Pale arrows show how the internal interactions in the molecule change during isomerization, which causes the difference in the physical and chemical properties of the isomers.

Isomerization of complex molecules is possible because chemical bonds are a kind of hinges on which parts of the molecule can rotate relative to each other. This circumstance is used by organisms - objects of damage to protect themselves from poisons; of course, unconscious. "Contractors"-enzymes attack weak "hinges" most of all, then those that are stronger, and last of all they try to tear off weakly bound chemical groups - "pendants", see fig. on right. There is a complete analogy with the war: broke through the front - consider victory secured, but distracting and disturbing operations also do their job. As a result, the base molecule is destroyed and loses its effectiveness, because. without a "frame" its active principle is little or completely non-toxic.

The preparation of cypermethrin contains 8 isomers of the base molecule in cis- and trans-forms, in groups effective against beetles, lepidoptera and arachnids. Cis- and trans-isomers are the next stage of isomerization: molecules with the same sequence of connecting the constituent parts, but, as it were, in a mirror image. Due to the complex isomeric composition, more and more new “subdivisions” “come into battle”, and the “enemy” is forced to disperse its forces and is not able to “keep the defense” for a long time; this explains the lack of resistance of affected objects to cypermethrin.

Note: about the opinion of exterminators on the effectiveness of cypermethrin compared with other drugs, see the video:

Video: the effectiveness of cypermethrin

Release forms

Cypermethrin preparations are produced dry in the form of a water-soluble powder VRP, wettable powder SP, tableted TAB and liquid in the form of a mother solution of MP and a concentrated emulsion of CE. Only liquid forms go on sale to the general public, tk. preparation of MR and EC is carried out in specially equipped production facilities.

Untrained users are strongly advised to work only with cypermethrin EC up to 25%. Preparations, on the packaging of which the treated area is indicated (on the left in the figure) are intended for disinfestation, first of all, of premises; preparations for a certain volume of the working solution (in the center) - for open areas. Complex preparations and stock solutions (on the right) are intended for professionals, but the calculation of the dosage (see below) in all cases is carried out according to the active substance of the AI.

Note: more than 200 insecticidal preparations based on cypermethrin are produced in the world; 40-50 of them are domestic. In table. data for the Russian Federation are given, but incomplete - the trade nomenclature is continuously updated. If in the specification for the drug the concentration of AI is not given to cypermethrin, it is calculated by the sum for all active substances, because cypermethrin is the most toxic. Professionals in such cases calculate the calculated concentration of active ingredients according to reference data for all components.

How to calculate DV

In general guidelines (and later in this article), the concentrations of working solutions are given as normalized to 100% cypermethrin. Its EC is marketed in concentrations from 5% to 25%, respectively. the volume of the sold drug is calculated. Cypermethrin is a very strict substance in terms of dosage accuracy, therefore the volume of water in which the measured dose must be diluted is calculated in a residual manner. For example, a 0.1% solution is used for a given type of pest under given specific conditions, i.e. 1 ml per 1 liter of working solution. If a 5% drug is used, 20 ml, or 10 ml of 10%, or 4 ml of 25% should be taken per 1 liter of working solution. Waters take acc. 980 ml or 990 ml or 996 ml.

Precautionary measures

The difference in the action of cypermethrin on arthropods and warm-blooded animals is provided to a large extent by the different structure of their outer integuments. When pyrethroids get on wet skin and mucous membranes, their effect on the human body is greatly enhanced. As a consequence, the use of cypermethrin must be carried out with careful precautions. With regard to this substance, they are divided into preliminary, individual and general.

preliminary

Cypermethrin is flammable (flash point 300 degrees Celsius) and its vapors are explosive. The time of the protective action is 10-15 days, but its strong and sharp peak occurs in the first 2-3 hours. In heavy soils and building structures, cypermethrin lasts up to 10 weeks; in light soils and finishing materials up to 4 weeks; in vegetation and upholstered furniture up to 3 weeks. At the same time, the maximum allowable standards for its content are:

• In the human body - 0.01 mg / kg.
• In the air of residential premises - 0.01 mg / cu. m.
• In the open air - 0.4 mg / cu. m.
• In the water of reservoirs - 0.006 mg / cu. m.
• In the soil - 0.02 mg / kg.

Since it is most often not possible to completely empty the room intended for processing for a long time, preliminary protective measures for processing with cypermethrin are as follows:

1. The premises are inspected and possible locations of pest nests are determined (see below). If possible, their actual population is determined;
2. From the premises, its inhabitants are resettled for at least a day. Allergy sufferers, children, pregnant women and nursing mothers need to find temporary accommodation for 3-4 days or, better, for a week;
3. In the room, all cooking, heating and electric heaters are stopped (extinguished, turned off). It is highly desirable to completely de-energize the room;
4. Check for free opening of windows and doors. The ventilation and airflow in it is checked for proper operation.

Individual

Treatment with cypermethrin is carried out by spraying from a sprayer with adjustable droplet size in the jet. It is impossible to use random devices for spraying. When working outside and indoors with solutions of concentration up to 0.1% inclusive, it is permissible to wear a full set of PPE for working with pesticides, see fig. on right. When using stronger (concentrated) solutions indoors, put on a jumpsuit made of water-repellent fabric with a cape tightly sewn to it and:

• A full-face respirator with a gas mask cartridge brand "A";
• Sealed goggles of monoblock type according to GOST 9496-69;
• Technical rubber gloves GOST 9502-60 (it is strictly forbidden to use household or medical ones!);
• Rubber boots GOST 5375-65 article 150FE.

Wear only clean protective clothing. At the end of work, PPE is removed in a separate non-residential area and washed in the shower. Then the front parts of the respirator, glasses, gloves and boots are wiped with a rag, abundantly moistened with soapy water, and then with clean water. Clothes are washed in a solution of 50 g of soda ash in a bucket of hot water, rinsed in clean water and dried in air or in a ventilated drying room.

General

Note: limiting the summer of bees after treatment with cypermethrin - 96 hours at an outside temperature of +25 and 120 hours at +20 or less.

First aid measures

Symptoms of pyrethroid poisoning are common to nerve poisons: increased salivation, pain in the peritoneal region, a nauseating taste in the mouth, nausea when eating and smoking. With more severe poisoning - impaired coordination of movements, nervous tic, unsteady gait, spontaneous drooping of the eyelids. In case of poisoning, life-threatening or capable of irreparably spoiling health - convulsions, clouding of consciousness; the jaw may droop and the tongue protrude. Any nerve poisoning is fraught with long-term consequences, so the victim should immediately be given a glass of water with 10-15 activated charcoal tablets to drink and taken to a doctor; in case of poisoning, accompanied by visible dysmotility, the dose of activated charcoal is doubled.

Processing order

The use of cypermethrin will only be successful if pest concentrations are known; approx. 75% solution volume. In the course of a preliminary inspection of the premises, they are guided by the scheme for searching for bedbug nests (see Fig.).

If the object of destruction is cockroaches, their nests and ways of movement are looking for in a space up to 1.5 m above the floor; for fleas, you can limit yourself to 1 m. The most difficult thing is to seek shelter for bedbugs; in this case, you need some experience, see the video:

Video: search for bedbugs when processing a sofa

Note: upholstered furniture from bedbugs is processed separately before the general disinfestation of the room, see video:

Video: pretreatment of upholstered furniture from bedbugs

Video: using a steam generator in combination with chemical treatment

Video: an example of cypermethrin treatment against mosquitoes on the site

Doses and treatment rates

Cypermethrin is used in working solutions of concentration up to 0.1% inclusive, more concentrated. If in a certain case a “strong” solution is required, then it is better to entrust pest control to professionals - it is too expensive, troublesome and dangerous. Depending on the degree of damage by the same pest, the concentration of the solution from it may be lower or higher than indicated. In general, the instructions for using cypermethrin are as follows:

• From bed bugs with a slight infection (up to 5 bite marks on the body per night) - 0.01% solution. The consumption rate is 50 ml per 1 sq. m of non-absorbent surface and 100 per 1 sq. m absorbent. The nearest places of possible nesting sites are processed: the bed, its headboard, bedside rugs and bedside tables, the back sides of paintings / posters above the bed. The period of protective action without steaming from eggs (see above) is 1.5 months.
• The same, with a stronger infection - 0.05% solution; consumption rates are the same. They process possible places of settlement and ways of settlement throughout the room: all the cracks, exfoliated wallpaper, furniture, dry plaster. The term of protection without steaming is 3 months.
• From cockroaches - 0.1% solution; consumption rates are the same as from bedbugs. Places of treatment - as in case of severe damage by bedbugs at the same time in all infected rooms; in addition, all waste collection accessories and garbage chutes. If cockroaches are seen during the day (the population is excessive, overpopulation), adjacent premises are also processed. Re-treatment is carried out no earlier than 60 days later.
• From flies inside - 0.01% solution for irregular flights and 0.05% if objects constantly curl and quickly sit. Consumption 100 ml per 1 sq. m. 75% of the solution volume is pollinated by landing sites; the rest is sprayed over the area.
• From flies outside - 0.1% solution, consumption rate 100 ml / sq. m. They spray sandyard installations, garbage bins, garbage dumps.
• From fly larvae (maggots) - for MSW 0.05% solution, consumption 0.5 l per 1 sq. m. For liquid waste and compost 0.1% solution; consumption 1-3 liters per sq. m for a layer up to 50 cm and 5-6 liters for a thicker one. For accumulations of manure 0.1 solution is the same, consumption 2 l / sq. m. In all cases, treatments are carried out regularly every 3-4 weeks.
• From house ants - 0.05% solution, consumption 50 ml / sq. m. 50% of the solution is spent on nests; the rest is in the path of movement of insects.
• From fleas - as from bedbugs with a slight and more severe infection.
• From wasps and hornets - spotted seats on the edges of garbage cans, etc. are treated with a 0.1% solution. If they are very pestering, you can bait with sweet bait (rotten parts of fruit, etc.) and then process the bait. Consumption rate - 100-200 ml / sq. m. Treatments are carried out regularly once a week during the summer. After the rain, an extraordinary treatment is carried out.

Note: for the destruction of wasp nests, if you are not well-versed in entomology, call specialists. Himself - extremely dangerous, they can sting to death.

Preparation and storage

The package of cypermethrin is used once, completely or not - the opened preparation cannot be stored. The working solution must be applied within 8 hours; without reducing the effectiveness - in 4 hours. It is necessary to dilute cypermethrin at a temperature not higher than +30 degrees in a separate room without sources of fire and heating electrical appliances. The drug is stored under the same conditions in the temperature range from -30 to +25 degrees, locked in a cabinet and other reliable storage. It is unacceptable to store food products, clothes, shoes, kitchen utensils, toys and children's household items in a room with cypermethrin. The room with cypermethrin should not be accessible to children, mentally unbalanced people and pets.

And for plants?

A question that is natural for a reader interested in crop production. The answer is no. It is possible in the composition of agrochemicals containing it (see above), but the monopreparation of cypermethrin from hardy and denser integument pests living in the open air is ineffective. But it accumulates very well in juicy fruits and root crops. Monopreparations of cypermethrin are sometimes used in large-scale agricultural technology by experienced specialists, mainly. against pests of cereals, but in general, cypermethrin is a remedy for synotropic harmful arthropods.

The history of pyrethroid insecticides may well be called floral, since natural pyrethroids are found in Dalmatian chamomile flowers. But progress, in the form of chemical synthesis, has made pyrethroid-based insecticides a completely affordable means of controlling harmful insects in crops of various types of crops. At one time, more than 70 years ago, it was an incredible breakthrough in the segment of insecticides, the prevailing number of which were organophosphorus compounds, which have a number of disadvantages and limitations. , as a rule, act on the central nervous system of insects. At the same time, drugs of contact and insecticides of systemic action are distinguished. The mechanism of attack of synthetic pyrethroids is also associated with an effect on the nervous system, it is realized systemically, causing paralysis a few hours after the application, and then the death of the insect. These contact-intestinal preparations have selective toxicity, high insecticidal activity and minimal ecotoxicity. It was the last property of pyrethroids that made it possible to move on to the creation of soil insecticides and effective fumigants. Of the technological advantages in the context of "insecticide characteristics", it is important that synthetic pyrethroids act at low positive temperatures from + 5-8 C, which suggests their use in the early spring.
Synthetic pyrethroids are effective against chewing and sucking pests, especially against Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera, Homoptera and Coleoptera. Most often they are used against leaf-eating insects.
However, as for any group of chemical plant protection products for pyrethroids, there are properties that must be treated with understanding (first understand, and then apply). 1) Unlike organophosphate insecticides (FOS) and carbamates, pyrethroids do not kill secretive pests. But this is solved by using their tank mixtures with FOS, neonicotinoids. For example, against sucking pests (cereal aphids, bedbugs and thrips), mixtures of synthetic pyrethroids with FOS are the most effective, since they provide high initial toxicity and duration of protective action. 2) The limiting factor for pyrethroids is the air temperature during processing - up to 25 C. What if the temperature is higher? It is not difficult to assess the risks (for an experienced agronomist) and to lay down the loss of biological efficiency, which is at the level of 15% (in the heat, the evaporation of the drug is higher and the insects hide deeper), comparing them with the probable yield losses (of course, in product prices). Insecticides of the new generation easily overcome the temperature barrier up to 28 C and ensure the reliability of the effect.
The classic representative of synthetic pyrethroids is the insecticide Zepellin, which contains alpha-cypermethrin. Effective in the fight against the main types of harmful insects on cereals, sugar beet, sunflower and other crops (bug bug, fleas, aphids, thrips, leafhoppers, leopards, flies, etc.), is characterized by a rapid development of the effect, the so-called "knockdown - effect", high efficiency at the larval stage of insect development, strong deterrent (repellant) effect, which together prolongs the protective effect of the drug. Zeppelin is used at low consumption rates, the drug is compatible with many pesticides and agrochemicals, which increases the attractiveness of the choice of this insecticide by many farmers.
Combined insecticide Dexter contains the synthetic pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin and acetamiprid, belonging to the class of neonicotinoids, due to which the effect is extended up to three weeks. Dexter infects pests (including secretive ones) directly when spraying, as well as when feeding on the treated plant and inside it: the contact-systemic properties of the drug provide exceptional activity against a wide range of pests at all stages of their development.
Synthetic pyrethroids or preparations containing substances of this chemical class provide effective plant protection both during scheduled treatments of crops with a wide range of insect pests, and in case of force majeure (if there is a danger of epizootics, regional and local treatments ). In a word, pyrethroids are always an instant "hit" on the pest and a guarantee of the success of insecticidal treatments in difficult weather conditions.

Acaricides are biological or chemical agents that kill mites. They are widely used for processing premises, park and forest areas, cottages, vegetable gardens, cultivated and indoor plants.

The name uses the words acari (tick) and cide (cut). Meaning translation: "Means that reduce the number of ticks."

Also, acaricidal preparations are used to kill ticks on food, poultry, agricultural plants, and animals. With the onset of spring, acaricides are used to treat recreation areas and parks to prevent infection of people with encephalitis and Lyme disease. These drugs include:

• sulfur;
• mineral oils;
• phosphorus compounds;
• chlorine.

At first, acaricides containing chlorine were used:

• hexachlorane;
• trichloromethylmethane;
• dichlorobiphenyl.

Once in the body of an insect, the agent began to accumulate in its nervous system. Normal coordination was disturbed. This was followed by overexcitation of the nervous system. Over time, paralysis of the body occurs, and the tick dies.

Insectoacaricides - destroy insects and mites. These include drugs containing inorganic sulfur, some types of pyrethroids, as well as organophosphorus compounds.

Specific acaricides - these drugs have a negative effect exclusively on ticks. As a rule, these include substances that contain:

• heterocycles with nitrogen;
• bromopropylate (bromine);
• propargite (sulphur).

Acarofungicides - these substances are used to destroy pathogenic fungi and mites. Some experts classify these drugs as a separate group.

Insectoacaricides

This is a fairly large group of drugs that have a biological or chemical nature. Their classification is based on mechanical action:

Advantages of organophosphates:

Insectoacaricides have a significant drawback - they are very toxic to both humans and animals.

pyrethroids

This is a group of synthetic substances that have a detrimental effect on leaf-eating pests. The main advantage is that they have selective toxicity and kill only ticks and some types of insects. These substances belong to the drugs of the third generation.

Sulfur preparations do not affect people, bees, mammals and fish. Their acaricidal and fungicidal effects are detrimental to ticks. After treatment with these substances, pathogens of fungal diseases are destroyed.

Specific acaricides

Specific acaricides - drugs of contact action. They are produced in various consistencies, for example, as:

• suspension concentrate;
• emulsion concentrate;
• wettable powder.

Specific acaricides are not dangerous for mammals, humans, fish and birds.

Bromine preparations

Sulfur preparations (propargite)

It does not harm plants, but it has a strong toxic effect on fish and bees, killing them.

Heterocycles with nitrogen

These drugs stand out among others, great efficiency and functionality. They destroy insect eggs.

Adults after treatment with these substances become infertile, which significantly reduces the population. This group of drugs includes the following chemicals:

• phenazakhine;
• clofentensine;
• pyridaben.

How to use acaricides correctly

When using drugs, you must strictly follow the instructions and apply appropriate safety measures so as not to harm yourself, other people and animals.

Avoid mixing two different drugs. Many of them are completely incompatible. Also, the combination of their chemicals can block the harmful effects on pests.

Indoor processing

Processing in enclosed spaces must be carried out in compliance with all necessary safety measures.

1. Be sure to use personal protective equipment, such as rubber gloves and a special respirator.
2. Household utensils, as well as furniture, carpets, etc., are cleaned or carefully covered. This is especially true for food products.
3. "Extraneous" persons and pets are removed from the premises.
4. Particular care is taken in the processing of hard-to-reach places, such as baseboards, places behind furniture, vents, crevices.
5. After processing, you should wait about two hours. This time is necessary for the drug for its active action. During this period, the room is not ventilated and not cleaned.

After the required time has elapsed, the room must be ventilated for an hour. Then proceed to wet cleaning. Soda ash or baking soda is added to the water for washing floors and other surfaces.

The most popular acaricides

Masai - it is classified as a new generation of acaricides. Kills ticks at all mobile stages of development. It has a good ovicidal effect. Contains tebufenpyrad. This is its base material. The action of the drug "Masai" lasts for two weeks after application.

It is used against herbivorous mites. It has a high degree of toxicity to bees, fish, mammals and moderate to humans.

Sunmite

Refers to contact specific acaricides. Has an ovicidal effect. It contains pyridaben. This wetting powder has been successfully used against many types of mites.

It has moderate toxicity to bees. Not dangerous to humans and animals.

Apollo

Specific acaricidal drug with contact action. Sterilizes adults, and kills larvae and eggs of ticks. The main active ingredient is clofentensine. It is a selective preparation that does not harm other insects and bees.

Oberon

Oberon is a contact insecticide. Thanks to the active substance spiromesifen, lipid synthesis is blocked and their metabolism is disturbed. Adults are sterilized, larvae do not develop. Poorly compatible with alkaline products.