Bicycle frame materials. Empirically verified — LiveJournal

The frame is the main and most important part of the bike.

The question of which frame material is better remains open for more than a year, since the approach to choosing a material is purely individual.

The main materials today are chromium-molybdenum steel and aluminum alloys.

1. Steel is the first material from which bicycle frames were made. Recently, there has been a resurgence in steel frames, driven by the advent of new technologies that make it possible to produce a material that would meet the high demands of modern cycling.

Steel in general is attractive due to its reliability, ease of processing and repair, and relative cheapness. Steel dampens vibrations well. This material has a fairly long service life, and it does not have the ability to accumulate "fatigue". If the frame begins to age, it warns about it - cracks and rust appear.

Several types of steel are known:

• - Hi-Ten (Hi Tensile) - "improved quality structural steels", this is the cheapest material. Frames made of this steel are quite heavy and do not have a good "roll over".
• - Cro-Mo (cromomolibden) - chromium-molybdenum alloys. Frames made from this material are lighter than those made from Hi-Ten, more rigid, but also more expensive.

The advantages of the chrome-molybdenum frame also include its ability to bend on bends and thereby facilitate control, largely dampen small vibrations and even soften shocks a little. In addition, they are slightly susceptible to corrosion. Such frames are almost never used in high-level cross-country bikes, but are popular among tourists, marathon runners and winter skiers.

Higher-class such frames are made with a variable thickness of pipes (butting). Triple butted frames are strong and light enough at the same time.

2. Alu (Aluminum) - aluminum alloys. This material allows for an even stiffer and in many cases lighter frame than Cro-Mo. There are a number of aluminum alloys and ways to process them (7000, 7005, 7005T6, 7009T6, 7010T6, 6061, 6061T6, 6065, etc.). Magnesium is added to alloys of the 6000th series, zinc is added to the 7000th series. The most common (due to price) 7005th. The smaller the aluminum alloy number, the more expensive it is, and the better its quality. More advanced firms use 6061 alloy.

An aluminum frame corrodes much less in an aggressive environment than a chromium-molybdenum one, and even more so than a steel one.

It is easier to accelerate on aluminum frames, it is better to drive up hills, they allow you to feel the road well, however, compared to chromoly frames, aluminum ones have less rolling. The frame stops rolling as soon as you stop pedaling. Corners are more difficult than on a chrome-molybdenum frame, but the turn itself is faster.

Aluminum frames do not have the ability to dampen vibrations. The life of these frames is usually less (about 10 years). Aluminum frames "accumulate" fatigue and (after 10-15 years) can collapse suddenly. However, many manufacturers now offer a lifetime warranty on aluminum alloy frames. This suggests that improving technologies allow increasing the service life of the material.

Aluminum frames can also be butted.

One of the rare types of aluminum alloys is scandium. Scandium is similar to titanium in terms of weight and flexibility, yet has very high surface strength. Scandium frames must be made very carefully, as the frame cannot be straightened (cold leveled) after welding.

The latest achievement in aluminum frame construction is hydroformed tubes. This technology avoids seams in the frame structure, which significantly increases the reliability of the frames.

On the Russian market, from high-quality foreign manufacturers of aluminum bicycles, the following are represented: USA - GT, TREK, MARIN, SCOTT; Germany - WHEELER, Taiwan - GIANT.

In general, an aluminum frame is the best option for today, if we talk about the ratio of quality, performance and price.

3. Magnesium is perhaps the rarest material for bicycle frames.

• Low weight
• Good rolling
• Excellent rigidity.

• High price
• Very low resource (up to 2-3 years).
• They are subject to severe corrosion.

4. Carbon (carbon fiber). These are ultra-light frames, but extremely unstable to shock loads. These are frames for professional use.

5. Ti (Titanium) - Titanium. This material, like carbon, came to the bicycle industry from the aerospace field. Titanium combines the advantages of aluminum and steel - hardness and lightness. Resistant to corrosion. Excellent dampening of vibrations, service life is long enough.

Titanium alloys are difficult to machine and require complex welding techniques. This explains such a high price for titanium alloys.

Frames made of this material are for professionals.

The WHEELER company is well-known on the Russian market; bicycles made of titanium alloys are offered.

Summary: the choice of frame for a bicycle is individual and depends on the preferences of the cyclist and riding style. For beginner cyclists, we advise you to choose something from aluminum or chromium-molybdenum alloys. Any other materials (Carbon, Titanium, Magnesium) are not for the beginner.

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Sentences with "acceptable"

We found 80 sentences with the word "acceptable". See also synonyms for "acceptable".
Meaning of the word

• I think it's like with death: we all know that someday we will die, but until this moment comes for us, we will not die. acceptable.
• I just really wanted to study abroad and Australia had the most acceptable e tuition prices.
• At first they seemed to be acceptable e bills, and now they have caught up with the tariff for maintenance up to 30 rubles per square meter.
• Under these conditions, a moment may come when you may be asked to go on a long voyage or borrow more acceptable work.
• I would say that such actions, bloody, cruel, both in Afghanistan and in Vietnam, are not very acceptable.
• We have alternative ways to save acceptable e behavior in society.
• Intelligence officers have diplomatic or other acceptable e cover.
• Mary was left only the right to visit the children, "at any time and in any place, acceptable m for Conrad Hilton.
• Although at the funeral it became known from close friends that he was offered quite acceptable e employment options.
• Perhaps the most acceptable it is in those cases when a topic of a complex nature is chosen, i.e.
• At the same time, economic growth and unemployment persist for acceptable m for Europe level.
• We hoped that maybe at least one candidate would show up, acceptable I for both opponents.
• To some extent, only Petrakov occupied acceptable position.
• The club was only required to allocate the necessary, and very acceptable e facilities.
• If a acceptable with patience and humility, thank God, there is hope that our cause of love for enemies will not burn up.
• Biruni adhered to the Ptolemaic system of the world, but at the same time believed that mathematically acceptable and the theory of heliocentrism.
• Angarsky perceived nationalization as a purely socialist measure, quite acceptable in future.
• But a free interpretation of his teachings is hardly acceptable because it carries the danger of attributing to Lacan what he did not say.
• Any source, even the seemingly most primitive one, was for him acceptable.
• I hope that with your descendants acceptable e tip-top.
• We had lunch in a good restaurant on the ground floor, where acceptable e prices tasted Russian delicacies.
• And the option with which he came with me was also not acceptable, according to Kaganovich and Sergo.
• Now it was possible to provide more or less acceptable e communication on rolled deep road ruts.
• Homeless Londoners waited an average of five months to receive acceptable e housing.
• If not for his 'twisted' style, he would be completely acceptable”.
• They believed that in Petrograd they would find more acceptable e conditions than in the Tambov, Tver provinces or in the Pskov region.
• Was there acceptable I an alternative to the Stalinist course?
• After formal consideration of the matter, he, with due formality, informed the Gauleiter that acceptable any form of greeting.
• But still I think this: if he acceptable for Egypt, and from Cairo they report that Nasser does not mind, there is no reason for us to object.
• In our conclusion, formulate the attitude towards the agrarian section and give acceptable edition.
• Yes, and the need for a medical assistant's station has disappeared here, since there are now quite acceptable I hospital.
• In these "temples of luxury" were quite acceptable e prices for us.
• Yes, his demands are great, but acceptable.
• Tesla took up the study of these phenomena with great interest, trying to find them acceptable e physical explanation.
• For the court Stürmer was acceptable because he was personally known and personally believed in him.
• Kruglikov, equally acceptable m at all the members of the Directory, with whom he had established equally good relations.
• Their task was to cook more or less acceptable food for pilots.
• The Kaliningrad version in the proposed form is not enough acceptable.
• How do you think, acceptable whether for us such censorship.
• Not arrogantly, but firmly, the prince answered the pope: “We know the true teaching of the Church, and yours is not acceptable and we don't want to know.
• Of course, Fliess' version of nicotine poisoning was much more acceptable than Breuer's allowed myocarditis.
• Under certain conditions (physical activity) became acceptable and sweat, mostly male.
• All these tereshenki, nekrasovs and shingaryovs were acceptable for Harper because they were something of a US "mole" in the Russian Revolution.
• But sometimes they are more acceptable e than shots of torture and corpses shriveled under the hot rays of the sun.
• In general, for Russia it is unlikely acceptable way to imitate any country.
• It was a paid school, but the fee was quite acceptable I for our family budget.
• He himself compiled a list of twelve acceptable X, in his opinion, the names and sent to Alexandrov.
• The sappers of the division and the 16th (sapper) company prepared completely acceptable e strongholds.
• In Germany and Italy, I was even offered contracts and laboratories, but the conditions were not for me. acceptable.
• Only after the war were developed acceptable e samples, but they received a narrow scope.
• According to Churchill, the chances that Britain will be offered acceptable e conditions were one in a thousand.
• When did the situation (according to Dach herself) go beyond acceptable e framework, a silent war was declared.
• With the help of the flame, he managed to reduce the defeat of the previous day to a relatively acceptable m at result.
• Work as a transforming force that makes something out of being acceptable e crushing dead mass granite.
• The interlocutors did not always express views, acceptable e for each of them.
• Most likely, his father was Johann or Johanan, and his son changed his patronymic to more acceptable e as it seemed to him.
• Particularly noteworthy is the previously mentioned work “An Explanation of the Teachings Belonging to the Indians, acceptable X reason or rejected."
• Agreeing on more or less acceptable X conditions, the two sides came to an agreement.
• The Americans started the game powerfully and were in the lead for the entire first half, but the Soviet team managed to keep acceptable account difference.
• There have been enough acceptable e living conditions: only nine or ten rooms for twenty people each.
• And the further the queue, the less often the tired members of the Areopagus discuss, the more often they vote for any more or less acceptable wording.
• The transition paths proposed by Shatalin are not acceptable.
• The electric heater continued to work, so that the room was completely acceptable I temperature for life.
• Well this is acceptable e, but I think this is far from a sufficient explanation.
• But this boycott did not discriminate against the Jews, who had always been more acceptable for Turks than Christians.
• He is very embarrassed, jokes that a convinced monarchist was acceptable with the socialists, but was out of work under the supporters of autocracy.
• This primitive approach to solving economic problems was not acceptable for such a business executive as Stalin.
• I discussed a number of purely military requirements, including the nature of scattering during firing and acceptable e deviation from the target.
• Even less acceptable was Bukharin's group.
• The general verdict was: tough and too cool, but acceptable e for Bisita.
• At the end of the message it was said: “We know all this, but the teachings are not from you. acceptable».
• Next step: the shopkeeper runs after you and calls acceptable price.
• Didn't show up right away acceptable e offer, and he was bored, crawling into debt, suffering from the loneliness of a familyless life.
• I agree, not all versions and assessments of different authors acceptable, and you can continue to argue in search of truth endlessly.
• But even in these circumstances, he managed to maintain dignity, his own power and insist on the most acceptable X conditions.
• Like his proposal to Russia and America, how to bungle something out of capitalism and socialism acceptable e.
• We are not acceptable their culture, but by getting to know each other better, we learn a lot of things that help us better understand ourselves.
• We are not acceptable framework that can lead us to a better life, but everything in our world fits within a much narrower framework.
• For a permanent, more acceptable it was difficult to get a job, because there were not enough jobs for the French.
• The office was located in Bern: of course, not Zurich, but still the place is quite acceptable e.

Source - introductory fragments of books from LitRes.

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What do you find most difficult as an editor? Do you find it difficult to find the right place for gluing? Do you spend too much time on projects? Or maybe it's hard for you to find the right rhythm? If you answered yes to at least one question (or just want to learn something new), check out the video editor Sven Peip, who runs the This Guy Edits channel. He conducted a survey among his colleagues and identified seven tips that will help you tune in to effective work.

1. Don't cut - build

Screenshot from video

Many editors start a project with a timeline packed to capacity, after which they begin to systematically reduce it in order to find something good among all the material. This is an inefficient approach and you will most likely choose "normal" but unremarkable shots. This is because it takes energy to cut material.

Instead, try to "build" the scenes from the very beginning, choosing the best shots. In the end, you will find that this method saves a lot of time and makes the story more interesting.

2. Achieve the unity of sound and image

If the voice-over is talking about flamingo migration while the image is showing elephants, it will be difficult for the viewer to process all this information. This is the scissors of audiovisual communication. If two pieces of information diverge too far, they are difficult to perceive. So mount the image and sound so that the information converges at one point.

3. Stick to the party principle

Arrive late and leave early - just like a party. Often scenes should be kept as short as possible. Forget about the drawn-out beginning and slowly fading ending. Rush into the action exactly when it becomes interesting. If you can maintain the tension and don't give the viewer time to catch their breath, the audience simply won't be able to predict what's going to happen next.

Of course, if you have amazing exposition moments on your hands that reveal the characters and immerse you in the story, forget about this rule.

Each gluing should shout: "Hey, look here!". Every time you jump to a particular frame, you are telling the viewer, "This is important." You may have heard of the importance of close-ups.

“Every time you go to, the viewer knows that you made a conscious decision that you think it's important. Everything that you show in close-up is important, regardless of whether it really is. You can wear the viewer down by showing them things that don't matter."

5. Don't be afraid to confuse the viewer

You can show close-ups of things that do not matter, or move to long shots, giving the viewer the opportunity to draw certain conclusions on their own. You can withhold information from the audience by using reverse shots and not showing how the character feels. These are all tools that will help make the installation unexpected. The story should be believable, but unpredictable.

6. Focus on the eyes

The movement of the actor's eyes can set the direction for the montage.

“Blinking is connected to our thoughts and reactions to what is happening around us,” said Walter Murch, editor of Apocalypse Now and author of In the Blink of an Eye. In other words, you can use the blinking of actors, especially good actors, as an indication of where to cut: “Usually I press the stop button just before the character blinks. So I connect my reaction with the actor's reaction to his character."

7. Trust your instincts

Feel the project. There is no exact rule that will tell you when to glue. You can only rely on your feelings. This is an intuitive decision, and the more you do it, the more you should rely on your professional emotions. Your neurons respond to certain things, to visual sensory responses. Do not be afraid to make gluings where they cannot be explained by any logic. You just do what feels right to you.

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Often, when planning an interior, we forget about important little things, chase after momentary trends, or don’t think that in the process of settling in a room, a beautiful picture that was originally in our head can be destroyed. At the same time, the color scheme and the interior as a whole have a significant impact on the mood and well-being of a person. Since we rest and recuperate at home, we want everything to be perfect there.

1. Lack of outlets in the right places

When planning space, we do not always think about the location of outlets. Nevertheless, a lot depends on this part of the interior, imperceptible at first glance. For example, if you decide to put a lamp or TV too far from the nearest outlet, then ugly extension cords will appear in your room and extra wires will be pulled. Not only is it not aesthetically pleasing, but it is also unsafe: you can easily trip over them.

What to do: determine in advance the number of required outlets, depending on the type of room. If for some reason this is not possible, then place double sockets in the corners of the room and consider where you plan to put the furniture. It makes sense to start calculating the number of outlets after developing the interior. In addition, think about it, maybe it’s better to completely abandon some kind of decorative floor lamp than to get extra wires.

2. Cheap dishes

Simple cheap dishes spoil not only a stylish and thoughtful interior, but also the mood. For some reason, many do not use beautiful dishes every day, but store them for a special occasion. Remember the ceremonial crystal in the sideboard or the tea service that was taken out only on holidays? The days of scarcity are long gone, do not skimp on glasses and plates.

What to do: get rid of ugly dishes, buy a good set of plates, cups and glasses and use them every day. After all, it is much more pleasant to drink morning coffee from an elegant porcelain cup than from a cheap mug bought in the nearest supermarket.

3. Different-sized flower pots

Flower pots are an important element of decor, which is often unfairly forgotten. Incorrectly selected or mismatched pots can seriously spoil the interior. This is especially true for inexpensive plastic products. However, we are not talking about the fact that all flower pots are the same. It is important that they harmoniously combine with each other and fit into the interior.

6. Extra surfaces

The fact that in a properly thought-out interior there should be enough space for storing a variety of things is true. However, it is important not to overdo it with the number of bookshelves, niches, coffee tables and other surfaces. They collect excess dust and contribute to clutter because they attract unnecessary unnecessary things.

What to do: estimate in advance how many items you have that need to be placed on shelves and bedside tables, and plan open surfaces based on this. You can even draw a plan where what thing will be placed. At the same time, do not forget about important interior decisions, for example, think about where you will store shoes.

7. Wrong lighting

We live in a three-dimensional space, so just one type of lighting is not enough for us in an apartment. Designers distinguish four tiers of lighting. The top one is ceiling chandeliers and recessed lights. The first middle one is sconces, floor lamps and all kinds of wall lamps. The second middle one is lamps on tables, chests of drawers and bedside tables. The lower tier consists of lamps built into the floor and skirting boards. If you provide tiered lighting, this will emphasize the volume of space and make it more comfortable.

What to do: consider different lighting options. For a family dinner and a party, you need one light, for working at home or reading - a completely different one. Don't forget about lighting with different functions: a floor lamp by the chair for reading, a lamp on the desk for work, nightlights and sconces for a romantic setting, and accent lighting to highlight interior details.

8. Too bright and varied textiles

Flashy colors in the design of the room may be quite appropriate, but in combination with bright textiles, the overall picture can turn out to be clumsy and tasteless. Therefore, it is important to select textiles in the style of the interior. If your bedroom is designed in pastel colors, you should not buy bed linen with leopard print. If you have chosen a discreet style of the living room, then you should not dilute the interior with multi-colored decorative pillows and too bright curtains.

What to do: it is advisable to choose neutral textiles for the bedroom and bathroom, which could fit into any interior. However, if you like bright bedding, you can sew or buy a long bedspread and completely cover the bed with it. The main rule that should be adopted is that the textiles in the house can be contrasting, but it is important that it does not stand out from the general concept.

9. Ethnic interior

Approximately in the middle of the 2000s, a completely ethnic interior came into fashion: Japanese, Arabic, Indian, Scandinavian. Usually in the picture and within the framework of the design project, such an interior looks stylish and beautiful, however, it is not quite suitable for life. The Japanese style is too minimalist, the Arabic and Indian style is too pretentious and impractical, and the Scandinavian style is rather boring.

What to do: disband ethnic style, leaving separate elements. For example, carpets with unusual ornaments, Arabic mosaic lamps and figurines made of stone and wood will be appropriate in eco-style living rooms. Perhaps, modern eco-style is the most harmonious way to combine eco-friendly materials, ethnic products and classic furniture in one room.

10. Contrast problem

Playing sports is wonderful. True, it is worth sensibly assessing the possibilities of your own apartment: is it possible to allow a bulky exercise bike or treadmill to steal meters that are valuable to you? In addition, exercise equipment often becomes a clothes hanger and does not decorate the interior at all. It may be better to leave smaller items for homework: dumbbells, weights, a stretching mat and a fitball.

What to do: if you really regularly use simulators, equip a special sports corner. It can be protected with a screen or even organized on a loggia. If you remember about home workouts no more than once a month, it is better to sell equipment and buy a subscription to a fitness club where classes will be held regularly.

12. Ill-conceived pet accessories

Pet accessories include not only bulky houses and beds, but also bowls with trays. Most owners do not worry much about the appearance of these things, buying the first items that come across in a pet store. As a result, plastic bowls of bright colors turn out to be in an elaborate kitchen, and a scratching post spoils the interior of the living room.

What to do: spend more time looking for the right pet accessories. You can also make furniture for pets to order. Perhaps it will cost you more, but you will enjoy the interior thought out to the smallest detail. Another point is the cat tray. Usually it is located in the bathroom or toilet, that is, the door is constantly open, which, you see, is not very aesthetically pleasing. To avoid this, you can install a special door in the bathroom with a small hole for the cat: this is convenient and practical.