The position of Mongolia relative to conditional lines on the map. Climate of Mongolia

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Economicsabout- geographical positionMongolia

Yekaterinburg

Plan

1. Brief description

2. History

3. Geography

4. Culture

5. Economy

Conclusion

1. a brief description of

Territory: 1.566 million km 2.

Population: 2.58 million people (1998).

Capital: Ulaanbaatar (600.9 thousand inhabitants).

highest pointrelief: Nayramdal-Ur (4374 m).

Official language: Mongolian.

Mr. religion: Buddhism (Lamaism).

State. system: parliamentary republic.

head of state: president, elected for 4 years.

Legislature: Great People's Khural (76 members elected for 4 years).

Administratively- territorial division: 21 aimaks (divided into soums).

Export Keywords: minerals, fuel, livestock products.

Import Keywords: industrial equipment, vehicles, consumer goods.

Trading partner: Russia.

Gross national product per capita: $310 USA.

Borders: in the north with Russia, in the southwest, south and east with China.

Mongolia is one of the most sparsely populated countries. More than 90% of the population are Mongols and groups of Turkic origin that have merged with them, speaking dialects of the Mongolian language. The traditional religion is Buddhism (Lamaism). The capital is Ulaanbaatar. The climate is sharply continental, due to both remoteness from the oceans, considerable absolute heights (the average height above sea level is 1600 m), and isolation, thanks to mountain ranges, from other parts of Asia. There is little atmospheric precipitation, mainly in summer, in the form of rain. The large extent of the territory from north to south and the diversity of the relief led to a variety of natural conditions, a consistent change in natural belts and zones: highlands, mountain taiga, mountain steppes and forests, steppes, desert steppes and deserts. The belt of mountain steppes and forests is considered the most favorable for human life.

According to natural and economic features, three economic and geographical regions are distinguished - Central, Eastern and Western. The Central Region, which includes half of the entire territory of Mongolia and 2/3 of its population, accounts for 4/5 of the annual production. Here, more than in other regions, mineral deposits have been explored and are being developed. The largest city in the country, the capital Ulaanbaatar, retained the functions of the main sacred city of northern Mongolia. It contained the largest and richest monasteries, which were visited by numerous pilgrims. Now 537 thousand inhabitants live in the capital. Near the big noisy city there is a mountain reserve Bogdo-Ula (Holy Mountain) - the edge of the cedar-larch taiga, granite rocks and silence, a place of free habitat for animals and birds. At the foot of the mountain, in deep green valleys and on the banks of the Tola River, sanatoriums, rest houses, children's camps were built, and summer yurts of summer residents were erected. Approximately 400 km west of Ulaanbaatar, on the left bank of the Orkhon River, near the city of Khara-Khorin, excavations are being carried out on Karakorum, the capital of the Mongol Empire during the times of the Genghisids (XIII-XVI centuries).

North-west of Khara-Khorin, on the banks of the Chultyn-Gol River, rock paintings of the Neolithic and Bronze Ages were discovered. Rock art can also be found in the canyon of the Chulut River, and giant Paleolithic workshops are located in the South Gobi desert.

2. Story

Archaeological excavations in the Gobi desert and other regions of Mongolia have unearthed human remains dating back to about 500,000 years ago. Despite the short Mongolian summer, wheat cultivation has been practiced in the area for many millennia, along with animal husbandry, which arose after the Mongols began to domesticate horses, camels and yaks.

The word "Mongol" was first recorded by the Chinese during the reign of the Teng Dynasty (618-907 AD). At that time, Mongolia was dominated by the Turkic Uighur tribes, who, under the influence of Christianity, after they established control over Mongolia, went to help the friendly rulers of the Chinese Teng dynasty in suppressing the uprising. They dominated most of Mongolia until 840 AD, when they were defeated by the Kirghiz, whose descendants now live in the Chinese province of Xinjiang.

The Mongols did not want to unite with other nomadic tribes of northern Asia. Until the 12th century, the country was something of a fragile union of warring clans, until a 20-year-old Mongol ruler named Temujin appeared, who was able to unite most of the Mongol tribes around him. In 1189 he was given the honorary name of Genghis Khan, which means "universal king". While for Europeans this name is associated with ruthlessness and cruelty, for the Mongols it is the personification of strength, unity, law and order. Genghis made the capital of the city on the site of which is modern Kharkhorin (Kharkhorin) and sent his strongest cavalry on the famous Mongolian takhi horses against China and Russia. By the time of his death in 1227, the Mongol empire stretched from Beijing to the Caspian Sea.

Genghis Khan's grandson Kublai Khan (1216-1294) completed the conquest of China, put an end to the Chinese Song Dynasty (960-1279) and became the first emperor of the Chinese Yuuan Dynasty (1271-1368). Kublai Khan soon realized that the Mongol Empire could no longer expand its borders. Instead of continuing the wars and conquering new territories, he concentrated on maintaining the unity of his vast empire. This was the heyday of Mongolia: the empire stretched from Korea to Hungary, and in the south - to Vietnam; it was the largest empire ever to have existed in the world.

After the death of Kublaikhan in 1294, Mongolia became more and more dependent on the people it enslaved. Dissatisfaction began to arise that the privileged class was exempt from taxes, and the empire began to fall apart as a result of internecine power struggles. In the middle of the 14th century, the Mongols were ousted from Beijing by the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty. And after the fall of the Yuan Dynasty, more than 60,000 Mongols were forced to return to Mongolia. Their unity was weakened: a long period of clan strife and disintegration was approaching.

Manchu rule was relatively quiet for China until 1800, but the Qing Dynasty that followed proved to be exceptionally corrupt and oppressive. In 1911, this Chinese dynasty fell. Mongolia seized the moment: on December 1, 1911, the separation of Mongolia from China was proclaimed, and a theocratic government was established in Mongolia under the leadership of Jbtsun Damba VIII (Living Buddha). On May 25, 1915, the Kyakhta Treaty between Mongolia, China and Russia was signed, guaranteeing limited autonomy to Mongolia.

The revolution in Russia in 1917 was a blow to the Mongolian aristocracy. Taking advantage of the weakness of Russia, the Chinese military leaders in 1919 brought their troops into Mongolia and occupied the capital. In early 1921, retreating White Guard troops entered Mongolia and drove out the Chinese. The brutality of both the Chinese and Russian troops caused a strong wave of resistance from the Mongols. While the Bolsheviks more and more suppressed the forces of the Whites in Siberia, the Mongolian nationalists turned to them for help. Together, they occupied Ulaanbaatar in July 1921. A Buddhist spiritual leader was restored, and the newly formed Mongolian People's Party (the first political party in the country's history and the only one for the next 69 years) formed a government. On November 26, 1924, the Mongolian People's Republic (MPR) was proclaimed and Mongolia became the second largest communist power in the world.

Mongolia built communism entirely on its own until, in 1920, Stalin concentrated absolute power in his hands. Stalin's repression plunged Mongolia into a complete nightmare, especially ruthless was the government campaign against religious figures. In 1937, mass repressions were carried out against the monasteries, and many monks were executed. It is believed that during the period of repression, about 27,000 people were killed, which at that time was 3% of the population of Mongolia.

During the weakening of the Soviet regime in the early 80s, Jambin Batmonkh became the head of the Mongolian leadership, who began to pursue a policy of decentralization, inspired by the reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev. Batmonkh made a timid attempt at perestroika and glasnost in 1986. In 1989, diplomatic relations were established with China. The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the final withdrawal of Mongolia from its influence. But few people in Mongolia were ready for such a rapid disintegration.

In March 1990, large pro-democracy demonstrations took place in the square in front of the parliament building in Ulaanbaatar, and numerous protest hunger strikes began. Then everything happened very quickly: Batmonkh lost power; new political parties were created; protest hunger strikes and demonstrations continued.

3. Geography

Mongolia has an area of ​​1,564,116 km? and basically is a plateau, elevated to a height of 900-1500 m above sea level. Above this plateau rises a series of mountain ranges and ranges. The highest of them is the Mongolian Altai, which stretches in the west and southwest of the country for a distance of 900 km. Its continuation is the lower ranges that do not form a single massif, which received the common name Gobi Altai.

The large extent of the territory from north to south and the diversity of the relief led to a variety of natural conditions, a consistent change in natural belts and zones: highlands, mountain taiga, mountain steppes and forests, steppes, desert steppes and deserts. The belt of mountain steppes and forests is considered the most favorable for human life.

Along the border with Siberia in the north-west of Mongolia there are several ranges that do not form a single massif: Khan Huhei, Ulan Taiga, Eastern Sayan, in the northeast - the Khentei mountain range, in the central part of Mongolia - the Khangai massif, which is divided into several independent ridges.

To the east and south of Ulaanbaatar towards the border with China, the height of the Mongolian plateau gradually decreases, and it turns into plains - flat and even in the east, hilly in the south. The south, southwest, and southeast of Mongolia is occupied by the Gobi Desert, which continues into north-central China. According to the landscape features of the Gobi - the desert is by no means homogeneous, it consists of sections of sandy, rocky, covered with small fragments of stones, even for many kilometers and hilly, different in color - the Mongols distinguish especially the Yellow, Red and Black Gobi. Surface water sources are very rare here, but groundwater levels are high.

The rivers of Mongolia are born in the mountains. Most of them are the headwaters of the great rivers of Siberia and the Far East, carrying their waters towards the Arctic and Pacific Oceans. The largest rivers of the country are the Selenga (within the borders of Mongolia - 600 km), Kerulen (1100 km), Onon (300 km), Khalkhin-gol, Kobdo, etc. The most full-flowing is the Selenga. It originates from one of the Khangai ranges, receives several large tributaries - Orkhon, Khanuy-gol, Chulutyn-gol, Delger-muren, etc. Its flow rate is from 1.5 to 3 m per second. In any weather, its fast cold waters, flowing in clay-sandy shores, and therefore always muddy, have a dark gray color. Selenga freezes for half a year, the average ice thickness is from 1 to 1.5 m. It has two floods a year: spring (snow) and summer (rain). The average depth at the lowest water level is at least 2 m. After leaving Mongolia, the Selenga flows through the territory of Buryatia and flows into Baikal.

Rivers in the western and southwestern parts of the country, flowing down from the mountains, fall into intermountain basins, have no outlet to the ocean and, as a rule, end their journey in one of the lakes.

Mongolia has over a thousand permanent lakes and a much larger number of temporary lakes that form during the rainy season and disappear during the drought. In the early Quaternary period, a significant part of the territory of Mongolia was an inland sea, which later divided into several large reservoirs. The current lakes are what is left of them. The largest of them are located in the basin of the Great Lakes in the north-west of the country - Ubsu-nur, Khara-Us-nur, Khirgis-nur, their depth does not exceed several meters. In the east of the country there are lakes Buyr-nur and Khukh-nur. In a giant tectonic basin in the north of Khangai, there is Lake Khubsugul (depth up to 238 m), similar to Baikal in terms of water composition, relict flora and fauna.

Among natural phenomena, the most attractive is the mighty waterfall in the upper reaches of the Orkhon River, where the river falls from a height of 24 m into a deep basalt plateau; and in the Gobi Desert, not far from the spurs of the Gobi Altai, there are the world's rarest cemeteries of fossil Jurassic and Cretaceous periods (120-70 million years ago).

4. culture

The nomadic way of life of the Mongols depends on animals. Despite urbanization, the steppe way of life is decisive in the life of the Mongols. Even in cities, most Mongols live in gers - white woolen tents, easily transported from place to place and having the same location on the ground: the door should always face south, inside at the back wall and a little to the west there is a place of honor for guests, the back - a place for the oldest members of the family and for the most valuable things, there is also a family altar with images of the Buddha, family photographs and suitcases. Ask one of the locals, and you will be told about dozens of all kinds of religious rules, beliefs and prejudices associated with the traditional Mongolian dwelling.

The Mongols have always been adherents of Tibetan Buddhism, and the ties between Mongolia and Tibet are historically very close and deep. Once in a lifetime, every Mongol Buddhist aspires to visit the sacred city of Lhasa; the Tibetans, in turn, relied on the various Mongol tribes to maintain their power. In 1921, when the communists came to power, there were 110,000 lamas (monks) in Mongolia who lived in 700 monasteries. Beginning in 1930, thousands of monks were arrested, exiled to camps in Siberia and disappeared without a trace. Monasteries were closed and defiled, and all religious rites and ceremonies were banned. Religious freedom was not restored until 1990. Since that time, a phenomenal revival of Buddhism (and other religions) began. Monasteries reopened, and even some ex-Communist Party leaders became lamas. Monasteries and temples (Xiong) always have Tibetan names. In addition to Buddhists, there is also a group of Sunni Muslims living in the westernmost regions of Mongolia, most of whom are ethnic Kazakhs.

Mongolian art, music and literature are heavily influenced by Tibetan Buddhism and the nomadic lifestyle. Tsam dances are designed to exorcise evil spirits, they originate from nomadism and shamanism. Banned under communism, they are starting to revive again. Traditional music includes a wide range of instruments and singing styles. In Mongolian khumi singing, specially trained male voices produce harmonious overtones from deep in the throat, making several sounds at the same time. Mongolian folk music and dances cannot be imagined without the performances of the snake man, this is an ancient Mongolian tradition.

Mongolian is the official language in the country. It belongs to the Ural-Altaic family of languages, which also includes Finnish, Turkish, Kazakh, Uzbek and Korean. Since 1944, the Russian Cyrillic alphabet has been used as the Mongolian script. A rich literature has been created in the country, almost unknown to those who speak only European languages. Only recently translated is the most important text, Mongol-un Nigusha Tobchiyan (Secret History of the Mongols), which describes the past greatness of the Mongol Empire.

An old Mongolian proverb goes something like this: "Eat breakfast yourself, share lunch with friends, and give dinner to enemies." The most dense and solid food in Mongolia is prepared for breakfast and lunch, usually boiled lamb with a lot of fat and flour, and possibly dairy products or rice. Kazakhs living in the west of Mongolia add variety to Mongolian cuisine with horse meat. The Mongols are very fond of tea and the classic Mongolian drink - syuutei (salted tea). Men who refuse to drink arkhi (vodka) are considered weaklings, shepherds prepare their own homemade airag drink from horse milk with an alcohol content of no more than 3%. Many Mongolians process it further to obtain shimin arkhi, which increases the alcohol content to 12%.

5. Economy

There are 4 brown coal deposits in Mongolia (Nalaikha, Sharyngol, Darkhan, Baganur). In the south of the country, in the region of the Taban-Tolgoi mountain range, hard coal was discovered, the geological reserves of which amount to billions of tons. Medium deposits of tungsten and fluorspar have long been known and are being developed. Copper-molybdenum ore found in Treasure Mountain (Erdenetiin ovoo) led to the creation of a mining and processing plant, around which the city of Erdenet was built.

Pasture animal husbandry still remains the main type of economic activity. To date, Mongolia is among the leading countries in the world in terms of livestock per capita (approximately 12 heads per person).

On the basis of the 1990 Law on Foreign Investments, citizens of other countries were able to own shares in various types of enterprises - from firms with 100% foreign capital to joint companies. New laws were passed regarding taxation and banking, credit and debt. In May 1991, a law on privatization came into force, according to which state property could pass into the hands of "law-abiding" citizens (that is, those who had not previously committed serious crimes) permanently residing in the country. Each citizen was given a special investment coupon that could be bought, sold or given to any other person. Holders of such coupons became active participants in special auctions, with the help of which state property was privatized. Later, "state farms" and cooperative livestock associations were liquidated, the transfer of land and livestock to private ownership began.

Copper and molybdenum concentrate, fluorite, cashmere, wool, leather are the main export commodities. The subsoil of the country is rich in mineral resources, including vast deposits of coal, iron ore, tin, copper, zinc, molybdenum, phosphorus, tungsten, gold, fluorite and semi-precious stones.

In February 2003, an independent assessment by a major US company confirmed the discovery in Mongolia of one of the world's largest porphyry-copper gold deposits, Oyu Tolgoi (Turquoise Mountain).

This project has a very favorable economic and geographical position - it is only 80 km to the border with China. This creates not only an excellent opportunity to supply gold and copper ore to the world's non-ferrous metal importer. Among other things, this allows you to count on fairly low construction and development costs of the mine.

The total (in four areas) estimated reserves of the deposit are 1.6 billion tons of ore containing an average of 0.63% copper and 0.17 g/t gold. Metal reserves are 9.0 million ounces of gold and 22.3 billion pounds of copper. In addition, according to the results of the work, the estimated reserves amount to 509 million tons of ore containing an average of 0.40% copper and 0.59 g/t gold; metal reserves - 9.7 million ounces of gold and 4.5 billion pounds of copper.

The monetary unit of the country is the Mongolian tugrik (100 mungu).

Conclusion

As for the economy of Mongolia. Mongolia has one of the world's largest deposits. This project has a very favorable economic and geographical position - it is only 80 km to the border with China. This creates not only an excellent opportunity to supply gold and copper ore to the world's non-ferrous metal importer. Among other things, this allows you to count on fairly low construction and development costs of the mine. So Mongolia is a country rich in copper and gold and the economic crisis does not threaten it.

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Mongolia is a state in East Central Asia. It borders with Russia in the north and with China in the east, south and west. Has no access to the sea. Area - 1,564,116 km².
The official language is Mongolian, written in Cyrillic. It is spoken by over 95% of the population. In secondary schools, traditional Mongolian writing is also taught. In the Bayan-Ulgiy aimag, the Kazakh language is being studied.
Administrative division
Mongolia is divided into the capital Ulaanbaatar and 21 aimags:
* Arkhangay
* Bayan-Ulgiy
* Bayankhongor
* Bulgan
* Eastern Gobi
* Eastern
* Gobi-Altaic
* Shit-Sumber
* Darkhan
* Dzabhan
* Kobdosky
* Orkhon
* Selenginsky
* Middle Gobi
* Sukhbaatar
* Ubsunur
* Uver-Khangai
* Khubsugul
* Khentii
* Central
* Southern Gobi.
Modern Mongolia
Since 1990, in connection with the collapse of the socialist camp and the collapse of the USSR, democratic and economic reforms have taken place in the country: collective agriculture, industry, trade and services have been privatized, several opposition parties have emerged that formed the opposition to the MPRP.
State structure of Mongolia
Mongolia is a parliamentary republic. The Constitution of Mongolia dated January 13, 1992, which entered into force on February 12, 1992, is in force here.
In December 1911, the independence of Mongolia was proclaimed in the city of Urga (now Ulaanbaatar).
On November 26, 1924, the country's parliament (Great People's Khural - VNKh) proclaimed the creation of the Mongolian People's Republic (MPR) and adopted the first constitution. Until 1990, Mongolia was a socialist country with one ruling party, the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party.
On November 21, 1991, the Great People's Khural decided to change the name of the country, and after the entry into force of the new constitution (February 12, 1992), the MPR became known as Mongolia.
The head of state is the president, elected on an alternative basis by universal direct and secret suffrage for a term of 4 years. The President can be re-elected for one more term.
In the absence of the president, the functions of the head of state are performed by the chairman of the State Great Khural. The president is also the commander-in-chief of the country's armed forces.
Legislative power is exercised by the parliament - the State Great Khural (VGH) consisting of 76 members elected by popular vote by secret ballot for a period of 4 years. The VGH is headed by the chairman, deputy chairman and secretary general, who are elected by secret ballot from among its members.
Executive power is exercised by the government, which is formed by the VGH on the proposal of the prime minister and agreement with the president. The President submits the candidature of the head of the Cabinet of Ministers for consideration by the VGH. The government is accountable to the VGH.
In the localities, power is exercised by local self-government bodies: aimag, city, district and somon khurals, whose deputies are elected by the population for a term of 4 years.
Political structure
From July 1996 to July 2000, the country was ruled by a coalition of new parties that won the parliamentary elections in June 1996. The largest in the coalition was the Mongolian National Democratic Party (PDP), formed in 1992 on the basis of a merger of a number of liberal and conservative parties and groups. In 2001, the NDP was renamed the Democratic Party. The coalition also included the Mongolian Social Democratic Party (MSDP, founded in 1990), the Green Party (environmental) and the Religious Democratic Party (clerical-liberal, established in 1990).
In the 2000 elections, the former ruling Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) returned to power. The MPRP was created as the Mongolian People's Party on the basis of the merger in July 1920 of two underground revolutionary circles. The program of the party, adopted at its First Congress in March 1921, was oriented toward an "anti-imperialist, anti-feudal people's revolution." From July 1921 the MNP became the ruling party and established close ties with the Soviet Communists and the Comintern. The III Congress of the MNP in August 1924 officially proclaimed a course towards the transition from feudalism to socialism, "bypassing capitalism", which was enshrined in the party program adopted at the Fourth Congress in 1925. In March 1925, the MNP was renamed the MPRP, which turned into a Marxist-Leninist party . The program approved by the Tenth Congress (1940) provided for the transition from the "revolutionary-democratic stage" of development to the socialist one, and the 1966 program envisaged the completion of the "construction of socialism." However, in the early 1990s, the MPRP officially abandoned Marxism-Leninism and began to advocate a transition to a market economy while maintaining the stability of society and improving the well-being of the population. The new program, adopted in February 1997, defines it as a democratic and socialist party.
In addition to the two main political forces, other parties and organizations operate in Mongolia: the United Party of National Traditions, which united several right-wing groups in 1993, the Motherland Alliance (which included the Mongolian Democratic New Socialist Party and the Mongolian Labor Party), etc.
Armed Forces of Mongolia
The number of the Armed Forces is 8.6 thousand people. (2007) Manning is carried out by conscription, the term of service is 12 months. Men are called between the ages of 18 and 25. Mobilization resources - 819 thousand people, including 530.6 thousand people fit for military service.
Currently, the army of Mongolia is undergoing a reform aimed at increasing the combat capability and updating the technical fleet of weapons and military equipment. Russian, American and other specialists take an active part in this process.
Since 2002

Territory: 1.566 million km 2.

Population: 2.58 million people (1998).

Capital: Ulaanbaatar (600.9 thousand inhabitants).

The highest point of the relief: Nayramdal-Ur (4374 m).

Official language: Mongolian.

Mr. religion: Buddhism (Lamaism).

State. system: parliamentary republic.

head of state: president, elected for 4 years.

Legislature: Great People's Khural (76 members elected for 4 years).

Administrative-territorial division: 21 aimaks (divided into soums).

Export Keywords: minerals, fuel, livestock products.

Import Keywords: industrial equipment, vehicles, consumer goods.

Trading partner: Russia.

Gross national product per capita: $310 USA.

Borders: in the north with Russia, in the southwest, south and east with China.

Mongolia is one of the most sparsely populated countries. More than 90% of the population are Mongols and groups of Turkic origin that have merged with them, speaking dialects of the Mongolian language. The traditional religion is Buddhism (Lamaism). The capital is Ulaanbaatar. The climate is sharply continental, due to both remoteness from the oceans, considerable absolute heights (the average height above sea level is 1600 m), and isolation, thanks to mountain ranges, from other parts of Asia. There is little atmospheric precipitation, mainly in summer, in the form of rain. The large extent of the territory from north to south and the diversity of the relief led to a variety of natural conditions, a consistent change in natural belts and zones: highlands, mountain taiga, mountain steppes and forests, steppes, desert steppes and deserts. The belt of mountain steppes and forests is considered the most favorable for human life.

According to natural and economic features, three economic and geographical regions are distinguished - Central, Eastern and Western. The Central Region, which includes half of the entire territory of Mongolia and 2/3 of its population, accounts for 4/5 of the annual production. Here, more than in other regions, mineral deposits have been explored and are being developed. The largest city in the country, the capital Ulaanbaatar, retained the functions of the main sacred city of northern Mongolia. It contained the largest and richest monasteries, which were visited by numerous pilgrims. Now 537 thousand inhabitants live in the capital. Near the big noisy city there is a mountain reserve Bogdo-Ula (Holy Mountain) - the edge of the cedar-larch taiga, granite rocks and silence, a place of free habitat for animals and birds. At the foot of the mountain, in deep green valleys and on the banks of the Tola River, sanatoriums, rest houses, children's camps were built, and summer yurts of summer residents were erected. Approximately 400 km west of Ulaanbaatar, on the left bank of the Orkhon River, near the city of Khara-Khorin, excavations are being carried out on Karakorum, the capital of the Mongol Empire during the times of the Genghisids (XIII-XVI centuries).

North-west of Khara-Khorin, on the banks of the Chultyn-Gol River, rock paintings of the Neolithic and Bronze Ages were discovered. Rock art can also be found in the canyon of the Chulut River, and giant Paleolithic workshops are located in the South Gobi desert.

Mongolia is a sparsely populated country with a centuries-old tradition of nomadism. Accelerated urbanization in the post-war period was facilitated by a general increase in population and the development of industry. By the beginning of the 1990s, 3/5 of the country's population had become city dwellers. The population of Ulaanbaatar (formerly Urga), the capital and the only major city in Mongolia, increased from 70,000 in 1950 to 550,000 in 1990. In Darkhan, a large industrial center built in the 1960s north of Ulan -Bator, in 1990 80 thousand people lived. Other important cities in the country include the trade and transport center Sukhe Bator located north of Ulaanbaatar, near the border with Russia, the new city of Erdenet, which has grown around the mining and processing copper and molybdenum plant, Choibalsan in the east, Ulyasutai and Kobdo in the west of Mongolia .

Natural resources.

Mongolia is rich in fur-bearing animals (especially marmots, squirrels, foxes), in some parts of the country the fur trade is an important source of income for the population. Fishing is carried out in the lakes and rivers of the northern regions.

Despite the abundance of mineral deposits, their development is still limited. There are 4 brown coal deposits in Mongolia (Nalaikha, Sharyngol, Darkhan, Baganur). In the south of the country, in the region of the Taban-Tolgoi mountain range, hard coal was discovered, the geological reserves of which amount to billions of tons. Medium deposits of tungsten and fluorspar have long been known and are being developed. Copper-molybdenum ore found in Treasure Mountain (Erdenetiin ovoo) led to the creation of a mining and processing plant, around which the city of Erdenet was built. Oil was discovered in Mongolia in 1951, after which an oil refinery was built in Sain-Shanda, a city southeast of Ulaanbaatar, near the border with China (oil production ceased in the 1970s). Near Lake Khubsugul, giant deposits of phosphorites were discovered and even their mining began, but soon, due to environmental considerations, all work was minimized. Even before the start of reforms in Mongolia, with the help of the USSR, the search for zeolites, minerals of the aluminosilicate group, which are used in animal husbandry and agriculture as adsorbents and biostimulants, was not without success.

Industry.

A significant number of manufacturing enterprises are concentrated in Ulaanbaatar, and in the city of Darkhan, to the north of the capital, there is a coal mining, iron foundry and steelmaking complex. Initially, the local industry was based almost exclusively on the processing of animal raw materials, and the main types of manufactured products were woolen fabrics, felt, leather goods, and food products. Many new industrial enterprises appeared in Mongolia after the end of World War II - especially in the 1950s and early 1960s, when the country received significant financial assistance from the Soviet Union and China. In the 1980s, local industry provided approximately 1/3 of the national product of Mongolia, while in 1940 it was only 17%. After the end of World War II, the share of heavy industry in the total volume of industrial production increased significantly. There are more than two dozen cities with enterprises of national importance: in addition to the already named Ulan Bator and Darkhan, the largest are Erdenet, Sukhe Bator, Baganur, Choibalsan. Mongolia produces more than a thousand types of industrial and agricultural products, most of which are consumed domestically; furs, wool, leather, leather and fur products, livestock and livestock products, phosphorites, fluorites, molybdenum ore are exported.

Transport.

Only in the middle of the 20th century from Ulaanbaatar to the administrative centers of the aimags, roads were laid (mostly unpaved). The strategic highway Naushki - Ulaanbaatar (400 km) became the first tarmac road in Mongolia. In 1949, the construction of a section of the railway was completed, linking Ulaanbaatar with the Trans-Siberian Railway in the territory of the Soviet Union. The line was later extended further south, and in 1956 it joined the Chinese rail network. Although the railway passing through Mongolian soil served mainly for the transport of goods between China and the Soviet Union, this highway contributed to the economic development of Mongolia itself to no small extent. In the late 1980s, almost 3/4 of the freight transport in the country was carried out by rail.

Air routes connect Mongolia with Russia, China, Vietnam, Japan. Mongolia's own aircraft fleet is small, and long-range air routes serve aircraft from other countries. Mongolia's own aviation has regular air communication with all aimags of the country.

Conclusion

As for the economy of Mongolia. Mongolia has one of the world's largest deposits. This project has a very favorable economic and geographical position - it is only 80 km to the border with China. This creates not only an excellent opportunity to supply gold and copper ore to the world's non-ferrous metal importer. Among other things, this allows you to count on fairly low construction and development costs of the mine. So Mongolia is a country rich in copper and gold and the economic crisis does not threaten it.