Obtaining an ammonia solution. The use and production of ammonia, the physical properties of the gas

Do not smell store? Treat them with ammonia. From its vapors, many buds begin to smell fragrant. Although, the smell of ammonia itself is quite harsh.

Ammonium chloride and urine vapors come to mind. The most sensitive to ammonia are asters. Their aroma is enhanced by about 6 times.

You can also change the color of the buds. So, from the vapors of the reagent, the petals are blue and turn green, and blacken.

Florists, as they say, take note. However, ammonia useful in other areas of activity. We learn the rest of the properties of the substance, get acquainted with the ways of its application.

Properties of ammonia

When working with ammonia vapor, you should be careful. At a certain concentration, the mixture of the reagent with air is explosive.

Plus, the gas is toxic. "Communication" with him is fraught with nervous disorders, hearing loss, partial memory loss, clouding of the lenses. These symptoms are observed in people working in ammonia production.

Ammonia vapor always rushes up, because the gas is lighter than air. A substance is a gas under normal conditions. Ammonia is liquefied for transportation and sale.

This requires high pressure. Get anhydrous concentrate. For him, there is 6221-90 GOST.

Liquefied ammonia in vessels, nevertheless, it has a gaseous phase. Under pressure, both states of matter are in equilibrium.

In this case, the temperature must be below the critical one, as well as the pressure. If there are more than 132 degrees and 11 megapascals, the balance will be disturbed.

The coefficient of volumetric compression of a substance is several times less than its coefficient of expansion.

If the vessel is filled to the top, an increase in temperature can result in a pressure of 52 megapascals.

This is enough to break the metal seams of the containing vessel. Accordingly, there will be an explosion.

From ammonia concentrate you can get ammonia solution any intensity. Although, the waterless version also comes in handy for humanity.

For example, it is one of the fertilizers. In addition, only hydrogen is present in the substance. The last 3 atoms, that is, the gas formula is as follows: - NH 3.

This hydrogen content is the reason for the excellent solubility of ammonia in water. Other gases cannot boast of this.

Strong hydrogen bonds form between ammonia and water. The more saturated the solution, the greater its dissolving properties.

According to them, the substance competes with ethyl alcohol, with the only difference being that the latter is of organic origin.

So, aqueous ammonia, as well as a concentrate, are capable of dissolving metals of alkali and alkaline earth groups.

The reaction results in dark blue liquids. This is the result of valence electron ionization and solvation.

The latter concept denotes an electrostatic contact between the molecules of dissolved metals and ammonia.

From ammonia smell of ammonia comes out of nowhere. The agent is an aqueous solution of ammonium hydroxide.

I.e, ammonia is ammonia alcohol. Ammonium hydroxide is also found in urine, as well as in organic decomposition products.

That is why, for example, rotting masses from the bottom of swamps smell unpleasant. They decompose the remains of plants, fish,.

In the same ponds, ammonia naturally mixes with water. An OH group is present in the solution.

This means that the mixture is capable of an alkaline reaction, is a weak base. Dissolves the hero and alcohol. Ammonia not accidentally mixed with it in ammonia.

In concentrated form, hydrogen nitride strongly refracts light, that is, changes the direction of its rays.

Another curious property of the hero of the article is boiling at sub-zero temperatures. Should be around 34 below zero.

If you lower the temperature to 78 degrees, the liquid will completely harden. It turns out whitish flakes, similar to snow. substances have a regular, symmetrical shape.

Ammonia mining

Ammonia production reduced to 100,000,000 tons annually. Approximately the same amount of chlorine is extracted. At the same time, ammonia is less toxic.

In the specified ammonia volume includes a substance extracted from natural sources of nitrogen, and synthesized under conditions.

The industrial method is based on the combination of hydrogen and nitrogen. Ammonia of them is obtained at a temperature not lower than 500 degrees Celsius.

Another condition: - pressure of 350 atmospheres. You can't do without a catalyst. It accelerates a sluggish reaction without entering into it itself.

The role of the catalyst is usually performed by spongy. Of the more expensive assistants, oxide is chosen, or.

The final yield of the product during the interaction of simple substances is approximately 30-35%.

This is the maximum, subject to the lowest possible temperature and highest pressure. It is this duet that ensures the effectiveness of the reaction.

However, at the lower temperature bar, the process speed decreases. If you turn on the heat, you will partially remain without ammonia but you will get it faster.

The synthetic method for the production of ammonia leaves practically no chance for its extraction in nature from the decay products of organic matter. This process is long.

Ammonia formed, but quickly volatilizes. Gas rarely enters the traps of the earth's crust.

Usually, ammonia evaporates little by little, which makes natural deposits illiquid.

Application of ammonia

Application substances in the agricultural sector have already been mentioned. Now, let's move on to the beauty industry, remembering about ammonia for hair.

Here we recall that the solution of a substance is a weak alkali. Hence the appointment: - to provide alkaline Ph paints, in the region of 10.

Such an environment contributes to the swelling of the hair, which triggers the decomposition reaction of hydrogen peroxide.

The latter is a clarifier, therefore, it is necessarily used in shades of blond.

Exist ammonia free paint. However, manufacturers are partially cunning. Instead of a pure substance, its derivatives are used.

They also raise Ph to an alkaline level, but are more expensive. Accordingly, and ammonia-free hair dye requires costs.

However, consumers are ready for them in order to save their hair. The fact is that pure ammonia opens the pores of the hair more strongly.

They begin to resemble a sponge, the surface of which can only be smoothed out with expensive silicone cosmetics that fill voids.

From food expressed alkali -. For its manufacture, also directed ammonia synthesis.

It is also produced to obtain nitrogen acids. Ammonia converted to nitric oxide.

The latter is oxidized to dioxide. Then, the oxides are absorbed by water. That's how they get it.

Ammonia formula, as already mentioned, underlies the creation of explosive substances.

The substance is also needed in the production of refrigeration equipment. Its action is based on the evaporation of liquefied gas. At the same time, a lot of heat is absorbed, which, in fact, provides coolness.

In jewelry, ammonia was also involved. It is used to clean products from after polishing with paste.

Mankind's need for ammonia reflects the trend in its production. Even 30 years ago, 70,000,000 tons of reagent were formed per year.

Now, as mentioned in the “Production” chapter, it is 100,000,000. Only the leaders of production have not changed. This is still the USA and, now,.

In reference books of past years, naturally, the USSR appears. That the cost of the substance has changed, and there is no need to guess. Let's get acquainted with the current price tag for ammonia.

Ammonia price

buy ammonia can be wholesale and retail. Large deliveries are carried out, as a rule, in tons.

For 1000 kilograms they ask from 19,000 rubles. Small enterprises are ready to sell by the kilogram, asking for about 30 rubles.

At retail, kilograms are rarely offered, tons are not offered at all. Let's study the price list of pharmacies, paying attention to ammonia.

Usually, it is poured into bottles of 40 milliliters. Such a volume costs from 15 to 31 rubles.

Interestingly, if there are bottles of 25 and 100 milliliters, they cost about the same, from 13 to 55 rubles.

At the same time, it is worth considering that the alcohol solution is 10 percent. Liquefied ammonia on wholesale deliveries is concentrated.

Therefore, industrialists have to think about the correct transportation of goods. There are special semi-trailers with tanks.

The age of containers should not exceed 30 years. The composition for tanks is also important, because ammonia dissolves many metals.

It is also necessary to take into account the pressure in the tank, the temperature. Therefore, next to the advertisements for the sale of the reagent, as a rule, there are also offers for the sale and rental of semi-trailers. You can't do without them.

Ammonia (NH 3) is one of the most common industrial chemicals used in industry and commerce.

Ammonia, what does our body need it for? It turns out that it is constantly formed in all organs and tissues and is an indispensable substance in many biological processes, serves as a precursor for the formation of amino acids and the synthesis of nucleotides. In nature, ammonia is formed during the decomposition of nitrogen-containing organic compounds.

Chemical and physical properties of ammonia

• At room temperature, ammonia is an irritating, colorless gas with a pungent, suffocating odor;
• in its pure form is known as anhydrous ammonia;
• hygroscopic (easily absorbs moisture);
• has alkaline properties, caustic dissolves easily in water;
• compresses easily and forms a clear liquid under pressure.

Where is ammonia used?

About 80% of ammonia is used to make industrial products.

Ammonia is used in agriculture as a fertilizer.

Present in refrigeration units for the purification of water composition.

It is used in the production of plastics, explosives, textiles, pesticides, dyes and other chemicals.

It is found in many household and industrial cleaning solutions. Household products containing ammonia are made with the addition of 5-10% ammonia, the concentration of ammonia in industrial solutions is higher - 25%, which makes them more caustic.

How does ammonia affect the human body?

Most people come into contact with ammonia, inhaling it like a gas or evaporation. Since ammonia exists in nature and is found in detergents, they can be sources of it.

The widespread use of ammonia in agricultural and industrial areas also means that rising levels of ammonia in the air can occur during accidental releases or deliberate terrorist attacks.

Anhydrous gaseous ammonia is lighter than air and therefore rises high, so it generally dissipates and does not accumulate in lowlands. However, in the presence of dampness (increased relative humidity), liquefied anhydrous ammonia forms vapors heavier than air. These vapors can be carried over the surface of the earth or over lowlands.

How does ammonia work?

Ammonia begins to interact immediately after contact with moisture on the surface of the skin, eyes, mouth, respiratory tract and partially mucous surfaces and forms a very caustic ammonium hydroxide . Ammonium hydroxide causes tissue necrosis due to disruption of cell membranes, leading to cell destruction. Once protein and cells break down, water is drawn out in an inflammatory response, resulting in further damage.

What are the symptoms of ammonia poisoning?

Breath. The smell of ammonia in the nose is irritating and acrid. Exposure to high concentrations of ammonia in the air results in a burning sensation in the nose, throat, and airways. This can lead to bronchiolar and alveolar edema and airway involvement due to respiratory failure. Inhalation of low concentrations may cause coughing and irritation of the nose and throat. The smell of ammonia is an early warning of its presence, but ammonia also leads to a weakening of the sense of smell, which reduces the ability to notice it in the air at low concentrations.

Children exposed to the same amount of ammonia as adults receive a larger dose because their lungs have a much larger surface area relative to their bodies. In addition, they may be more exposed to ammonia due to their short stature - they are closer to the ground, where the vapor concentration is higher.

Contact with skin or eyes. Contact with low concentrations of ammonia in air or liquids may cause rapid eye or skin irritation. Higher concentrations of ammonia can cause serious injury and burns . Contact with concentrated ammonia liquids such as industrial detergents may cause corrosion damage, including skin burns, eye damage, or blindness . The highest degree of damage to the eye may not be visible until a week after contact. Contact with liquefied ammonia may also cause frostbite .

Ingestion with food. Getting high concentrations of ammonia through swallowing an ammonia solution can cause damage to the mouth, throat, and stomach.

And hydrogen. It is a colorless gas, but with a pungent odor. The chemical composition reflects the formula of ammonia - NH 3. An increase in pressure or a decrease in the temperature of a substance leads to its transformation into a colorless liquid. Gaseous ammonia and its solutions are widely used in industry and agriculture. In medicine, 10% ammonium hydroxide is used - ammonia.

The structure of the molecule. Electronic formula of ammonia

The hydrogen nitride molecule is shaped like a pyramid, at the base of which is nitrogen bonded to three hydrogen atoms. The N–H bonds are strongly polarized. Nitrogen attracts the bonding electron pair more strongly. Therefore, the negative charge is accumulated on the N atoms, while the positive charge is concentrated on the hydrogen. An idea of ​​this process is given by the model of the molecule, electronic and ammonia.

Hydrogen nitride is very soluble in water (700:1 at 20°C). The presence of practically free protons leads to the formation of numerous hydrogen "bridges" that connect the molecules to each other. Structural features and chemical bonding also lead to the fact that ammonia is easily liquefied with an increase in pressure or a decrease in temperature (-33 ° C).

origin of name

The term "ammonia" was introduced into scientific use in 1801 at the suggestion of the Russian chemist Y. Zakharov, but the substance has been known to mankind since ancient times. A gas with a pungent odor is released during the decay of waste products, many organic compounds, such as proteins and urea, during the decomposition of ammonium salts. Historians of chemistry believe that the substance was named after the ancient Egyptian god Amon. The oasis of Siwa (Ammon) is located in North Africa. Surrounded by the ruins of an ancient city and a temple, next to which there are deposits of ammonium chloride. This substance in Europe was called the "salt of Amon." There is a legend that the inhabitants of the Siwa oasis sniffed salt in the temple.

Obtaining hydrogen nitride

The English physicist and chemist R. Boyle burned manure in experiments and observed the formation of white smoke over a stick dipped in hydrochloric acid and introduced into the stream of the resulting gas. In 1774, another British chemist, D. Priestley, heated ammonium chloride with slaked lime and isolated a gaseous substance. Priestley called the compound "alkaline air", because its solution exhibited properties. Boyle's experiment, in which ammonia interacted with hydrochloric acid, was explained. A solid white color occurs when the molecules of the reactants come into contact directly in the air.

The chemical formula of ammonia was established in 1875 by the Frenchman C. Berthollet, who conducted an experiment on the decomposition of a substance into its constituent components under the influence of an electric discharge. Until now, the experiments of Priestley, Boyle and Berthollet are being reproduced in laboratories to obtain hydrogen nitride and ammonium chloride. The industrial method was developed in 1901 by A. Le Chatelier, who received a patent for a method for synthesizing a substance from nitrogen and hydrogen.

Ammonia solution. Formula and Properties

An aqueous solution of ammonia is usually written as hydroxide - NH 4 OH. It exhibits the properties of a weak alkali:

• dissociates into ions NH 3 + H 2 O \u003d NH 4 OH \u003d NH 4 + + OH -;
• colors the solution of phenolphthalein in crimson color;
• reacts with acids to form salt and water;
• precipitates Cu(OH) 2 as a bright blue substance when mixed with soluble copper salts.

The equilibrium in the reaction of the interaction of ammonia with water is shifted towards the starting materials. Preheated hydrogen nitride burns well in oxygen. Nitrogen is oxidized to diatomic molecules of the simple substance N2. Ammonia also exhibits reducing properties in reaction with copper (II) oxide.

The value of ammonia and its solutions

Hydrogen nitride is used in the production of ammonium salts and nitric acid, one of the most important products of the chemical industry. Ammonia serves as a raw material for the production of soda (according to the nitrate method). The content of hydrogen nitride in an industrial concentrated solution reaches 25%. In agriculture, an aqueous solution of ammonia is used. The liquid fertilizer formula is NH 4 OH. The substance is directly used as a top dressing. Other ways to enrich the soil with nitrogen are the use of salts of chlorides, phosphates. In industrial conditions and agricultural premises, it is not recommended to store mineral fertilizers containing ammonium salts together with alkalis. If the integrity of the packaging is violated, the substances can react with each other with the formation of ammonia and its release into the indoor air. A toxic compound adversely affects the respiratory system, the human central nervous system. The mixture of ammonia with air is explosive.

10% aqueous solution ammonia . The concentration of the active substance in a liter of solution is 440 ml.

As an auxiliary component, the composition of the preparation includes purified water (in a volume of up to 1 liter).

Release form

Solution for inhalation and external use 10%. Available in 10 ml dropper bottles, 40 and 100 ml bottles.

It is a clear, volatile liquid, colorless and with a pungent odor.

pharmachologic effect

annoying , antiseptic , analeptic , emetic .

Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

The agent has an irritating effect on the exteroreceptors of the skin and provokes a local release prostaglandins , kinins and histamine . Acts as a liberator in the spinal cord enkephalins and endorphins , which block the flow of pain impulses from pathological foci.

When it enters the upper respiratory tract, it interacts with the endings of the trigeminal nerve and reflexively excites the respiratory center. A concentrated solution causes colliquation (softening and dissolution) of microbial cell proteins.

With any method of administration, it is quickly eliminated from the body (mainly by the bronchial glands and lungs). It reflexively affects the tone of the vascular walls and the activity of the heart.

At the site of application, when applied externally, it dilates blood vessels, improves tissue regeneration and trophism, and also stimulates the outflow of metabolites.

When the skin is irritated, it causes similar reflexes in the segmentally located muscles and internal organs, contributing to the restoration of impaired functions and structures.

It suppresses the focus of excitation, which supports the pathological process, reduces muscle tension, hyperalgesia, relieves vasospasm, thus providing a distracting effect.

With prolonged contact, it burns the mucous membranes and skin, which is accompanied by tissue hyperemia, the development of swelling and soreness.

Reception per os in small concentrations stimulates the secretion of the glands, acting on the vomiting center, reflexively increases its excitability and causes vomiting.

The drug does not enter the bloodstream.

Indications for use

Inhalation is used to stimulate breathing during fainting.

Ingestion is indicated to stimulate vomiting (in diluted form).

It is used externally to disinfect the hands of a doctor before a surgical operation, in the form of lotions for neuralgia, insect bites, and myositis.

Contraindications

Intolerance.

Topical application is contraindicated in skin diseases.

Side effects: the effect on the human body of vapors and ammonia solution

In the case of taking the solution in undiluted form, it is possible alimentary canal burns (esophagus and stomach). Inhalation of the drug in high concentrations can provoke reflex respiratory arrest.

Ammonia solution: instructions for use

The instructions for use of ammonia indicate that the dose of the drug is selected individually, depending on the indications.

In surgical practice, as a handwash, the solution is used according to the Spasokukotsky-Kochergin method, diluting 50 ml of the solution in 1 liter of boiled water (warm).

When used to stimulate breathing, the solution is applied to gauze or cotton. For insect bites, it is used in the form of lotions.

The use of ammonia in horticulture

The use of ammonia for plants is quite diverse: it is used for aphids, for processing onions from onion flies, for feeding plants.

Ammonia from aphids is used at the rate of 2 tbsp. spoons for 10 liters of water. A little washing powder should also be added to the bucket - this will provide better adhesion. The solution is used for spraying plants.

Ammonia as a fertilizer: in this case, 50 ml of solution should be taken per 4 liters of water. The tool is not only a good top dressing for indoor and garden plants, but also allows you to get rid of midges and mosquitoes.

For watering onions, dilute 1-2 tbsp. spoons of ammonia. It is recommended to water the plants with such a remedy from the moment of planting until the end of June.

How to clean gold?

There are several ways to clean gold with ammonia.

You can mix 1 teaspoon of alcohol with a glass of water and 1 tbsp. spoon of any detergent, or you can add to water (200 ml), ammonia (1 teaspoon), (30 ml), half a teaspoon of liquid detergent.

In the first case, the jewelry is placed in a cleaning solution for an hour or two, in the second - for 15 minutes. After cleaning, the gold should be rinsed in water and wiped dry with a napkin.

How to clean silver?

To clean silver, ammonia is diluted with water in a ratio of 1:10 (1 part alcohol to 10 parts water). Silver items are left in the solution for several hours, then rinsed in water and wiped with a soft cloth.

For regular cleaning of silver, a soapy solution is used, to which a small amount of ammonia is added.

Ammonia from cockroaches and ants

To combat ants, 100 ml of the solution is diluted in a liter of water and furniture in the kitchen is washed with this product. To get rid of cockroaches with ammonia, wash the floor.

Ammonia for heels

As a means to soften rough skin of the feet, ammonia is mixed with glycerin (1: 1). The product is applied to the feet before going to bed, and socks are put on top.

Overdose. Effects of ammonia vapor on the human body

An overdose causes an increase in the manifestations of adverse reactions. So, the effect on the human body of a high dose of ammonia solution when taken orally is manifested:

• vomiting with a characteristic smell of ammonia;
• diarrhea with tenesmus (false painful urge to defecate);
• swelling of the larynx;
• runny nose;
• cough;
• arousal;
• convulsions;
• collapse .

In some cases it is possible fatal outcome (patient dies when taking 10-15 g ammonium hydroxide ).

Treatment for overdose is symptomatic.

Sometimes people are interested in what will happen if you drink ammonia. You should be aware that oral administration of the solution in its pure form can provoke severe burns of the digestive canal.

Symptoms of ammonia poisoning

Human exposure to ammonia by inhalation of its vapors manifests itself in the form of irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract. In this case, the intensity of irritation depends on the concentration of the gas.

Signs of ammonia poisoning:

• profuse lacrimation;
• salivation;
• shortness of breath;
• increased sweating;
• hyperemia of the face;
• feeling of heaviness and tightness in the chest;
• chest pain;
• whooping cough;
• sneezing
• runny nose;
• swelling of the larynx and spasm in the vocal cords;
• anxiety;
• suffocation;
• convulsions;
• loss of consciousness.

With prolonged exposure, ammonia vapors provoke severe muscle weakness, blood circulation is disturbed in a person, symptoms appear that indicate respiratory distress, as well as soreness, severe burning and swelling of the skin.

Regularly repeated exposure to ammonia leads to systemic disorders that manifest themselves eating disorders , deafness , catarrh of the upper respiratory tract , heart failure , death .

To protect against the harmful effects of ammonia, rinse the face and unprotected skin with plenty of water and cover the face with a respirator (gauze bandage or gas mask) as soon as possible. It is good if the respirator or bandage used is soaked in water with citric acid (2 teaspoons per glass of water).

Be aware that liquid ammonia causes severe burns. For this reason, it is transported in yellow-painted steel cylinders, special tankers, road and rail tankers.

What to do in the event of an ammonia release?

Upon receipt of information about the leakage of ammonia, you should protect your skin and respiratory organs and leave the emergency area in the direction that will be indicated in the message on radio or television.

From the zone of chemical damage, you need to go to the side perpendicular to the direction of the wind.

In case of fire, it is forbidden to approach the source of ignition. Ammonia containers should be cooled from as far away as possible. For extinguishing use air-mechanical foam or sprayed water.

If there is no way to get out, an emergency sealing of the room should be made. Having got out of the danger zone, they take off their outer clothing (things are left on the street), take a shower, rinse the nasopharynx and eyes with water.

In case of an accident, take cover in the lower floors of the building.

First aid for poisoning

In case of poisoning, the victim should be taken out of the affected area. In cases where this is not possible, provide access to oxygen.

The mouth, throat and nasal cavity are washed with water for 15 minutes, the eyes are instilled with a 0.5% solution and, if necessary, additionally covered with a bandage. For greater effectiveness of rinsing, glutamic or citric acid can be added to the water.

Even with a slight degree of poisoning over the next 24 hours, the patient should be provided with absolute rest.

If a substance enters an open area of ​​​​the body, it is abundantly washed with water and covered with a bandage.

If ammonia enters the alimentary canal, it is necessary to wash the stomach.

Poisoning of any degree requires an appeal to a medical facility and - if the doctor deems it necessary - subsequent hospitalization.

After completion of the course of treatment, the patient may retain certain neurological disorders, for example, loss of memory of individual events and facts, tics with various clinical manifestations, hearing loss and pain threshold. A frequent outcome is clouding of the lens and cornea of ​​​​the eye.

Ammonia: ways of neutralization in the body

The main route of substance binding is urea biosynthesis, which occurs in the ornithine cycle in liver cells. As a result of this synthesis, urea - a substance that is not harmful to the body.

Ammonia is also transported in the blood as glutamine , which is a non-toxic neutral compound and easily passes through cell membranes.

Another of its transport forms is formed in the muscles alanine .

Interaction

Neutralizes the action of acids.

Terms of sale

Non-prescription drug.

Storage conditions

Stored under normal conditions.

Shelf life

24 months.

special instructions

What is ammonia? Characteristics, physical and chemical properties of ammonia

Ammonia or hydrogen nitride (NH3) is a colorless gas (like hydrogen, ether, oxygen). The substance has a sharp irritating odor and is released into the atmosphere with the formation of smoke. The name of the substance in Latin is Ammonium.

The molar mass is 17.0306 g/mol. MPC r.z. is 20 mg/m3. Given this parameter, ammonia is classified as a low-hazard substance (hazard class IV).

NH3 is extremely soluble in water: at 0°C, about 1.2 thousand volumes of this substance dissolve in one volume of water, and about 700 volumes at a temperature of 20°C.

It has the properties of alkalis and bases.

Used as a refrigerant for refrigeration equipment. R717 is marked, where R stands for “refrigerant” (Refrigerant), “7” indicates the type of refrigerant (in the specific case, that ammonia is not an organic substance), the last 2 digits are the molecular weight of the substance used.

In liquid hydrogen nitride, the molecules form hydrogen bonds. The dielectric constant, conductivity, viscosity and density of liquid NH3 are lower than those of water (the substance is 7 times less viscous than water), the boiling point of the substance tbp is -33.35°C, it begins to melt at a temperature of -77.70°C

Like water, liquid NH3 is a highly associated substance due to the formation of hydrogen bonds.

The substance practically does not pass electric current and dissolves many organic and inorganic compounds.

In solid form, NH3 has the form of colorless crystals with a cubic lattice.

The decomposition of hydrogen nitride into nitrogen and hydrogen becomes noticeable at temperatures exceeding 1200-1300°C, in the presence of catalysts - at temperatures above 400°C.

In air, ammonia does not burn, under other conditions, namely in pure oxygen, it ignites and burns with a yellow-green flame. When a substance is burned in an excess of oxygen, nitrogen and water vapor are formed.

The combustion reaction of ammonia is described by the following equation: 4NH3 + 3O2= 2N2 + 6H2O.

The catalytic oxidation of NH3 at a temperature of 750-800°C makes it possible to obtain nitric acid (the method is used for the industrial production of HNO3).

Process steps:

• catalytic oxidation with oxygen to NO;
• conversion of NO to NO2;
• absorption of a mixture of NO2 with O2 by water (dissolving nitric oxide in water and obtaining acid);
• purification of gases escaping into the atmosphere from nitrogen oxides.

The reaction of ammonia with water produces ammonia hydrate (ammonia water or caustic ammonia). The chemical formula of the hydrate is NH3 H2O.

How is caustic ammonia obtained in industry? In industry, the synthesis of an ammonia solution with a concentration of 25% is carried out by saturating water with ammonia, which is formed as a result of coal coking in a coke oven, or with synthetic gaseous ammonia.

What is ammonia water used for? Nitrogen fertilizers, soda, dyes are obtained from aqueous solutions of ammonia.

Ammonia: obtained from nitric acid in the laboratory

To obtain NH3 from HNO3, place the test tube in a tripod in an almost horizontal position, but in such a way that acid does not flow out of it.

A few drops of HNO3 are poured into the bottom of the test tube and a few pieces of zinc or iron filings are put into it with tweezers. At the opening of the test tube, the reduced iron should be placed in this way (in such a way that it does not come into contact with nitric acid).

The test tube must be closed with a stopper with a drain tube and slightly heated. Heating will increase the rate of release of ammonia.

What does ammonia react with?

Ammonia reacts with organic substances. The reaction products of ammonia with α-chlorosubstituted carboxylic acids are artificial amino acids.

As a result of the reaction, hydrogen chloride (HCl gas) is released, which, when combined with an excess of ammonia, forms (or ammonia NH4Cl).

A large number of complex compounds contain ammonia as a ligand.

Ammonium salts are colorless solids with a crystal lattice. Almost all of them are soluble in water, and they have the same properties as the metal salts known to us.

The product of their interaction with alkalis is ammonia:

NH4Cl + KOH = KCl + NH3 + H2O

The reaction described by the formula, if indicator paper is additionally used, is a qualitative reaction to ammonium salts. The latter interact with acids and other salts.

Some ammonium salts evaporate (sublimate) when heated, while others decompose.

NH3 is a weak base, therefore, the salts formed by it in an aqueous solution undergo hydrolysis.

Weaker bases than ammonia are aromatic amines, derivatives of NH3, in which hydrogen atoms are replaced by hydrocarbon radicals.

Reactions of ammonia with acids

Adding concentrated hydrochloric acid to a solution of NH3 is accompanied by the formation of white smoke and the release of ammonium chloride NH4Cl (ammonia).

The reaction of sulfuric acid and ammonia produces white crystals of (NH4)2SO4 - ammonium sulfate.

If nitric acid is added to NH3, white ammonium nitrate NH4 NO3 is formed.

When chloroacetic acid reacts with NH3, the chlorine atom is replaced by an amino group, and as a result, aminoacetic acid is formed.

If NH3 is passed through hydrobromic acid, ammonium bromide is formed (the reaction is described by the formula - HBr + NH3 = NH4Br).

Ammonia: heavier or lighter than air?

Compared to air, NH3 has almost half the density, so its vapor always rises. However, under certain conditions, an ammonia aerosol can form - a suspension of droplets of this substance in a gas. This aerosol is usually heavier than air and therefore more dangerous than NH3 gas.

Is hydrogen nitride a complex or simple substance?

Hydrogen nitride is formed by atoms of different elements, therefore it is a complex inorganic compound.

Molecular structure of ammonia

Ammonia is characterized by a crystal lattice of polar molecules, between which the so-called van der Waals forces . There are 3 chemical bonds in the hydrogen nitride molecule; they are formed according to the covalent polar mechanism.

The molecule looks like a trigonal pyramid, on top of which there is a nitrogen atom (the oxidation state of nitrogen in NH3 is “-3”).

Industrial method for obtaining ammonia

Getting ammonia in industry is an expensive and labor-intensive process. Industrial synthesis is based on the production of NH3 from nitrogen and hydrogen under pressure, in the presence of a catalyst and at high temperatures.

Sponge iron activated by aluminum and potassium oxides is used as a catalyst in the production of NH3 in industry. Industrial plants in which synthesis is carried out are based on the circulation of gases.

The reacted gas mixture, which contains NH3, is cooled, after which NH3 condenses and separates, and hydrogen and nitrogen that have not reacted with nitrogen are again fed to the catalyst with a new portion of gases.

There was also a presentation on the joint production of ammonia and methanol in industry.

Current GOSTs, in accordance with which hydrogen nitride is produced:

• technical liquid ammonia, anhydrous ammonia - GOST 6221-90;
• aqueous ammonia - GOST 3760-79;
• technical ammonia water - GOST 9-92.

The ammonia synthesis reaction can be characterized as follows: ammonia is formed as a product of a compound reaction occurring in the gas phase - direct, catalytic, exothermic, reversible, redox.

Substance disposal

NH3 is disposed of in a selective way to recover valuable substances for recycling, and in a way that allows the use of waste waste as a raw material for the production of other materials.

What is ammonia? Chemical formula of ammonia

Ammonia is a 10% aqueous ammonia solution. The formula of the substance is NH4OH. The Latin name is Solutio Ammonii caustici seu Ammonium causticum solutum.

Ammonia has found application in everyday life as a stain remover, a means for cleaning coins, dishes, plumbing, furniture, jewelry made of silver and gold. In addition, it is used for dyeing fabrics, fighting aphids, onion secretive proboscis, onion flies, ants and cockroaches, washing windows, and caring for rough skin on the feet.

The reaction of ammonia with allows you to get a very unstable adduct, which has the form of dry crystals, which is often used as a spectacular experiment.

Ammonia is ammonia?

Some believe that ammonia and ammonia are one and the same. However, this opinion is erroneous. Ammonia solution is ammonia or, in other words, an aqueous solution of ammonium hydroxide.

BUT ammonia is an ammonium salt, a slightly hygroscopic, white and odorless crystalline powder that vaporizes hydrogen nitride (ammonia) when heated. Its formula is NH4Cl.

Wikipedia indicates that the substance is used as a fertilizer (it is applied as a top dressing to alkaline and neutral soils under crops that are weakly responsive to excess chlorine - rice, corn, sugar beet), as a food additive E510, flux for soldering, electrolyte components in galvanic cells and fast fixer in photography, smoke generator.

In the laboratory, ammonia is used for lysis erythrocytes , use in medicine is advisable to enhance the action diuretics and removal of edema of cardiac origin.

Precautionary measures

Topical application is possible only on intact skin.

In case of accidental contact with the mucous membrane of the eye, the eyes are washed with plenty of water (at least 15 minutes) or a solution of boric acid (3%). Oils and ointments in this case are contraindicated.

In the case of taking the Ammonia Solution inside, you should drink fruit juices, water, warm milk with soda or mineral water, a solution of citric (0.5%) or acetic (1%) acid until it is completely neutralized.

In case of damage to the respiratory organs, fresh air and warm water inhalations with the addition of citric acid or vinegar are indicated, in case of suffocation - oxygen.

What do the smell of ammonia in the urine and the ammonia smell of sweat indicate? .

You should know about serious evidence of the smell of ammonia from the mouth.

In women, odorous discharge is possible during menopause and pregnancy (if the pregnant woman drinks little fluid and / or takes various medications and supplements).

If your sweat smells like ammonia, it could be , , urinary incontinence, liver problems, the presence of bacteria that can provoke peptic ulcer. Another possible cause of body odor is a high protein diet.

Everyone knows how ammonia smells, so if a characteristic smell appears (especially if the urine smells like a child) or an ammonia taste in the mouth, you should consult a doctor who will accurately determine the cause of this phenomenon and take the necessary measures.

For kids

In pediatrics, it is used from the age of 3.

During pregnancy

During pregnancy and lactation, the use is allowed only in situations where the benefit to the woman's body outweighs the potential risk to the child.

In most cases, pregnant women try not to use ammonia in any form. Paint for pregnant women should also not contain this substance. The following ammonia-free hair dyes can be included in the list of the most suitable products for pregnant women:

• Igor Schwarzkopf (Schwarzkopf Igora Vibrance);
• paints from the Garnier palette (Garnier Color & Shine);
• Estelle paint, the palette of which has 140 shades;
• paint without ammonia from the Matrix Color Sync palette;
• paint Kutrin.

A lot of good reviews about L'Oreal ammonia-free paint (L'Oreal Professionnel LUO COLOR). However, there are women who continue to use ammonia hair dye during pregnancy.

Chemical reagents, laboratory equipment and devices are the main components of any laboratory. Regardless of the importance of properties and effects, chemicals have always been and will be the basis of all laboratory research, experiments or experiments. Their huge number gives an extensive field for activity to many chemists and pharmacologists. When combined, they can turn into both harmless and poisonous substances that can cause serious harm. Although such chemical reagents as crystalline iodine, nitric acid, aqueous ammonia are dangerous, their use in laboratory practice is of particular importance.

Definition

(in Hebrew languages ​​\u200b\u200b-“ammoniac”) is a colorless gas whose smell is familiar to everyone, even those who are very far from chemistry. It is extremely sharp, specific, reminiscent of the smell of ammonia, which can cause lacrimation. Ammonia is very toxic, twice as light as air, the mixture with which is explosive. It mixes well with alcohol and some other organic solvents in all proportions. At a temperature of 10 °C, it condenses into a liquid boiling at 33.7 °C. This chemical reagent is easily soluble in water with active heat release. This solution is called ammonia water or ammonia water. In the food industry - as an additive E527.

Ammonia solution is not compatible with:
- organic acids;
- salts of valent metals;
- starch;
- salts of mercury;
- iodine, etc.

History of the discovery of ammonia

Translated from Greek, it means ammon salt, as ammonia was called in ancient times. Ammonia was discovered by the British chemist D. Priestley, who is known as the discoverer of oxygen and carbon dioxide. It was he who called this gas "alkaline air or volatile alkali", since an aqueous solution of ammonia had all the properties and signs of alkali. Thanks to the French chemist Berthollet, he received the official term "ammonia". This definition is used in many Western European languages.

Ammonia stripper

The main task of this laboratory equipment is the distillation and stripping of ammonia with water vapor, the measurement of the mass fraction of protein in pasteurized, sterilized or raw milk, fermented milk drinks.
This apparatus consists of:
- conical flask;
- drip funnels with a tap;
- an adapter made of laboratory glass;
- Kjeldahl glass flask;
- T-shaped, curved connecting and rubber tubes;
- separating funnel;
- ball cooler;
- drop catcher;
- glass parts (connected with rubber tubes).

Application of ammonia

Over the past few decades, the production of ammonia in the world market has been one of the leading places, amounting to approximately 100 million tons. It can be produced both in liquid form and in the form of ammonia water. Its scope is very extensive, but it mainly covers industry and medicine.

1. Industry:
- obtaining nitric acid for the production of artificial fertilizers;
- production of ammonium salts, urotropine, urea;
- for acid waste neutralization;
- use as a cheap refrigerant in the production of refrigerators;
- obtaining synthetic fibers (nylon, capron);
- when cleaning and dyeing wool, silk and cotton.

2. Medicine. Due to its irritant action, ammonia in the form of aqueous solution (ammonia) is widely distributed both in medical institutions and in everyday life: it irritates the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, which helps to remove a person from fainting, stimulating his respiratory center. However, if inhaled, ammonia can cause severe watery eyes, coughing, loss of vision, skin redness and itching, eye pain, sometimes nerve damage, and pulmonary edema.

In surgical practice, the solution is used as a disinfectant. In addition, lotions with a solution of ammonia are used to neutralize toxins from insect and snake bites.

Precautionary measures

Ammonia is a toxic gas, a deadly poison for humans, therefore, its use requires special safety measures. When handling it, as with any other toxic gases, to protect the respiratory organs, mucous membranes of the eyes and skin, it is necessary to use a respirator, nitrile gloves, goggles, a gown, and other rubber products to protect the skin.

A high-quality apparatus for ammonia can be purchased at the specialized online store of chemical reagents Moscow retail "Prime Chemicals Group". Ammonia, laboratory glassware, a magnetic stirrer and electronic laboratory scales for working with it are always available.

You can also buy a wide range of instruments, apparatus, chemicals, equipment and laboratory glassware in Moscow on our website. All goods are certified and comply with GOST standards.

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