The participle changes according to the features of the adjective. It changes by numbers, by cases, by gender in the singular

The Russian language is considered one of the most difficult to learn. And this fact is very easy to explain only by the number of parts of speech in it, not to mention their special forms. In the school course of the Russian language, children are introduced to the participle precisely as a special verb form, however, many linguists argue that it is an independent part of speech, which has its own grammatical features.

Communion in Russian

The definition in the textbook for grade 7 sounds something like this: a participle is a special form of words denoting an action with pronounced signs of an adjective that answers questions which? doing what? and what did he do? In fact, these are verbs that describe the action of an object and at the same time determine its features in a certain period of time. It is this feature of this part of speech that is not only a stumbling block in determining its independence, but also a common mistake in denoting the function of words in a sentence that relate to it. Quite often, students confuse the participle with verbs or adjectives. Such errors lead to incorrect spelling of words and incorrect punctuation in a sentence. How to distinguish a participle from a verb or an adjective, how to understand whether it is full or short participle? Examples that will clearly show how participles are formed from verbs in different conjugations can be found in this article. Also here you can find a description of real, passive participles and verbal adjectives.

Similarities of participles with verb and adjective

The participle includes grammatical signs of two parts of speech: a verb and an adjective. Like a verb, it can be perfective and imperfective, or, in other words, it can mean a completed or incomplete action. It can take the form of reflexivity and can be active or passive. Like adjectives, there is a full and short participle. In addition, this form of the verb changes in gender, cases and numbers, which may well mean its independence. It should also be noted that the participle can only have the present and past tenses. It has no future tense. For example: jumping - imperfect view in the present tense and jumping - perfect view in the past tense.

Participle Features

All participles, depending on what sign they show, are divided into two types: passive (indicating the sign of the object to which the action is directed) and real (indicating the sign of the object that performed the action). For example: guided - guiding, openable - opening. Depending on which verb is taken to form the participle, a different tense form comes out. For example: look - looking, looking, looked; view - viewed, viewed. The example shows that from the verb of the imperfect form, where there is no indication that the action will be completed, the past and present participles are formed, and from the perfect form only the past. From this we can also conclude that the formation of the participle is directly related to the type and transitivity of the verb, the form of which it represents. In turn, passive participles are also divided into two types: short participle and full participle. Another feature of the sacrament is that, together with the words dependent on it, it quite often forms a turnover, which is separated by commas in writing.

Valid participles

To form real participles in the present tense, the initial form of the verb is taken as the basis and the suffix is ​​added to the first conjugation -usch-, -yusch-, and to the second -ash-, -ash-. For example: jump - galloping, treat - treating. To form a real participle in the past tense, suffixes -t- and -ti- replaced by -sh- and -vsh-. For example: go - riding, carry - carried.

Passive participles

Passive participles are also formed as a result of the replacement of suffixes. To form the present tense for the first conjugation of verbs, suffixes are used -eat-, and for the second -them-. For example: love - beloved, store - stored. In order to get the passive past participle, the infinitive with the ending -at or -et and adds a suffix to the verb -nn-. For example: draw - drawn, stick - pasted. For verbs ending in -it, when forming participles use the suffix -enn-. For example: dye - dyed, whiten - bleached. If the end of the verb -ot, -ut or -yt, then to get the participle use the suffix -t-. For example: inflate - inflated, smack - ripped.

Short and full communion

Passive participles have two forms: short and full. The short participle has the same grammatical features as the short adjective. They are formed from the full form of the participle and can vary in numbers and gender, but do not decline in cases. In a sentence, a short participle often acts as a nominal part of a compound predicate. For example: I am not loved by anyone. However, there are exceptions in which the short participle is used as a separate definition associated with the subject. For example: pale as hell. Full participles contain the grammatical features of both an adjective and a verb, and in a sentence they are always a definition.

Participles and verbal adjectives

Participles are characterized not only by the presence of morphological features of the verb, their meaning in the sentence is especially important. They have the ability to subjugate words to themselves, while forming turns, which have already been mentioned. However, if the temporary signs that bind the action to themselves are lost, then the sign of the object becomes permanent. And this can only mean that the participle has lost all its verbal attributes and has become an adjective, which depends on the noun. For example: restrained character, tense strings, high spirits. Given this possibility of the participle turning into an adjective, one should analyze the word very carefully so as not to confuse these two similar, but at the same time different parts of speech.

Scheme of morphological parsing of the sacrament

Although the participle is not distinguished into a separate independent part of speech, but only they say that it is a special verb form with elements of an adjective, nevertheless, morphological analysis is carried out according to the same scheme as the analysis of independent parts of speech. First of all, the name is determined, in this case it is a participle. Further, its morphological features are described: the initial form is determined. That is, they put the word in the nominative case in the masculine and singular; describe permanent signs, which include the following indicators: real participle or passive, indicate the time in which the word is used in the sentence and the type of participle; the next paragraph is a description of non-permanent signs: number, gender and case (for full participles). At the end of the analysis, the syntactic function of the participle in the sentence is described (whether it is a definition or acts as a nominal part of the predicate).

The meaning of the participle, its morphological features and syntactic function

Participle - a special (non-conjugated) form of the verb, which denotes a sign of an object by action, answers the question what? (what?) and combines the features of a verb and an adjective. In a sentence participle can be a definition or nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: Exhausted by a poisonous night, insomnia and wine, I stand, breathe in front of a brightening window opened into the fog (G. Ivanov); nice started glorious deed ... (A. Akhmatova).(Together with dependent words, participle forms participial, which in school practice is usually considered one member of the sentence: exhausted by the poisonous night; into the fog by a bright window.)

Signs of the verb and adjective in the participle

Note . The real/passive meaning and time are expressed in participles with the help of special suffixes.

Participle ranks

Communions divided into real and passive.

Valid communion indicate the attribute of an object by the action that the object itself performs: running boy- sign boy by action run, which the boy does.

Passive communion designate a sign of one object by the action that another object performs (i.e., a sign of an object on which an action has been or is being performed): broken (boy) glass- sign glasses by action smash, which commits boy.

And valid, and passive participles can be present and past tense (the participles have no future tense).

Participle formation

1. Communions present tense (both real and passive) are formed only from imperfective verbs (perfective verbs do not have participles present tense).

2. Passive communion are formed only from transitive verbs (intransitive verbs do not have passive participles).

3. Communions present tense (both real and passive) are formed from the basis of the present tense.

4. Communions the past tense (both real and passive) are formed from the stem of the infinitive.

5. Passionate communion The past tense is predominantly formed from perfective verbs.

Valid communion present time -usch-/-yusch-(from verbs of I conjugation), and -ash-/-box-(from verbs of II conjugation): pi-sh-ut - writing, numaj- ym- reading(from verbs of I conjugation); shouting - screaming, talking - talking(from verbs of II conjugation).

Valid communion past tense formed with suffixes -vsh-, -sh-: write- writing, screaming- shouting, carrying - carrying.

Passive communion present time formed with suffixes -em-, -om-(from verbs of I conjugation) and -them-(from verbs of II conjugation): chita jut- readable (chitae] my), ved-ut- driven, love - beloved.

Some transitive imperfective passive verbs participles present tense do not form: wait, prick, take, crush, rub, dig, wash, pour, write, build, chop and etc.

Passive communion past tense formed with suffixes -nn-, -enn-, -t-: read- read, build - built, open- open.

Suffix -enn- joins stems into a consonant (P rines ti- brought) or on -and (note - noticed).

Note. Most transitive imperfective verbs do not have a passive form participles past tense.

Short form participles

Passive participles can have short form: I am not loved by anyone! (G. Ivanov)

AT short form participles (as well as short adjectives) change only by numbers and in the singular by gender (short forms do not change by cases).

Short form participles, like the short form of adjectives, is formed from the basis of the full participle forms with the help of endings: zero - the masculine form, a- female, o - average, s- plural: solve, solve, solve, solve; built, built, built, built.

In a sentence short form of participle is the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate: And the sailing boat is lit by copper-red sunset (G. Ivanov).Brief Communion can sometimes play the role of a definition, but only isolated and only related to the subject: Pale as a shadow, dressed in the morning , Tatyana is waiting: when is the answer? (A. Pushkin)

Participles and verbal adjectives

Communions differ from adjectives not only in the presence of morphological features of the verb, but also in their meaning. Adjectives denote constant attributes of objects, and communion- signs that develop over time. Wed, for example: red- blushing, flushed; old- aging, older.

Communions may lose the meaning and signs of the verb and turn into adjectives. In this case participle denotes an already permanent sign of an object (loses the category of time), loses the ability to have subordinate (dependent) words with it, control nouns: an out-of-tune piano, a defiant look, an aspiring poet, a brilliant answer. Wed: He also liked Tit Nikonych ... everyone's favorite(participle) and loving everyone (I. Goncharov) and When she played the piano my favorite(adjective) plays ... I listened with pleasure (A. Chekhov).

Most easily pass into passive adjectives communion: restrained character, high spirits, strained relations, confused look.

Communions are used mainly in the styles of book speech and are almost never found in colloquial everyday speech.

Morphological analysis of the sacrament includes the allocation of three permanent signs (real or passive, aspect, tense) and four inconstant (full or short form, gender, number and case). Participles, like the verbs from which they are formed, are characterized by transitivity - intransitivity, reflexivity - irreversibility. These permanent features are not included in the generally accepted scheme of analysis, but can be noted.

Before we start talking about short participles, let's remember what part of speech they are. At school, it is characterized as a special denoting sign in action. But some linguists rightly believe that this is because it has some features that the verb does not have.

Like the verb, the participle can be perfect and imperfect and has

present and past tense. (Note that it has no future tense). For example: laughing- imperfective aspect, present tense, or laughing perfective, past tense. This can be replaced by the verb from which it was formed. For example: invited guest - a guest who is invited.

But, like an adjective, the full participle changes by number and gender: read - read - read - read. (For comparison, adjective: merry - merry - merry - merry). And just like an adjective, it has a full and a short form.

Features of the formation of a short participle

One of the forms indicating a sign of an object that experiences some kind of action from the outside is short: open- short passive (compare: open- full passive). In a sentence, the full form usually acts as a definition, and the short form of a given part of speech is always a predicate, for example: I saw her shawled shoulders. - Shoulders wrapped in a shawl(shrouded- definition, and shrouded- predicate).

A short participle is most often formed with the help of suffixes -n- and -t-. For example: removed, dopit. Unlike the full form, the short form has one -n: log cabin nn s - felling n s, more powerful nn s - pomboshe n s. By the way, one should remember about the widespread use of one suffix in the formation of a short form instead of another. Ubra in the house t o - instead of the normative: removed.

The short participle changes by number: configured - configured, launched - launched etc. In the singular, it also changes by gender: simplified - simplified - simplified; grown - grown - grown.

In order not to confuse participles, it is necessary to clearly distinguish from which part of speech the given word is formed. The short participle is from the verb, and the short adjective is from the full form of the adjective, for example: throw - abandoned - thrown; good is good.

How to distinguish between a short adjective and a short participle. Examples

Let's try by example to learn to distinguish between participles in short form . He was uneducated. How to determine what part of speech is in front of us? Let's reason. If we have a sacrament, then we can always put a question from it in the instrumental case. He was uneducated (by whom?)- you can’t ask like that, because the meaning of what was said is lost. In this context, uneducated- a short adjective, since it can also be replaced by a synonym: illiterate.

In a sentence " These sculptures are formed by nature itself" aboutformed- a short communion. Since it is easy to ask a question from him: by whom? or how? without changing the meaning of what was said. In this sentence, it is answered by the word nature.

It's no secret that the Russian language is rich in vocabulary, word formation and, of course, grammar. This is such a huge amount of material that even after graduating from school, many still have a lot of questions that only linguists and linguists can probably answer.

Grammar is one of the most difficult foundations of the Russian language and, speaking of it, it means not only the correct spelling, but, of course, syntax, sentence members and parts of speech.

Participle - verb or adjective

Speaking of the latter, it is impossible not to immediately note the verb. What is it? As everyone knows, this part of speech answers the questions of what to do / what to do, denotes some action of the subject. Under the verb, teachers also mean participles, calling them a specific form of the verb, but many experts in the language field believe that the latter are an independent part of speech, and this statement is not groundless. The fact is that they are distinguished by some features that the verb does not have.

Both parts of speech have similarities: can be perfect and imperfect form, as well as have the past and present tense.

Let's look at a few examples:

1. Crying, late, reading - present tense, imperfect form.
2. Crying, late, read - past tense, perfect look.

Very often it can be replaced by a predicate. For example, the phrase "Cured patient" may sound like "patient cured."

In turn, this part of speech is divided in two: passive - describe the sign of the object to which the action is complete, real - describe the sign of the object that performed this or that action.

Passive participles are also divided into two types: full and short. We'll just talk about the latter. Short participles, like an adjective, have the same features.

Touching on their similarities with the adjective, both vary in gender and number. Example:

• Playful-playful - playful - playful.

So, how can you still describe the sacrament. This is a special form of speech that denotes the action of an object, while having a sign of definition. Answers the question: What is she doing? what did she do? (the question changes in gender and number, respectively). Therefore, it is not surprising that students often confuse this part of speech with the predicate and definition, which leads to incorrect punctuation and mangling of words.

This form can form a passive participle. As mentioned earlier, it can have a full and incomplete form and answer the question: what? what? what are?.

• Beloved is loved.
• Desired-desired.
• Illuminated - Illuminated.

It should also be noted here that short forms in everyday speech are used very rarely.

A short participle answers the question:

• - What is done? - The window is broken.
• - What's been done? - The game is on.
• - What's done? - The curtains are up.

A prerequisite is the use of one "n". In order to form this part of speech, the suffixes -n and -t are most often used:

• Beat - finish off.
• Drink - drink up.
• Pick up-picked up.
• Throw - thrown.

This part of speech (participle) is formed from the full form - from its base with the help of endings: masculine - without ending, feminine - a, middle - o. As for the plural - ending - s.

Short adjective and participle - differences

So, we looked at several examples and, as we said earlier, this part of speech has the properties of both a verb and an adjective. It is logical that the question arises: how to distinguish a short adjective from a short participle.

Faced with an example of interest to us in a sentence, we should ask a question from him in the instrumental case.

For example:

• "He was very uneducated." We ask the question “uneducated by whom/what?” It turns out a sentence of indistinct meaning. It does not mention either a person or an object to which the question “by whom / what?” could be used. Therefore, in this case, a short adjective is used, which can be replaced by the similar word "ignorant".

Now let's take the following example:

• "These patterns on the mountains were formed by nature." In this case, from the word “educated” you can ask questions in the instrumental case “by whom? how?". From this it follows that we have a short communion before us.

It’s also worth pointing out how to correctly write the particle “not” with this part of speech.

As a rule, the negative particle "not" with participles, with verbs is written separately. Here are some examples.

• The guy is not hardened.
• Detective is not written.
• The pear is not washed.

But there are cases when the particle is not written together. For example, if a short form is formed from a verb with the prefix “under-”.

• The husband is underestimated by the wife.
• Wage not received.

Having become acquainted with the features of this part of speech, we can safely say that the participle, along with the verb and adjective, is a unique and, most importantly, a fairly independent grammatical unit, the study of which is not so easy.

Before we start talking about short participles, let's remember what part of speech they are. At school, it is characterized as a special form of the verb, denoting a sign by action. But some linguists reasonably believe that this is an independent part of speech. After all, it has some features that the verb does not have.

Like the verb, the participle can be perfect and imperfect and has a present and past tense. (Note that it has no future tense). For example: laughing- imperfective, present tense, or laughing perfective, past tense. This part of speech can be replaced by the verb from which it was formed. For example: invited guest - a guest who is invited.

But, like an adjective, the full participle changes by number and gender: read - read - read - read. (For comparison, adjective: merry - merry - merry - merry). And just like an adjective, it has a full and a short form.

Features of the formation of a short participle

One of the forms of the passive participle, indicating a sign of an object experiencing some kind of action from the outside, is short: open- short passive (compare: open- full passive). In a sentence, the full form usually acts as a definition, and the short form of a given part of speech is always a predicate, for example: I saw her shawled shoulders. – Shoulders wrapped in a shawl(shrouded- definition, and shrouded- predicate).

A short participle is most often formed with the help of suffixes -n- and -t-. For example: removed, dopit. Unlike the full form, the short form has one -n: log cabin nn s - felling n s, more powerful nn s - more powerful n s. By the way, one should be aware of a common speech error in using one suffix when forming a short form instead of another. Ubra in the house t o - instead of the normative: removed.

The short participle changes by number: configured - configured, running - running etc. In the singular, it also changes by gender: simplified – simplified – simplified; grown - grown - grown.

In order not to confuse the short form of adjectives and participles, it is necessary to clearly distinguish from which part of speech the given word is formed. A short participle is from a verb, and a short adjective is from the full form of the adjective, for example: throw - abandoned - thrown; good is good.

How to distinguish between a short adjective and a short participle. Examples

Let's try by example to learn to distinguish between a verbal adjective and a participle in short form . He was uneducated. How to determine what part of speech is in front of us? Let's reason. If we have a sacrament, then we can always put a question from it in the instrumental case. He was uneducated (by whom?)- you can’t ask like that, because the meaning of what was said is lost. In this context, uneducated- a short adjective, since it can also be replaced by a synonym: illiterate.