Nikolai Kurdyumov - a garden and a vegetable garden in a new way. Smart and productive garden according to Kurdyumov and Lyadov Smart Garden read online

Kurdyumov Nikolay - Smart garden in detail

2nd edition, revised and enlarged

In his book, the agronomist N.I. Kurdyumov shares with readers his experience gained over the years of practical activity.

Instead of preface 3

What is this book about? 3

Chapter 1

Meet success,
or general foundations for success 7

Are we friends with the garden or
quasi-scientific speculation about
sense of cohabitation 9

The main thing about permanent culture 11

Chapter 2

A Very Brief History of Agriculture 14

New system
agriculture I.E. Ovsinsky 15

Chapter 3
or a manual for lovers of gardening on the soil 22

Organics in different forms 23

Mulch* and other bed blankets 26

Most Natural Soil Improver 30

Important information about soil fatigue 33

Not a single hoe 34

Cultivator razor 34

Flat cutter Fokina 34

"Choppers" of our grandfathers 35

Weeds of our days 35

If we dig, then ... 36

Smart Farming Summary 37

Chapter 4
or vegetable growing on very small areas 37

Vegetable container: two years later 38

Raised beds-boxes 40

Narrow beds and narrow boxes 41

Trenches - narrow
beds for hot climates 41

Pits - apotheosis
lazy gardening 42

Pergolas, fences and south walls 42

Pyramids and umbrellas 42

What happens as a result 43

Chapter 5

How to arrange
and arrange narrow beds 44

How to sow and plant
seedlings in narrow beds 45

Chapter 6
or an attempt to combine the reasonable with the beautiful 47

1. How many and what kind of beds do you need 47

2. General rules
garden design 49

3. The beauty of the garden -
this is its expediency 51

Chapter 7
or considerations for those who like to combine 53

1. Conclusions on the "square foot" 54

2. Triangles - better than 55

3. Vertical alignment 55

4. Do they want to live together? 57

5. Vegetable conveyor in each bed 58

6. Game in the garden 59

Chapter 8
or fairy tales for those who like to get to the bottom of the matter 61

1. Anatomy of problems 61

2. Life is a struggle* 62

3. What is invariable is reliable 63

4. Circumstances are stronger than us 64

5. Patience and work will grind everything 64

6. "I live for others..." 65

7. Science is smarter than us 66

8. Garden myths of today 66

Chapter 9
or how to feed and drink without harm 68

1. Why does a plant evaporate water? 68

2. What can we do? 69

3. Do we need mineral water? 71

4. For lovers of mineral water: feeding according to Mittlider 72

5. Nutrition, stimulation
and watering - simultaneously 75

Chapter 10
or fairy tales about how winter was deceived 75

Chapter 11

1. A seed is already a plant 79

2. The main thing about sowing 81

3. Seedling and planting subtleties 82

Chapter 12
or fairy tales about what harms plants 87

1. Vinaigrette effect 89

2. How to help friends 90

3. The sworn couple 91

4. Mushrooms and mushroom rain 92

5. Once again about plants 93

6. Stimulants and inductors* 93

7. Smart tank mixes 94

8. What I learned about EM 95

Chapter 13
or - about the possibilities of plants and various tricks of the owners 95

Once again about desires and possibilities 96

1. Tomatoes 97

2. Cucumbers 98

3. Pumpkins 99

4. Potato 100

6. Radish 102

7. Luke 103

8. Salads 103

9. Corn and beans 104

10. About herbs 105

The last dome - sociable 106

Explanatory dictionary 106

For the kindly given opportunity to publish this book, the author thanks everyone who can read.

I stole most of the epigraphs from Andrey Knyshev, for which I thank him very much.

In his book, an agronomist, a graduate of the Timiryazev Moscow Agricultural Academy, an expert and master of the rational use of the garden and vegetable garden N.I. Kurdyumov shares with readers his experience gained over the years of practical activity.

The interests of the author are connected with the development of the most effective methods of dacha use, which make it possible to guarantee the harvest and at the same time reduce labor and time costs. The object of the author's attention is a private garden and its owner. The author is convinced that the garden should be a place of rest, and the harvest should be the product of mental rather than physical labor.

This book is the most complete edition - it includes not only data based on rich personal experience, but also the secrets of old master gardeners, techniques and methods of foreign agronomists, as well as materials from previously published books by N.I. Kurdyumov `Smart Garden` , `Smart garden`,

`Smart garden in detail`, supplemented by new data and observations of the author. The book is addressed to a wide range of readers.

On our site you can download the book "Smart Garden and Cunning Garden" by Nikolay Ivanovich Kurdyumov for free and without registration in epub, fb2, pdf format, read the book online or buy the book in the online store.

Kurdyumov is sure that in order to obtain high yields, it is necessary to expend more mental labor than physical labor. The garden according to Kurdyumov must be smart.

Starting with planning

Kurdyumov claims that site planning helps to save time by 2-3 times.

First of all, calculate how many vegetables you need, and plant only what you need. Strive not to increase the area under planting, but to increase the yield.

Plants need sun

According to Kurdyumov, the garden should be constantly illuminated by the sun's rays: it will not be possible to get a good harvest in the shade. In partial shade, you can grow only greens, lettuce and some root crops.

In order not to create a shadow on the site, it is recommended to orient the trellises on which tall vegetables are placed to the north and south.

Pumpkin, beans and melons can be planted near fences and illuminated walls, used to decorate arbors and arches.

We equip the beds according to Kurdyumov

In the garden according to Kurdyumov, when placing beds, work is taken into account. For example, if the beds are watered from a well, then in order to reduce the effort expended, it is recommended to place the beds radially around the well.

The garden according to Kurdyumov suggests the presence of high beds. To do this, build walls using any material at hand. Raised beds will help plants to endure drought more easily and prevent waterlogging, and you will reduce the cultivated area.

Another requirement of the garden according to Kurdyumov is the obligatory presence of organic matter. To do this, next to the beds, you need to arrange a compost heap.

A prerequisite put forward by the garden according to Kurdyumov is the presence of paths that should not remain bare. They should be covered with boards or other materials so that they do not draw water from the beds.

Pay close attention to your irrigation system

Equipping a garden according to Kurdyumov, you can’t save on. Ideally, it is recommended to use a "tee" made of thin hoses, one end of which is attached to a container of water, and leaky hoses are attached to the other, which are dug into the beds. The container must be placed on a hill so that the water can move independently through the hoses. This will greatly facilitate the work: you can open the tap and go about your business, and the garden will be watered at this time. It is advisable to collect rainwater from the roof in a container.

Let's summarize. What should be paid attention to when organizing a garden according to Kurdyumov?

Requirements put forward by the garden according to Kurdyumov:

• site planning;
• increase in yield, not the size of the plot;
• the constant presence of the sun;
• compost heap preparation;
• placement of beds, taking into account work;
• preparation of high beds;
• paths should not be bare;
• trellis orientation to the south-north;
• quality irrigation system.

And the last condition: the garden according to Kurdyumov does not spoil the view of the site, but decorates it, like flower beds and lawns.

Video "Garden from A to Z according to Kurdyumov"

Arrangement of a garden plot according to Kurdyumov

Almost every owner of a garden plot is of the opinion that the larger his land plot, the more vegetables and herbs he will collect as a result of its processing. However, not always many efforts of gardeners and summer residents come down to huge harvests, since physical labor directed in the wrong direction is just a waste of time and one's strength.

It is this approach to tillage that the author of the most interesting books on cultivating vegetable gardens, improving the soil, growing many vegetable crops, Nikolai Kurdyumov, describes in his journalistic publications his personal experience, bringing a large harvest from small territorial land plots.

Author's works related to the care of the garden and garden

The collection of works by Kurdyumov, aimed at saving effort and costs while working in the garden and in the garden, is reduced to the following editions:

Features of the cultivation of beds according to Kurdyumov

A smart garden according to Kurdyumov is a whole developed growing system based on the constant favorable psychological mood of the farmer and the correct and fertilizing of the soil.

Absolutely all plants feel the energy of the person who cares for them throughout the growing season. The desire of the gardener to achieve the main goal - a high yield, always leads him to deep knowledge in agrotechnical science, but not all modern technological processes for cultivating land are expedient, it is possible to effectively do without plowing the land, cultivating and other mechanized costly work, more attention should be paid to improving the microbiological composition of the soil, which will contribute to the creation of natural favorable climatic conditions for plants for growth and development without all sorts of picks, treatment with poisons from harmful insects, the main thing is to ensure a nutritious crop rotation and compatibility of plants of various groups and species in a certain area.

The main success of the gardener is to get to the bottom of the success of his work on the ground, namely, it lies in minimizing the work performed, classifying them into completely useless and most necessary.

When this goal is achieved, then it will be easy and simple to work on a personal or summer cottage, enjoying an effective result.

Kurdyumov's publication "Smart Garden in Detail" teaches the gardener not to dwell on the standard habitual norms of sowing and caring for plants, but to learn a lot of interesting things about plants and test their knowledge with great desire in practice, confirming the truth of their effectiveness.

Success is its own individually designed system for growing any plants - an individual technology that brings a decent quality harvest. It is precisely such a successful scheme that Kurdyumov shares with many beginners and professional gardeners, discovering completely natural ordinary phenomena that modern agronomists do not pay attention to.

The technology of growing vegetables and garden plantings from Kurdyumov, set out in "Smart Garden" and "Smart Garden"

Working in a country garden or garden can bring joy and real satisfaction if, within their limits, you organize the correct planting of all plants that can perform the functions and tasks that a person is busy with throughout the entire period of caring for plants - ensuring the optimal level of illumination, humidity, destruction insects, weed removal.

You can do without all these tedious procedures. How? - many will ask. Easily!

So, what is Kurdyumov's smart garden, which does not require huge physical costs and pleases precisely with the desired achievements:

• this is undisturbed soil fertility, humus consists of many living organisms that cause a favorable decomposition of plant roots into nutrients that decompose and create the basis for the development of favorable bacteria, the naturally formed earth cover perfectly passes air and moisture, the so-called mulch does not allow the earth to dry out maintaining the optimal level of humidity for a long time; plowing violates the natural balance due to soil compaction, due to which there is a violation in the moisture and air exchange of the earth with the environment, which naturally cannot have a positive effect on plant yields; growing plants according to Kurdyumov - no mechanical tillage on your land;

• this desire to provide plants with a favorable environment for flowering and fruiting, for this it is necessary to provide the earth with sufficient saturation with nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, chlorine, sulfur, as well as trace elements - iron, manganese, boron, iodine, cobalt, silicon, zinc; however, few people know that land covers that are not amenable to mechanical processing have this list in full and are able to provide excellent plant growth not in the mass of their stem and leaves, but aimed at the formation of the largest quality fruits; the soil after plowing is not able to retain the entire microbiological nutritional composition and therefore it is necessary to apply mineral fertilizers;

• this is a constant maintained level of humidity, the creation of a system of air holes for soil breathing, soil cooling, an excess of organic acids; only natural, prepared humus, containing the decay products of everything that could decompose into small elements, can create such favorable conditions; humus is a cohabitation of worms, microorganisms and insects working to create a unique favorable environment for plants; you can create separate composted beds with the help of organic natural fences - logs, stones, filling the resulting containers of various sizes with humus prepared in advance;

• this is the absence of weeds in the beds, which do not interfere with the development of plants; this can be achieved with the help of organic mulch - straw, hay, small chips, wood, sawdust, which are sprinkled on land after sowing seed into the soil;

• this is the observance of the soil structural natural balance, achieved through minimal physical exertion, giving gorgeous results in the form of large fruits.

Video: how to fertilize the garden according to Kurdyumov?

Igor Lyadov's garden is a miracle that everyone can do

The longer a piece of land is used for growing crops, the less fertile it becomes. Yields are falling, no matter how much effort is invested in them, and what can be grown does not please with either quality or quantity.

Igor Lyadov, who lives in the Far East of the country, also faced the same problem, like many gardeners spending a few weekends at their summer cottage. Accustomed to encountering at the aircraft plant where he works, Lyadov did not put up with a drop in productivity, but decided to make every effort to restore fertility to the land and achieve high yields with the least labor costs. This is understandable - after all, a summer resident could devote to his favorite beds only on weekends.

Igor Lyadov technology

The result of observations, studying the experience of foreign colleagues and our own practical work on twenty acres was a record harvest and the creation of a truly smart garden. The technology turned out to be extremely simple and at first glance similar to the method proposed by the American Jacob Mittlider at the end of the 20th century.

However, unlike the overseas agronomist, who suggested using exclusively mineral additives for plant nutrition, Igor Lyadov preferred organic matter and even developed unique author's mixtures based on herbs and traditional fertilizers: manure and bird droppings.

What the two currents have in common is the construction of high beds-boxes, filled, among other things, with the remains of plants that have lived their lives. Therefore, there are no untidy compost heaps on the site, everything is hidden in narrow beds and immediately begins to benefit.

Features of narrow beds:

• The width of the beds is 60 - 100 cm, which is narrower than recommended by Lyadov's American colleague.
• The passages are comparable in width to the ridges, are 60 - 80 cm and can be covered with roofing material, tiles, ordinary sand and sawdust. If grass is sown in the aisles between the ridges, then it is periodically mowed.
• The location of the beds is strictly from north to south.
• But the walls of the boxes in Lyadov's garden can be made of any available material: boards, logs, slate, bricks or blocks, depending on the work and capabilities of the gardener.

Advantages of Igor Lyadov's smart garden

The main advantage of the method is almost twice the yield on the plot compared to the traditional technology, when crops are grown on wide, soil-level beds.

However, there are other positive aspects that attract more and more attention of summer residents to Lyadov's experience:

• The boxes are durable, and their maintenance does not take much time.
• The amazing garden of Igor Lyadov is convenient and loosening.
• The moisture inside the box does not stagnate, but it is not wasted on moistening unnecessary areas.
• Painstaking labor-intensive weeding is not required, especially when mulching the soil under the plants.
• Landings are well lit and actively ventilated.
• There is no washing out of useful substances from the bed-box.
• Saves time and effort on digging the site.
• You need to loosen the ridges to a depth of only seven or ten centimeters.
• The crop is not affected by pests and plant diseases.
• Every year, you can easily change the places of planting and plan the desired neighborhood of plants.
• The smart garden of Igor Lyadov, due to the height of the beds, gives the summer resident a real opportunity to plant much earlier.
• If you cover the box with foil or put plastic arcs, then the bed without additional effort will allow you to grow vegetables in a home-made, but very effective one.

The bed according to the Lyadov method has been working for several years, and with regular replenishment with plant residues and properly carried out top dressing, its service life is completely difficult to determine.

When the crop is harvested, the author of the idea advises to sow fast-growing green manure, which will further enrich the soil in the box. When planting, it is no longer necessary to add humus or fertilizer, because, in fact, the bed itself is a kind of compost storage.

As it becomes clear, Igor Lyadov's garden has many advantages, but there is only one drawback. This is the cost of labor, money and time in the first year when switching to an unusual technology.

Creating a bed-box

The beds in the smart garden of Igor Lyadov are built in the fall and stretched strictly from north to south, and for their manufacture you can use any available materials from slate and boards to bricks or building blocks.

During the master class, which was hosted by Igor Lyadov himself, he used old logs from which the house was once built, and cutting boards. However, before assembling the box, it is important to choose a suitable platform and level it.

Then the walls of the future beds are firmly, perhaps deepening a little, set on the soil, observing the rule that the width of the box should not exceed 120 cm. The length can be arbitrary.

The walls are necessarily knocked down or twisted together so that the structure gains strength, and cardboard is laid on the bottom of the resulting box, which will become an obstacle to the ubiquitous, perennial weeds.

After the cardboard comes the turn of a thin layer of sand.

And then the box is lined with a layer of coarse plant residues. Do not forget about protecting the structure from moisture and pests. Therefore, the author of the technology advises to treat the wooden box with a resistant but safe water-based paint for outdoor use.

When the painting is completed, you can finally fill the bed with more juicy and smaller waste, tops and leaves of harvested vegetables, grass or straw cut from the lawn, excluding perennial weeds with roots that could sprout. Manure and humus, compost are laid out on top and the nutrient mixture is poured over with an infusion prepared according to the author's method of Igor Lyadov. The top layer, about 10 cm thick, in the box is ordinary soil.

It should be noted that in the northern regions the boxes should be made higher, and in the southern regions, in order to prevent rapid loss of moisture, lower.

Such beds help out well in places where spring flooding of sites is frequent.

Due to the large, about 30 cm, layer of organic residues in Lyadov's garden, there is a constant process of overheating, which means that the temperature in the depth of the box is elevated, but not critical. Plants quickly give friendly shoots and begin to bear fruit.

Arrangement of a greenhouse based on a bed according to the method of Igor Lyadov

1. Pegs are installed along the long sides of the beds opposite each other at a distance of no more than a meter.
2. The ends of plastic pipes are put on these pegs so that arcs are obtained over the bed.
3. The structure is covered with a film or other material, getting a warm covered bed for the early cultivation of a wide variety of vegetables and berries.

The system of narrow beds used in the garden of Igor Lyadov makes it possible to significantly extend the vegetation period of plants and obtain consistently high yields, regardless of the weather and the characteristics of the garden plot.

It is important that in order to ensure ventilation and proper space, plants are planted on such beds in a checkerboard pattern. Large crops, such as cabbage or eggplant, are planted in two rows, and smaller ones, such as radishes or onions, in four.

Garden dressing

The author of the methodology believes that it is possible to restore the fertility of the mixture in the box not with the help of chemical additives, but with the help of personally prepared infusions, which include yeast fungi and lactic acid bacteria. The starter for the mixture can be ordinary mash.

For three liters of well water, five tablespoons of sugar and a package of dry baker's yeast are taken. After two or three days of fermentation, the liquid can be added to a common container, but it is better to store it in the cold so that the fungi do not die.

Feeding recipes from Igor Lyadov

All recipes are designed for a two-hundred-liter capacity. The compositions are infused for at least a week, and when used, they are diluted at least twice, in the case of a herbal composition, and even more when using litter or manure.

1. For the first mixture you will need:
   • a shovel of sifted ash;
   • half a bucket of manure or bird droppings;
   • a bucket of rotted straw bedding or fallen leaves;
   • a shovel of soddy land, humus or rotted compost;
   • clean sand shovel;
   • one liter of fermented milk product or whey;
   • three liters of mash.
2. For the second infusion, two-thirds fill the container with weeds or mowed grass, add two shovels of sifted ash. Now you can pour the mixture with water and close the barrel with a film. After two weeks, the product is ready, but before use it is diluted 1 to 10.
3. The third mixture includes a third of a barrel of manure or manure, which is poured with clean water and also infused for up to two weeks. Infusion on manure is diluted 1 to 10, and a mixture with litter in a ratio of 1 to 20.

The roots of plants in the wonderful garden of Igor Lyadov are always provided with everything necessary for growth and fruiting, and the carbon dioxide produced by bacteria is not wasted, but immediately goes to the roots. The heat released also plays a role, which makes it possible to obtain guaranteed early harvests.

Organic farming, advocated by Lyadov, allows you to forget about chemical additives, carry out gentle tillage and invariably enjoy the useful, high-quality fruits of your labor, without thinking that after their cultivation, the soil loses its fertility and will soon become impoverished.

Creating smart soil for the garden. N. Kurdyumov

AND THE SOIL CONTINUES TO GET SMALLER

Now I am even more convinced that tillage is the toughest trap for summer residents. There is no work more difficult and at the same time more harmful at the site. Digging up the earth, we "kill two birds with one stone": we industriously destroy fertility and doom ourselves to a further "struggle to care for plants."

On the one hand, looking at this, the soul is on fire, and I want to write more about restorative, non-arable methods of soil maintenance. On the other hand, I do not want to repeat myself: in the "Smart Garden" this problem is considered in detail. There remains a compromise: for the sake of order, having mentioned the old, I will report something new, which seems to me very important and promising for us.

IF YOU DON'T DIG, WHAT CAN YOU DO?

HAND-TO-TO-HAND - (here) work in the garden, cottage, garden.

Traditional agricultural practices are the methodical killing of the soil plus the stubborn struggle to restore it. I repeat once again: by cultivating and fertilizing the soil in the most diligent way, observing horoscopes, walking barefoot, talking to the soil, warming it in our hands and flavoring it with miraculous chemicals, we destroy fertility.

And it is created by soil living organisms - microbes, plant roots, worms and insects. And the only reasonable intervention in the life of the soil will be one that supports the life of the soil inhabitants. Thank God, almost the entire civilized world has come to this a long time ago. A lot of restorative techniques are used, and as a result of their combination and refinement, agriculture will soon appear, which will increase the return of plants by an order of magnitude. The Netherlands and Japan are already demonstrating this, and many countries are following their path. And no one bothers us! It is not only necessary to hope that such a program will become a state program in our country: I think this is completely unthinkable in the next half century. We introduce this culture, because no one needs it anymore. Moreover, it does not increase, but reduces labor costs: if the soil does not collapse, then the struggle is reduced to a minimum. Here is a set of rules for regenerative farming, which I apply without much effort today.

1. NEVER WORK THE SOIL DEEPER THAN 5 cm. To disturb the natural structure * created by roots and worms means to cut off the soil from the atmosphere and stop life in it. Roots and worms loosen the soil, and the shovel compacts it. Only the surface layer can be weeded and loosened, for which flat-cutting tools are needed: razors, weeders, Fokine flat-cutter (a miracle that performs 20 operations) and weeders that speed up weeding ten to twelve times.

2. REPLACE SOIL WITH ORGANICS* wherever possible. It is so nutritious, airy and moisture-intensive that it feeds powerful plants, requiring almost no care.

3. COVER THE SOIL WITH A LAYER OF ORGANICS OR MATERIALS - MULCH. Moisture is retained under the mulch, structure is created, it holds back weeds.

4. FEED, CLEAN AND KEEP SOIL LIFE AND especially microbes. All waste, weeds and organic debris must be placed on the beds at all times. The more food the soil organisms receive, the more nutrition will return to the roots in the form of available nutrients and bioactive substances.

5. DO NOT LEAVE THE SOIL WITHOUT PLANTS! Bare soil is dying soil, while soil covered with plants is restored and created. Better weeds wall than dry wasteland. Sow all free beds with green manure * (sunflower, wheat, etc.) - in early spring and after harvest, and the soil will become looser and more nutritious. Siderates should not be pulled out, but cut with a flat-cut razor.

6. DO NOT BELIEVE SCIENTIFIC ADVICE THAT REQUIRES INCREASED WORK. Let's not forget: work arises when we begin to interfere with nature, instead of helping it.

This year, we have another opportunity to increase the yield while healing ourselves and our environment. With effective beneficial microbes.

NEWS ABOUT EM AND OTHER MICROBES

Show me your bacteria" and I'll tell you who you are.

The idea of ​​saturating the soil and environment with beneficial microbes is a great idea, and the emergence of EM drugs is a real breakthrough in ecology. Japanese preparations used in many countries have an excellent effect: water is actively purified, organic matter is quickly composted, soil fertility is improved, the development and fruiting of plants is stimulated, and the health of animals and people is improved. However, the quality of our preparations turned out to be very different, and the mechanism of their action is unclear. To understand the work of soil microbes, I had to leaf through serious books and torment with questions all the microbiologists I could find. Now the picture is much clearer.

1. PLANT NUTRITION. Obsessed with the soil, we are accustomed to considering the nutrition of plants as mineral. And somehow lost sight of the atmosphere. But plants live in it with all their leaves! Dmitry Ivantsov, in his brochure "EM - Biotechnology of Natural Agriculture" (Novosibirsk, 2002), explained with excellent clarity: in order to understand what plants eat, one must consider what they consist of.

Plants are made up of 50% carbon, which is obtained in the form of carbon dioxide through the leaves. Where does it come from? It is exhaled by microbes, decomposing organic matter. Plants take 20% oxygen and 8% hydrogen from water and air. Plants find 15% of their nitrogen in the soil, solely through microbial activity. And only 7% of the mineral elements - that's all that they deigned to take from the Earth's crust itself, although for this they had to work hard - to create the soil. Therefore, plant nutrition in the strict sense is nitrogen-carbohydrate. And since we garden not in flasks, but on the ground, we can’t get away from microbes in this matter.

2. SOIL MICROBES. The main thing: soil microbes 4% hundreds of species. We are interested in very specific ones: defenders and soil improvers. They are found and studied constantly. Therefore, we take into account that the known microbes are only a small part of the overall picture, which is hardly possible to fully establish.

Microbes don't die. Once in bad conditions, they either pupate into spores, or are immediately eaten by other microbes. Once in the good ones, they multiply. Therefore, the microbiological preparation cannot be overdosed. Another thing is that it makes no sense to increase the dose if the effect does not increase from this.

Where do scientists look for and find beneficial microbes? In soils rich in organic matter, well structured, moist, and therefore teeming with microbes. If you have such a soil, it already has all the biological products.

And if not, they are unlikely to get accustomed well. The effect and survival of the microbe depend on environmental conditions. Soil microbes need organic matter, mulch and moisture. The strains* enhanced by selection work harder, but are just as demanding on the environment. In general, beneficial microbes are easy to breed at home.

N. N. Naplekova, Doctor of Microbiology from Novosibirsk, in the brochure “Biological Basis for Increasing Soil Fertility” (Novosibirsk, 2002) gives methods for home breeding of beneficial microbes. They are surprisingly simple.

NITRAGIN - nitrogen-fixing bacteria living in the nodules of legumes, from the genus Rhizobium. Wet soil is slightly alkalized with chalk (a spoonful of chalk per 1 kg of soil) and watered with a decoction of peas or beans, mixed with ripe nodules crushed in a mortar, taken from the roots of 4-5 flowering leguminous plants of the same species (each culture has its own type of bacteria). It is covered with a film with a couple of holes, supplied with a label and placed in warm darkness. A week later, it's ready. Can be dried and stored. Used to coat raw legume seeds before sowing to infect them with the symbiont.

AZOTOBACTERIN is a free-living nitrogen fixer Azotobacter. In addition to nitrogen, it produces stimulants and vitamins, inhibits the growth of several pathogenic fungi. It is applied with seeds or in the form of bedding into the soil.

The soil is prepared in the same way, but 5 g of superphosphate is added. It is placed in a wide cup with a layer of 5-7 cm, leveled with a spoon to a shine, covered with a film and placed in warm darkness. After a week, the surface of the soil will be covered with mucus - this is Azotobacter. Can be dried in the shade and used in the spring.

SUBTILLIN - hay stick. It produces more than 70 antibiotics, a number of enzymes for the breakdown of various organics, a number of vitamins for plants. A powerful antagonist of pathogenic fungi, especially root rot and powdery mildew. On its basis, "Fitosporin-M", "Baktofit", "Rizoplyus" were prepared.

Most of the sticks are in the broken hay of cereal grasses, not covered with mold. 150 g of rotten hay is boiled for 10 minutes in a liter of water with the addition of a teaspoon of chalk. The controversy lives on. In the dark for three days, the bacillus forms a film on the surface. This is mother culture.

At the site, 1.5-2 kg of hay is poured into a bucket with hot water, the mother culture is poured into it and sheltered from the sun. After three days, you can spray cucumbers, tomatoes, berries and grapes with strained infusion. If this is done once a week, the plants will hurt several times less. You can combine microbial preparations with microfertilizers and stimulants - to make smart tank mixes.

There is also a useful mushroom protector Trichoderma, and a very nice soil microbe Pseudomonas. I think they are also not difficult to breed at home: cooking these microbes is very similar to conditions in moist soil under organic mulch! A huge mass of useful microbes also reproduces in a barrel with organic matter, with the addition of ash, and something sweet (more on this in the "Smart Garden in Detail").

2. NEWS ABOUT EM. Finally, there were scientists who honestly and in detail answered all my questions about EMs and microbes. And these are Novosibirsk - the scientific corporation "EM-Biotech" and the consumer association "Siyaniye".

Now in Russia, several analogues of EO are produced, which are based on yeast, lactic acid bacteria and several types of beneficial soil microbes. Each praises its drug. But the reviews are very contradictory, and ambiguities were found in the instructions. The deeper you dig, the greater the doubt: are they selling us our own compost heaps?.. Microbes breed in moist organic matter. Why are they worse than EM?.. And where is the guarantee of the quality of the drug? Communication with Dmitry Ivantsov, the creator of the Novosibirsk software "Siyaniye", clarified a lot.

Firstly, what happens in a barrel is good, but it's not EM at all.

EM is animal husbandry, sanitation, medicine, and cooking. A barrel infusion is only suitable for fertilizing the soil and composting.

In addition, in areas with severe winters, the soil freezes, the number of microbes decreases several times and is restored only by July. With the help of EM, microbes can be introduced from the spring, but you cannot save the organic infusion at home.

Finally, not everyone has the opportunity and desire to infuse organic matter and compost. Ready-made EM is convenient, hygienic and easy to use. Therefore, everyone is free to choose whether to breed microbes himself or buy ready-made preparations.

But the main problem is quality. To create a truly effective drug, you need to manage to combine a very serious scientific base, vast experience and strong intention. This is what I understood after talking with the people of Novosibirsk.

The project is led by Doctor of Microbiology, an experienced microbiologist N.N. Naplekov. Much has been achieved in four years. An ingenious way has been found to maintain the stability of a microbial culture for years: on dry bran. Effective microbial complexes of directed action have been created: to improve soil biocenoses (“EM Agro-Ob”, “Bak-Sib EM-2”), to accelerate the processing of organic matter (“EM-3 Enzyme”), to normalize digestion in animals and birds ( "Kormobakteriya - Agro-Ob"), for the prevention of dysbacteriosis ("Eiterosorbevt EM-6").

The effectiveness of soil complexes "EM-Biotech" is no longer inferior to the Japanese "Kyussei EM-1", and the guys believe that they are only at the beginning of the journey, and are determined to develop microbial complexes in many areas. Now their preparations are registered as "APM" - agronomically useful microorganisms. Thanks to their reliable high quality, they quickly conquer our market. The coordinates of Novosibirsk residents are in the "communicative afterword".

Nikolai Kurdyumov

From the book: Smart garden in detail. N. Kurdyumov. Rostov-on-Don. ID Vladis. 2006.

The meaning of the words marked with an asterisk (*) can be found on the page:

Other works of Nikolai Ivanovich on the page

Nikolai Kurdyumov

Garden and vegetable garden in a new way

© Kurdyumov N. I., photo, text, 2013

© Vladis Publishing House, illustration, 2015

© AST Publishing House LLC, 2016

Section 1: Garden in a new way

What does a new garden mean?

If you want to break, plant and build a garden,
Comprehend the edge earlier, find out how rich it is.
Then you use the opportunities skillfully,
And the undertaking will bear fruit.

Jacques Delisle

In a new way - it means smarter, more convenient and more productive than the average everywhere around. Do you agree?

A smart garden, as a phenomenon, is defined simply : this is the place where a) good to you and b) good for plants. All. A piece of forest in this sense - if it fully satisfies your needs - is the smartest garden.

From here we dance.

First. The most stupid thing is to judge your dacha by someone else's standards, even if by authoritative and agronomic ones. A garden in which you feel good is a vegetative expression of your personality. The garden is a way to express and please yourself. He's YOURS. You deserve it!

Second. To be good for you, the plants must be good too. And they will be fine only in the conditions they need. That is, in a suitable climate or microclimate. South of the Chernozem region, there are few such problems. But Siberia and the Non-Black Earth Region - here gardens can be planted far from everywhere, but it is better to look for favorable microzones: southern slopes protected from the winds. Do not even think about planting a garden on the northern slope or in a lowland - there will be no sense.

To this must be added normal, non-critical soil conditions. For example, in a swampy, flooded area, stone fruits cannot be grown even in the south: the roots rot. And in the north they must be planted in the hills, otherwise the root neck will rot. Or: when planting, especially in the dry south, humus in a hole and thick mulch are required, otherwise the tree may fall behind, wither from lack of moisture. On chalk and limestone soils, special rootstocks are needed. Etc.

Third. Do not believe it, but a third of the northern seedlings in the Kuban either die from heat and drought, or almost do not bear fruit. And in Siberia, 80% of seedlings die precisely because they were brought from the south! If acclimatizing plants is not your hobby, your garden should consist mainly of local forms of plants. They, of course, are not so tempting with novelty, but they are stable and durable.

And fourth: to make you feel good, the garden should be COMFORTABLE. Siberians do not know our southern misfortune: ten-meter cherries, eight-meter apple trees ... Harvest at the top, ropes, ladders, and you crash - thanks for being alive. Our solution is low and flat crown formations, which requires regular work, or dwarf rootstocks. But you need to breed and graft them yourself, because working with rootstocks is its own topic. In Siberia, the opposite is true: trees grow weakly, and the less you touch them, the more resistant they are to frost.

A very important part of the convenience is fenced off permanent beds and flower beds, smart borders, supports and trellises, smart arrangement of garden areas, paths and the trees themselves. In general, everything requires brains!

So, we take stable, reliable plants, convenient designs and formations, competent planting - and everything grows. But the most difficult thing is all this cleverly position in advance. Depict the garden before the seedlings have already been brought. So that it is both beautiful and expedient, and even expresses your personality. There are no recipes here. But there are working principles.

A sapling from which something will turn out

Is the sapling a problem?

Variety type - a suspicious type that sells seedlings, such as varietal ones.

Our reality, which has not changed in ten years: more than half of the purchased seedlings are not what they bought. Why? This is the only truth: precisely and only because the buyer has no idea what he is buying. I am writing this chapter as a pill against naive consumer irresponsibility.

Damn it, instead of the desired tree, it turns out in three cases.

CASE 1: just cheating. What you are being sold is not what you are buying. It is found only in the 3-5th year by fruits. “I bought six varieties, and they began to produce - and everything is the same!” Oh, did they bear fruit? .. So this is not the worst!

What are the exits?

Exit a), professional: become a connoisseur of seedlings, species and varieties and a BETTER SELLER KNOW WHAT YOU ARE BUYING. And where. The only sure way albeit the most esoteric.

Exit b), wise: the conscious application of sociability, charm, intelligence, external data, connections and all that is good in oneself to establish friendly relations with a local master gardener, a good seedling grower or his acquaintances. Very effective, although not absolutely reliable: the sympathies of professionals are inscrutable ...

Exit c), open your eyes: be able to see if they are trying to push you a wild or suffocating animal. Almost all varietal seedlings vaccinated(in Kuban - "kalyarovany"). On their root neck there is a characteristic bend, and on the bend there is a stump or a round wound from a cut rootstock. If you have a straight stem and a powerful tap root in front of you, then it is very likely that these are seedlings. And most often wild animals from the forest - where what grows. We especially like to dig forest dogwood, but I saw both a forest pear and an sour apple tree. But often they dig everything that sticks out and at least somehow resembles a seedling. Can you tell a poplar twig from a pear without glasses? Oh, even with glasses...

A seedling growing from a piece of a thick horizontal root is root offspring. Do you think it was taken from a self-rooted tree (and only in this case it will repeat its properties)? More than not true! Varieties propagated by offspring are now few. They are given mainly by a semi-cultivated stock - seedlings of cherries and plums. That's all this good in bulk! Why not take it to the market?

Exit d) is philosophical. Something like fatalism or romantic nihilism: “Well, apparently, such a fate ...”, or: “All good varieties are looking for, but I won’t do it on purpose!”

Exit e), compassionate: “Son, take it, you won’t regret it, you will remember me later, honestly!” The real truth: you will have to remember in any case. Good advice: kill two birds with one stone - and give money to your grandmother, and don’t take a seedling for yourself. You can take as a gift to a harmful neighbor. Or out of pure curiosity. The main thing is to be able to hold back hope!

Any profitable deception is always accompanied by hack work: seedlings may already be dead, half-dead, dried up, with dried up roots - that is, not tenants. I don’t even single out this as a special case: you sell it is not clear what - it is not clear what. In fact, the quality of a seedling is guaranteed only in one case: dug up in your presence. But about the quality a little lower.

CASE 2: seedlings already in the nursery caught tinder wood rot. The trouble is with all stone fruits (cherries, sweet cherries, plums, cherry plums, peaches, apricots, nectarines). A mass phenomenon: the first graft died - let's graft a second time, do not throw away the stock. Extra wounds, extra year - that's rot. SOLUTION: a) choose the healthiest seedlings, and b) ensure the tree grows strong enough. And more on that below.

Let me remind you quietly: when making your seedlings or grafting, you do not have the problems mentioned at all. True, there is nothing to complain about, and then there is no one to grumble at - a huge minus! And yet ... maybe you can somehow live without it? ..

CASE 3: lively, strong seedling does not have a normally formed root system. A mass phenomenon wherever they pay not for quality, because they have no idea about it! EXIT - the ability to choose a good root system. Now I will teach.

Explanation of Good Roots

From a seed
Something is growing.
Oh don't interfere!

Imagine a picture: all summer residents, laying a new garden, are accustomed and taught to prepare places for trees in advance - to plant and sow the best local rootstocks. Southerners - plant their dwarfs, sow antipka, quince or cherry plum; northerners and Siberians - to sow forest apple trees, pears and cherries, Chinese plum and Manchurian apricot, shadberry and cotoneaster for pears. A few seeds per hole, then to leave a couple of the strongest. By the end of July strong seedlings grow. Summer residents call and invite masters - to do budding(grafting with a kidney - an eye). Or in the spring - do copulation(graft with a butt cutting). They can come with their varietal cuttings, or they can graft those that the owner cut and saved. Grafting is cheaper than a seedling, and almost all of them take root. Another year - and the garden is bristling with strong varietal trees. No risk, no suffering with survival, no punctures!

You can graft in a one-year-old seedling, or you can in the crown of a two-three-year-old tree. Volga scientists have long called for planting apricots in this way, in which root necks rot in snowy winters. And so he sowed plums in place of the pits, after a couple of years he replanted them with apricots at a height of about a meter - you will get a tree that does not fade.