Predicative adverb examples. Theoretical foundations of the study of the predicative adverb as a special part of speech in the Russian language

• Vodyasova Lyubov Petrovna, doctor of sciences, professor, professor
• Mordovia State Pedagogical Institute named after M. E. Evseviev

• GRAMMATIC SIGN
• SEMANTICS
• ADVERB
• PRECATIVE ADVERB

The article deals with a specific group of predicative adverbs. In the Erzya language, it is used to express the states of living beings or the environment. In form, these adverbs are correlative with nouns and adjectives and differ from them in their meanings and grammatical features.

• The role of metalexemes in the novel by V. Shukshin "I came to give you freedom"
• The Specificity of Parallel Combination of Sentences in a Complex Syntactic Whole (Based on the Works of Mordovian Writers)
• The implementation of the text-binding function of coordinating conjunctions in the novel by K.G. Abramov "The forest did not stop making noise"
• Verbal and non-verbal means of realizing the pragmatics of a literary text
• Phraseologisms-symbols with the meaning of "parts of the human body" in the Russian and Erzya languages

As you know, an adverb is a part of speech that combines words that denote a sign of an action, another sign, or a sign of an object. In Erzya, it refers to the verb: Vet dream [groin] dos berianste (K. Abramov) “He [Pahom] slept badly at night”; Tatya varshtas vitev dy ombotse pelev, mail sizzled alovbandt Poksh Tolkanov(T. Raptanov) “Tatya (Tatiana) looked to the right and to the other side, then went downhill to Bolshie Tolkany; adjective (or participle): Kudos as a ton her weight code-boothy avol wanks … (V. Kolomasov) “And now your house seems to be not quite clean…”; adverb: Weight those steamy nobles kuvaka dy kels, erzyaks mazyste vikshnez patsyaso(A. Shcheglov) “All this wealth is covered with a long and wide, beautifully embroidered scarf in Erzya style”; noun: Wai, pek ilya pane, - sleep well, - mon ezin tonado istya boycasto ardomas (V. Kolomasov) “Oh, don’t drive so hard,” she said, “I’m not used to such a fast ride.”

In Mordovian linguistics, the adverb has repeatedly become the object of attention of various linguistic studies, but compared to other parts of speech, much less has been studied. The authors of the available works mainly considered such issues as the semantics of individual adverbs and their groups, the word-formation potential of the adverb, the homonymy of adverbs with other parts of speech, the syntactic positions of the adverb, the comparison of Erzya adverbs with the adverbs of other languages, and some others. Thus, among the studies of recent years, one can name the works of Yu.A. Zhadyaeva and V.P. Tsypkaikina, A.S. Migunova and N.M. Mosina, G.A. Mityunina and T.M. Sheyanova, L.V. Samosudova and others. The main morphological features of the adverb and its syntactic functions are presented in the textbook "Grammar of the Mordovian languages". The textbook on the syntax of the Erzya language speaks about adverbial relations, including adverbs. The expressive possibilities of the adverb and their connecting role in the languages ​​of different systems are repeatedly became the subject of our study.

The adverb is characterized by the following morphological features:

1. the absence of private grammatical categories, since it is an invariable part of speech. Only some adverbs have inflectional forms with predicative suffixes (however, in this case we can talk about verbalization): Vasolan"I'm far away", vasolate"you're far away", vasolatano"we are far away", etc.;
2. the presence of special derivational suffixes: - by the way(Caucasian"twice", kolmokst"thrice"); -hundred/-ste/-ste: cheerfully"well", sereiste"high", parste"well";
3. the presence of special suffixes, etymologically, phonetically and semantically common with case indicators of a noun: -so/-se(malaso "nearby", bokaso "nearby", toso "there", tese "here"), -va(malawa"close"; Tuva"there");
4. lexical and word-building correlation with other parts of speech - noun, adjective, numeral and pronoun: trox(n.) "crossbar", "crossbar" − trox(adv.) "across".

Of particular interest among adverbs is the category of predicative words. The most common lexemes are paro, vadrya"well", psi"hot", yakshamo"cold", seven"calmly", "calmly" waldo"light", shozhdy, shozhdyne“easy”, etc. In form they are correlative with nouns and adjectives and differ from them in their meaning and grammatical features.

The semantic difference between these three categories of words is that predicative adverbs express the state of a person, other living beings and the environment: Stepan oymese yalateke waldo, waldo se melent eiste, kona marto saty tey, oshiv(K. Abramov) “It’s still light in Styopa’s soul, light from the thought with which he comes here, to the city,” and nouns are objectivity: Kashtom ikele, sharshavont tombale, not appearing tol waldo ...(K. Abramov) “In the kitchen, behind the curtain, there was light ...”, adjectives - a sign of the subject: Stepan ikele kuvat vandoldst waldo selmenze dy setme mizolksozo(K. Abramov) "In front of Styopa, her clear eyes and quiet smile shone for a long time." In a sentence, predicative adverbs always play the role of a predicate: Ushosokov chi yala sede lembe(K. Abramov) "It's getting warmer every day outside." In contrast, nouns usually perform the functions of subject and object: Lembe eravi skaltenen vest ...(I. Bryzhinsky) “Cows need warmth in winter…”; adjectives - definitions: Te kiskinent, yalgai, eravi kirdems lembe tarkaso(K. Abramov) "This dog, my friend, must be kept in a warm place ...". The names of living beings or words replacing them are often used in the form of a dative or illative: Koda drown and visks istya langan cortams(A. Kutorkin) “Aren't you ashamed to talk about me like that”; Mongak ney natoy melezen paro(F. Chesnokov) "And now my heart is good." When transferring the state of the environment (less often a person), its designation is put in inessive: Susholksos sundergads paro ladso, kudosont chopoda(K. Abramov) “It is quiet, cool in the forest, it smells of pine resin”; Kunsolan mon ton dy sedeysem istya paro, istya paro!(P. Kirillov) “I listen to you, and my heart is so good, so good!”.

Morphologically, predicative adverbs and adjectives are united by the fact that they do not change either in numbers or in cases: Staka neems ton istyamoks(A. Kutorkin) "It's hard to see you like this." In contrast to the correlative nouns with them, nouns have the category of number, case and are able to convey the meanings of certainty / indefiniteness and belonging: Zardoyak istymo valdo arasel(P. Kirillov) "There has never been such a light"; Waldo kodamo!(P. Kirillov) "What a light!"; Valdodo carminec cortamo(P. Kirillov) “They started talking about light”; Kudykelks is straight, variava, not to show teshtetne, to burn trowel valdoso(F. Chesnokov) “The stars shine through the cracks in the roof, they burn with a cold light”; Sexen go crazy sen valdonzo viren chuvtotnen pack yavs(A. Martynov) "The autumn evening scattered its blue light between the forest trees." Predicative adverbs, in contrast to adjectives, do not have forms with predicate suffixes: monen vadya - mon vadryan"I'm good - I'm good (a)", sink - quarrel tone"you are good - you are good (a)", minenek vadrya - min vadryatano"we are good - we are good" tynenko vadrya - tyn vadryatado"You're good - you're good."

With adverbs of other categories, predicative ones diverge in:

1. semantics. Predicative adverbs express the state of living beings or the environment, and not signs of actions, signs and objects: kudosont psi"it's hot in the house" - psyste ustoms"heat hot" ushoso yakshamo"it's cold outside" - yakshamosto kirdems"keep cold";
2. syntactic function. Predicative adverbs in a sentence perform only the function of a predicate and are not circumstances. Usually it is a predicate in an impersonal sentence: Sonenze [Seelnen] ulnes ischimo aparo ...(T. Raptanov) “He [Seel (nickname, lit.: hedgehog)] was so unwell…”; Staka ... prison ez pryadovo(T. Raptanov) "It's hard... the fight is not over";
3. grammatical independence. Predicative adverbs can appear on their own without a verb, with an auxiliary verb, or have a dependent infinitive attached to them, while other adverbs, as a rule, only obey the verb: monen vadya"I feel good" ushosont vadya"It's good outside" ashtems vadrya"sit well" monen vadryal / monen ulnes vadrya"I felt good" ushosont vadryal / ushosont ulnes vadrya"it was good on the street"; ashtems vadryal / ashtems ulnes vadrya"sit was good" but kunsoloms cheerfully"listen well": Kudosont setme(K. Abramov) "There is silence in the house"; Ardoms Ulne Vadria, Koshtos Shozhdyne(A. Sheglov) "It was good to go, the air is fresh"; Sede paro ashtems lelyant kedse dy lezdams tenze laksema tevsent(K. Abramov) "It is better to live with an older brother and help him in carpentry."

Thus, a specific group of predicative adverbs in the Erzya language is used to express the states of living beings or the environment. In form, these adverbs are correlative with nouns and adjectives and differ from them in their meaning and grammatical features.

Bibliography

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6. Samosudova L.V. Spatial adverbs of the Erzya language // Bulletin of the Chuvash University. 2006. No. 7. P. 144–147.
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8. Erzyan kel. Syntax: tonawtnemapel = Erzya language. Syntax: textbook / ed. D.V. Tsygankin. Saransk: Publishing House of Mordov. un-ta, 2011. 208 p. Mordov.-Erzya language.
9. Vodyasova L.P. Formation of linguistic integrity of the text in modern Mordovian languages ​​// Vestnik Ugrovedeniya. 2011. No. 4 (7). pp. 9–14.
10. Vodyasova L.P. Ways of connecting the components of a complex syntactic whole in the modern Erzya language // Bulletin of the Udmurt University. Ser. History and philology: electronic scientific journal. 2013. No. 5-2. pp. 32–38.
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Adverb is an old word. It was found in the Old Russian language and was reflected in the dictionary of I. Sreznevsky, where its meaning is noted as a part of speech. When determining the etymology of this word, we highlight the root speech-. In Old Russian, the word speech had different meanings, one of which was the name of the part of speech - the verb. This value is stored in the root speech-, which is included in the word adverb, because the connection between the verb and the adverb is the most direct.

The ancient Romans called this part of speech adverbium, which literally means "verb". Having changed only the prefix, Russian grammarians gave this part of speech the same name. Consequently, the ancient scientists saw the main content of the adverb in the fact that it should be with the verb (“verb”) or “superimposed” on the verb (adverb).

The outstanding linguist A. Peshkovsky very accurately reveals the essence of the dialect as a part of speech. He writes: "If we think about the words well, nice, purely,skillfully,deftly,fast etc., then first of all we note that in them, as in the verb and in the adjective, not objects are depicted, but signs. These signs are the same as in adjectives. good,beautiful,clean,skillful etc. However, in adverbs they appear to us not quite the same as in adjectives. In adjectives they belong to objects, in adverbs they belong to something that is said about an object. Good this does not mean that someone is good, but that someone did something well ... If we hear approving or disapproving exclamations well! deftly! brilliantly! talented! stupid! low! etc., then we immediately understand that this refers to someone's behavior, to some actions of people, and not to the people themselves. This means that here we mentally refer the adverb to the verb without fail, although we still don’t know the verb itself ... in connected speech, the adverb ... is used only with the verb and the adjective. We add: “and with a noun, but at the same time noticing that adverbs are quite rare with a noun, since the main feature of an adverb is to designate a sign of action, as the main feature of an adjective is to indicate a sign of an object: beautiful writing - writes beautifully, loud reading - reads loudly, brisk walking - walks fast ... With adjectives, an adverb usually denotes a degree of quality: very good voice, extremely rare» .

Already at the beginning of the 19th century, in Russian grammars, a number of words were consistently distinguished, intermediate between names, verbs, which expressed the state.

In Russian, when studying words of the category of state, two periods can be distinguished. The first period opens with the works of linguists, starting with A. Vostokov, in which words like hot, stuffy, it's a pity are considered as a kind of "foreign body" in the system of traditional parts of speech, the second - by the study "On parts of speech in the Russian language", where such words are distinguished into a separate part of speech - the category of state. First, L. Shcherba relates words like it's a pity, it is forbidden etc. to adverbs. Later, he comes to the conclusion that, upon closer examination, these words do not fall under the category of adverbs, since they do not belong to either a verb, or an adjective, or any other adverb. V. Vinogradov significantly deepened the doctrine of the category of state. Based mainly on the provisions of A. Vostokov, N. Nekrasov, L. Shcherba, he put this category on a par with other parts of speech that have forms of time. After the work of these scientists, a number of studies soon appeared in which words like cold are considered as impersonally predicative words expressing states.

S. Abakumov took into account the syntactic function of the words of the state category and called them impersonal predicative words.

V. Migirin and L. Bulanin call the words of the state category as subjectless adjectives, and A. Shakhmatov used the term "predicative adverbs"

Different parts of speech include the words of the state category “Grammar-80” and “Short Grammar” by N. Shvedova:

• - to adverbs: sad, fun, ashamed, windy, stuffy and call them predicative adverbs, or predicatives;
• - to nouns: laziness, hunting, reluctance, it's time.

But the commonality of categorical meanings and syntactic functions, emphasizes N. Shvedova, gives reason to combine all such words into a special grammatical class, which is sometimes called the category of state.

In old school textbooks, M. Baranov, E. Grigoryan, T. Ladyzhenskaya do not consider the category of state as a special part of speech.

V. Babaitseva and L. Chesnokova in the new textbook introduce the concept of "word-state".

Summarizing the data, we can distinguish two points of view on the category of state as a part of speech.

• 1. The category of state is a special part of speech with its own categorical meaning, morphological and syntactic features (V. Vinogradov, E. Galkina-Fedoruk, A. Gvozdev, A. Tikhonov, N. Shansky, L. Shcherba).
• 2. The category of state is not a special part of speech (“Grammar-80”, L. Bulanin, I. Meshchaninov, V. Migirin, A. Shapiro).

Syntactically, it is very difficult to determine which sentence is in front of us, one-part or two-part: Alone with Anna he was scared(one-piece). - He was afraid to be alone with Anna.(two-part). V. Babaitseva and L. Maksimov consider this construction as a transition between a one-part and two-part sentence.

Thus, despite a significant number of publications, the problem of predicative adverbs has not yet been resolved.

The problematic of the words of the categories of state lies in the fact that there is no consensus on whether these words are an independent part of speech, there is no unambiguous definition of this class of words, they are defined in different ways: impersonal predicative words, predicatives, predicative adverbs, words of the category of state and etc.; the exact number of lexico-semantic groups of words of the state category is not determined, there is no unambiguous decision about the presence of tense and mood categories for these words, the syntactic features of the words of the state category in texts of different nature are not clearly defined. Therefore, these words also deserve special attention, since the possibility of their formation indicates the productivity of this category, since there are a huge number of words that are the product of individual word creation.

Predicative adverbs, unlike adverbs, do not explain any words in a sentence. They are combined with a connective (in the present tense, the connective is zero), sometimes with an infinitive: 1. The forest was bare, wet, homeless, and yet spring-like well.(B. Nagibin). 2. The street was dark and empty(M. Lermontov). 3. It's good to be alone at the window(W. Bruce) . 4. It's good to run through the frost, it's good to leave in the snowballs(S. Ostrovoy).

Predicative adverbs include:

• 1) words with the suffix - about, which coincide in form with short neuter adjectives ( easily,Nice,happily,dark, hard): It was very quiet, it smelled like a damp field.(A. Bunin). - Everything is quiet, it was just in her(A. Pushkin). In the first sentence quiet- a predicative adverb, in the second - a short adjective;
• 2) words necessary,need,necessary,can,impossible, impossible denoting necessity, impossibility or possibility: I need a lot in friendship or I don't need anything(N. Astakhov) .

Predicative adverbs homonymous with a short neuter adjective have degrees of comparison: 1. It was quiet in the forest(K. Simonov). 2. In the forests it became more and more gloomy, all quieter(K. Paustovsky)

Predicative adverbs in -about should be distinguished from short neuter adjectives. Adjectives explain the noun, change in gender and number, perform the function of a predicate in a two-part sentence. Predicative adverbs (including in a comparative degree) are predicates in an impersonal sentence (one-part).

Thus, in the modern Russian language, most grammarians recognize the “category of state” or predicative adverbs as an independent part of speech, which has its own semantic, morphological and syntactic characteristics. The existing disagreements are explained by the fact that the process of forming a special part of speech at this stage has not been completed and in different words it reaches a different degree. A distinctive feature of these words is that they do not combine with the subject and lose the ability to designate an object (laziness) or a sign of action (fun).

Thus, predicative adverbs or words of the state category are a category of words that denote a physical or mental state, often with a modal color (express the attitude of the speaker). In a sentence, they act as a predicate of a one-part impersonal sentence.

A special group is made up of predicative adverbs that denote a state and perform the function of a predicate (predicate) in an impersonal sentence.

This can be the state of living beings (fun, sad, funny, insulting, ashamed): Without you, I'm bored - I yawn; I feel sad with you - I endure ... (P.); state of the environment, conditions (cold, windy, hot, clean, comfortable, spacious): It is still cold outside, but the sun is already shining in spring. (M. G.) It was warm and dry in the dugout. and today it is still quiet. (Sim.)

Predicative adverbs, unlike non-predicative adverbs, do not explain any words in the sentence. They are combined with a bunch (in the present tense, the bunch is zero), sometimes with an infinitive: In the forest it was bare, wet, homeless and still good in spring. (Bend over.) It's good to be alone at the window. (Bruce.) It's good to run through the frost, it's good to leave in the snowballs.

Predicative adverbs include:

1) words with the suffix -o, coinciding in form with short adjectives of the middle gender (easy, pleasant, joyful, dark, hard). Wed: It was very quiet, it smelled of a damp field. (Boone.) Everything was quiet, it was just in her. (P.) In the first sentence, quietly is a predicative adverb, in the second, a short adjective;

2) the words need, need, necessary, possible, impossible, impossible, denoting necessity, possibility or impossibility: I need a lot in friendship or do not need anything. (N. Ast.)

Predicative adverbs homonymous with a short neuter adjective have degrees of comparison: It was quiet in the forest. (Sim.) In the forests it became more and more gloomy, quieter. (paust.)

Predicative adverbs in -o must be distinguished from short neuter adjectives. Adjectives explain the noun, change in gender and number, and perform the function of a predicate in a sentence with two main members. Predicative adverbs (including in a comparative degree) are predicates in an impersonal sentence.

Adverb

An adverb is a part of speech that expresses the grammatical general meaning of an attribute of an action, state or other attribute. (write fast and nice ; to kid very funny", very pleasant, talk extremely kindly). Syntactically, adverbs adjoin verbs, adjectives, adverbs, as well as special words that name the states of living beings and the environment (see "State Category") 1 . In a sentence, adverbs are usually adverbs.

1 Some manuals note that adverbs can also be combined with nouns (soft-boiled egg,: bulging eyes etc.). However, in such combinations

It would not be entirely correct to define adverbs as invariable words: although they do not change either by gender, or by numbers, or by cases, or by tenses, nevertheless, adverbs are characterized by an inflectional morphological category of degrees of comparison ( funny, more fun, most fun).

In terms of word formation, adverbs are very diverse; along with non-derivative adverbs of Tina where, when, very, very there are quite a few derivative adverbs formed in a variety of ways from nouns (in the distance, without asking, in a whisper), adjectives ( fun, childish, openly), numerals ( two, three) verbs ( reluctantly, playfully) and others. The process of transition of various parts of speech into the category of adverbs (adverbialization) is productive, lively, which is reflected in the relative complexity of spelling adverbs compared to the spelling of other parts of speech.

Lexico-grammatical categories of adverbs

When classifying adverbs, two features are taken into account: the function in the sentence and the type of meaning of the adverb.

1. According to the function in the sentence, adverbs are definitive and adverbial. Definitive adverbs specify the quality and intensity of an action or sign, specify the way the action is performed. (to work a lot; very fast; read in Polish). Adverbs of measure and degree are distinguished ( a little, very, extremely, too much), which are adjacent to verbs, adjectives, other adverbs (as well as words of the state category), and adverbs of the mode of action (loudly, in a bass voice, in a singsong voice, on foot, beautifully), which are attached only to verbs.

Circumstantial adverbs are only attached to verbs. They do not specify the nature of the action, but indicate the circumstances of its course. Adverbs of place stand out (left, forward, home) time (soon, long ago, yesterday, daily), causes (hastily, reluctantly, blindly), consequences (white, satiety) goals (on purpose, out of spite) compatibility (two, together).

In phrases, the adverb loses the categorical meaning of an attribute of an action, state or other attribute and begins to designate an attribute of an object. From a syntactical point of view, words like soft-boiled are not circumstances, but definitions with a noun. A. A. Shakhmatov noted that in such cases adjectivation of adverbs occurs (i.e. adverbs become invariable adjectives).

2. According to the type of meaning, adverbs are opposed to significant and pronominal. Nominative adverbs have a nominative meaning, they name one or another feature of a feature. (good, very, on foot, by heart and etc.).

Pronominal adverbs (where when, where, as etc.) do not have a nominative meaning: they do not name the sign of the sign, but point to it. These adverbs are called pronominal because their meaning is similar to the meanings of pronominal words like who, which, how many; in addition, many pronominal adverbs are formed from pronouns ( to my mind, then, because and etc.).

Comparisons of adverbs

As with adjectives, the category of degrees of comparison of adverbs is formed by the opposition of three forms: positive, comparative and superlative degrees. Forms of degrees of comparison are formed only from qualitative adverbs like funny, nice(i.e. from definitive adverbs of the mode of action derived from qualitative adjectives).

The formation of forms of degrees of comparison of adverbs and adjectives is generally similar (cf .: cheerful - more fun and fun - more fun; beautiful - the most beautiful and beautiful - the most beautiful of all).

The comparative degree (or comparat and c) is formed synthetically and analytically. To form a synthetic (simple) form, the comparative follows after truncation of the adverbial suffix -about add suffixes to the stem -her, -her, -e, -she (beautiful-o - beautiful-her, unfold handsome; dry-o - dry-e; far-o-far-she). The analytical form of the comparative is formed by adding auxiliary words to the form of the positive degree of the adverb more, less (beautiful - more / less beautiful). Such forms are perceived as somewhat bookish, in colloquial speech the synthetic form of the comparative is more often used. (more beautiful).

The superlative degree (or superlative) is usually formed analytically: by adding auxiliary words to the positive degree form most, least (loud - most/least loud); or by adding auxiliary words to the synthetic form of the comparative everything, everyone (more beautiful - more beautiful than everyone; funnier - funniest of all). Synthetic form of superlative adverbs (with suffixes -eyshe, -ayshe) in modern language is used extremely

rare and perceived as archaic ( thank you most humbly; I bow low).

Category of state (impersonal-predicative words)

The category of state is a part of speech that expresses the general categorical meaning of the state of living beings, nature, environment in the grammatical form of the main component of impersonal constructions - its predicate: You need to leave; It's cloudy outside; The room is quiet.

Features of the category of state as a part of speech

In school grammar, words of the category of state are considered as a kind of adverbs. Indeed, impersonal-predicative words are often homonymous with -o adverbs (and corresponding short forms of adjectives); compare: The dress was beautiful(adj.); The student drew beautifully(adv.); The room was beautiful(cat. condition). However, L. V. Shcherba and V. V. Vinogradov showed that these coincidences are purely external, that the category of state is a special part of speech.

Adverbs have a part-verbal meaning of a sign of an action or a sign of another sign, impersonal predicative words have the meaning of a state. In a sentence, the adverb is usually a circumstance, and the word of the category of state is the main member of the sentence. Impersonal predicative words have analytical forms of tense formed with the help of a copula and copular verbs be, become, make and others, including the zero form of the present tense of the verb be: It was cold yesterday, and tomorrow will be warm; It's quiet here. Adverbs do not and cannot have categories of time. All this testifies to the grammatical opposition of adverbs and words to the category of state.

• 1) words in -o (fun, quiet, warm, funny etc.), correlative with qualitative adverbs and short forms of adjectives;
• 2) words it's time laziness, hunting, grel * and others, which are correlative with nouns, however, unlike them, they denote not an object, but a state: It's time for us to leave; £.sch/ desire to read;
• 3) words nyado, it is possible, ashamed, ashamed, fearful, impossible, sorry, which do not find a match in other parts of speech of the modern Russian language.

Lexico-grammatical categories of impersonal predicative words

Qualitative impersonal predicative words denote the state of living beings and the environment: the emotional and mental state of a person ( sad, funny, scary) the physical or physiological state of a person (hungry, sick, sick) physical and meteorological state of the environment (dry, light, overcast, cozy, deserted) and others. From qualitative impersonal predicative words, it is possible to form forms of degrees of comparison - comparative (cozier, more/less dark) and superlative (worst of all).

Modal impersonal predicative words express a modal assessment of the state of the subject, i.e. they have the meaning of desire, readiness, necessity, ability to perform this or that action (necessary, necessary, possible, necessary, impossible, laziness, times Mr. hunting and etc.).

Predicative adverbs, that is, adverbs used as a predicate, are allocated in a special category. This function for adverbs is secondary. Predicative adverbs are also called predicatives and the category of state.

There is an opinion that the predicative use is incompatible with the adverb as such. This is what prompts researchers to associate the predicative use of adverbs with a special part of speech, the “category of state”.

The main objection to such an assessment of the relevant facts is related to the fact that the use of a link does not change the part-of-speech status of word forms. The possibility of using the adverb in connection is obvious: cf. to go together and be together, split in half and We have everything in half: do it your way and Everything your way. Adverbs of place and time are freely connected with the verb to be, forming such sentence components, which have recently been subsumed by many syntaxists under the nominal compound predicate (in Russian Grammar-80, sentences with uncoordinated main members include such which in the predicate there is a case form of the name with a preposition, expressing a characteristic in place, spatial correlation, temporal extent, temporal sign. Among the examples are the Dnieper - behind the back, the Club - across the road. The turn is twenty steps away. Friends were nearby.His remorse - for an hour) b4.

Predicative adverbs are represented by two groups.

In one group, unchangeable words are combined (there are few of them), which are always used predicatively: sorry, you can’t, you can, you have to, ashamed, ashamed, nauseated, married, ready, fit (in the symptomatic meaning: shoes fit). Some of them are used in sentences with the infinitive as the main member (you can’t drive, you can leave, you have to pack up), others, in addition, can be the main member of an impersonal sentence (he is ashamed, the children are ashamed of their actions. I am sick of everything happened), the third ones are predicates in a two-part sentence (the woman is married, the guns are at the ready, the shoes are just right).

Another group of predicative adverbs combines words with -o, correlatives with qualitative adverbs and a short form of the neuter gender of qualitative adjectives. Such lexemes are used as a predicate in impersonal sentences: It is foggy, quiet, empty in the fields ... (S. Orlov); How light it is here and how homeless it is. The tired body is resting... (Akhmatova); How cheerful was their work, how clever! How they loved it when Five small, fast heads began to peek out from the nest! (Maikov); In the evening everyone sleeps, it’s dark in the yard (Fet).

The predicative use of such word forms corresponds more to a short adjective than to an adverb, especially since the short form of the neuter gender of passive participles is used impersonally (In the hut it is very hot and smoky), and in the conjugated verb the neuter gender is drawn into the expression of impersonality. But, since the position in connection with the copula is not closed for the adverb as a whole, we can assume that with the impersonal use of indicative forms on -o, the part of the part belongs to

64 Russian Grammar-80. T. 2. S. 300-302.

the nature of the word form is determined conditionally (it cannot be unambiguously determined - a kind of part-of-speech neutralization is observed). There is a tradition to classify them as adverbs

literature

Galkina-Fedoruk E. M. Adverbs in a sentence // Russian language at school 1941,

Peshkovsky A M Russian syntax in scientific coverage S 95-96, 156-157 Russian grammar-80 T 1 S 703-705 Shansky N M, Tikhonov A N. Modern Russian language Ch 2 M, 1981

P 225-238 Russian language Experimental teaching materials for secondary school Part 3. / Sub-ed. I S Ilyinskaya, M V Panova M, 1980 P 16-22 Shakhmatov A A Syntax of the Russian language L, 1941 P 502-504