How to seal a joint in a plastic sewer. Sealing pvc sewer pipes, choose adhesive sealant

A sewer system that does not leak is considered to be reliable. Therefore, good sealing of sewer pipes at home or in an apartment is a guarantee that there will be no trouble in the future.

The age of the sewerage system, its deterioration (for example, cast-iron pipes in the risers of high-rise buildings), obsolete materials, of course, can leak due to prescription and require a complete replacement. However, as practice shows, during operation, the most vulnerable point, both when laying new ones, and when repairing old communications and drain systems, are their junctions. And the question remains, how to seal the sewer pipes at the joints.

Previously, linen winding or plaster bandage and oil paint were used to seal cast-iron pipes in risers and basements of houses and apartments. But today, construction stores sell a lot of modern materials, sealants, for the selection of which it is necessary to understand their differences, purposes and properties, applicable to drain systems.

Note! Easy-to-use modern materials allow you to do all the work yourself, including waterproofing and sealing.

Self-adhesive tape is a modern material for sealing joints in the sewer system. It is a white film wound on a spool, has a different width.

Advantages of self-adhesive tape:

• Convenience and ease of use;
• Good resistance to corrosion, thereby protecting the sewage system from rusting;
• Does not conduct electricity;
• High reliability and efficiency.

Disadvantages of self-adhesive tape:

• Lack of UV resistance. This makes it impossible to use this material in open spaces.

Advice! To create a tight connection with a tape on the street, at the place of gluing, cover the joints of sewer pipes with sun protection material.

Self-adhesive tape is used by experienced craftsmen and builders not only for sealing the joints of sewer systems. It is often used when working with fittings and various shaped elements.

Ribbon Features

In order to perform the work qualitatively, it is necessary to first prepare the pipes. They are thoroughly cleaned of layers of dust, dirt, etc., and dried well. Covered with a layer of primer and dried again. After the surfaces have been prepared, you can stick the tape.

The tape is wound around the desired area in a spiral with a half overlap, for greater tightness. After that, you can wind the second layer in a similar way. Pipe sealing done!

Note! Care must be taken to ensure that no wrinkles form during the winding process. Even small ones can reduce the tightness of the winding to zero.

Silicone sealants for pipes

Self-adhesive tape is well suited for processing pipe joints, but this material is not always applicable in construction. There are other materials and substances that can ensure the tightness of the sewer system.

Silicone sealants are substances that harden on contact with air and have excellent sealing properties. Apply directly to the area to be treated.

Sealants can be made from a combination of different starting materials. One of the most popular is silicone (or siloxane), which consists of silicone rubber and additives that increase the strength and adhesion of the material. To accelerate the polymerization of a substance, various vulcanizing impurities are used. The result is a rubber-like elastic material with excellent sealing properties and a wide range of applications.

Advantages of silicone sealant

• High degree of adhesion between different types of materials;
• Good resistance to various temperature conditions;
• Sufficiently high mechanical strength;
• Good moisture resistance;
• Long service life.

Depending on which hardener is used in the material, silicone sealants for plastic pipes are divided into two types: acidic and neutral. Acid sealants have limitations in use and their cost is somewhat lower than that of neutral ones.

Sealants belonging to the neutral class are suitable for any surface and give excellent performance in a combination of various surfaces (for example, joints of metal and plastic sewer pipes).

Silicone sealants are enclosed in devices called mounting guns. In the absence of this device, or the impossibility of using it, you can use the hammer handle, acting on the principle of a piston, to press on the bottom of the tube. Thus, dosing the extrusion of the required amount of material from the package, the necessary work is carried out.

How to seal sewer pipes?

Sealing of sewerage systems in the conditions of modern construction is also carried out by other types of materials. Often, craftsmen use epoxy resin, asphalt mastic, resin strands, hemp ropes and technical sulfur.

Most often, when working at home, epoxy resin is used. To cure this material, polyethylenepolyamine is used for cold curing, and maleic anhydride for hot curing. But others can be used as well. The proportion of the combination can vary and on average varies from 10:1 to 5:1.

Technical sulfur is used to seal the outlet of the sewer. To do this, it is crushed, heated to a suitable plastic state and poured directly onto the inner surface of the joints of the outlet pipes. This compound is made from Portland cement, in which case it is necessary to prepare a solution.

Tarred hemp rope is excellent for working with ceramics and cast iron. A filling of oil bitumen and asphalt mastic seals well the joints of ceramic pipes.

Sealing cast iron sewer pipes

To connect the cast-iron pipes of the riser, another is inserted into the socket of one pipe, and the joint is sealed with the selected material. Experienced craftsmen carry out everything, as a rule, using this technology:

• Linen tow without impregnation is inserted into the gap between the pipes of the riser approximately to a depth of 2/3 and caulked (compacted).

Note! Linen tow can be replaced with hemp treated with resin.

• On top of the tow, in the free space of the joint, a mixture of water and Portland cement is laid in a combination of 1: 9, respectively.

Note! To create a mixture, if necessary, you can use cement in combination with asbestos fiber, in a combination of 2:1, respectively. And before pouring into the pipe, a little water is added to the mixture.

All of the above materials can be replaced with silicone sealant, which is simply poured into the free space between the riser pipes. And to protect against too rapid drying of this type of sealant, the application site is covered with polyethylene or a damp cloth.

Sealing the joint of cast-iron and plastic sewer pipes

When repairing an old sewerage system in a house or apartment, a situation often arises when it is necessary to dock new plastic pipes with old ones - cast iron ones. And the question arises, how and how to seal the sewer pipe correctly.

For this you need:

• To connect pipes of different materials, you must purchase special adapters;
• The surface of the cast-iron pipe is carefully cleaned and degreased;
• The inner and outer surface is coated with sealant;
• An adapter is installed in the socket;
• Waiting time for the sealant to harden;
• A plastic pipe is connected and the joint is sealed;
• A tightness test is carried out.

If you stick to the technology and choose high-quality material to create a strong and tight connection of the sewer system, this will be a good start for the future, protect you from the troubles associated with sewer leakage. In our video, you can see how the sealing and waterproofing of sewer pipes are done with your own hands.

To prevent leaks in sewer systems, even at the construction stage, careful sealing of the joints of pipeline elements is provided. For its implementation, it is necessary to use one of the sealants specially designed for sewer pipes. It is chosen depending on the materials used, the installation method and on the preferences of the installer performing the work on the sewer system. In this article, you can find out which sealant for sewer pipes is best to use and how to properly seal this very seal.

The importance of sealing sewer systems

All pipes must be sealed, especially those that are laid underground. This process should be taken seriously in order to do everything at once and for a long time. Indeed, if defects in the exterior finish can be easily corrected, then in order to re-sealing the expansion joints of pipes buried in the ground, it will be necessary to perform a considerable amount of work, almost the same as when installing the system again.

At the same time, it is important to prevent leakage both from the inside of the sewer pipes and into the pipeline (for example, groundwater), so that the operation of the wastewater discharge system as a whole is not disturbed. For different types of sewer systems, certain types of sealant are used.

Types of sealants and their application

The most common sealing materials that provide high-quality work with the components of the sewer system are tapes, silicone materials, technical sulfur, Portland cement mortar, epoxy resin, resin strand, asphalt bitumen, etc. When using each of them, it is necessary to follow a certain technology in order to achieve the required quality.

Option #1 - self-adhesive tapes

Among modern sealing materials, special tapes with anti-corrosion properties are widely used. They are used to seal the connection area of ​​pipes of different types, to protect taps, plugs, bends, corners and other elements of the sewer system.

Sealant tapes are quite easy to use, but very reliable and effective for protecting pipe joints.

The composition of such a tape includes a copper or aluminum layer, its base is bitumen-rubber. The protective film is removed during installation. Self-adhesive caulking tape is easy to use, yet highly effective, strong and durable. It not only seals, but also provides comprehensive protection for pipes, including anti-corrosion and dielectric.

Sewer pipes are sealed with tape in the following order:

• before applying the tape, the surface is cleaned of dust and dried;
• to avoid wrinkles and folds, the tape is kept stretched during winding;
• the tape is overlapped in a spiral by 50%, so that the entire insulated surface will be covered with 2 layers of film.

It is important to know! Sealing tapes do not tolerate direct exposure to ultraviolet radiation, so sealed sections of sewer pipes located in the open sun must be wrapped with additional protective material.

Option #2 - silicone sealing materials

The basis of such sealants is silicone rubber. The composition of silicone sealants is a complex mixture of various substances that provide reliable sealing quality. They are characterized by a high degree of adhesion to surfaces, and without pre-treatment with primers.

A distinctive feature of silicone sealants is a high degree of adhesion to surfaces that do not need to be further processed.

Depending on the type of hardener, silicone sealant can be of two types:

1. Acid. It has a relatively low cost, but is not suitable for application to surfaces that can interact with acids.
2. Neutral. Such a sealant is considered more versatile and suitable for any surface.

With the help of silicone sealants, the joints of metal and plastic pipes are isolated. With the participation of moisture contained in the air, the silicone sealant cures. Silicone paste turns after vulcanization into a substance similar to rubber.

Other sealing materials

In addition to the most common materials listed above, there are other means of sealing sewer pipes, such as:

1. Portland cement. This material is part of asbestos-cement and cement mixtures, which are used in the installation of elements of a cast-iron sewer system (chasing socket joints).
2. Oil bitumen, asphalt mastic - are used for the preparation of filling, with the help of which the joints of ceramic pipelines are sealed.
3. Epoxy resin is a common home sewer pipe joint sealant.
4. Technical sulfur. It is mainly used for sealing joints of cast-iron sewer pipes. Sulfur is first crushed, then heated to melting and poured into the joint hole.

Resin strand, jute, hemp rope. The scope of their application is the sealing of the sockets of cast-iron and ceramic sewer pipes. The most effective is the combination of resin-impregnated rope.

To seal the joints of the sewer pipeline, especially when caulking the socket joints of cast-iron pipes, mixtures are often used, a component of which is Portland cement.

One of the oldest and simplest sealing methods cannot be discounted - sealing joint gaps with paint. And although this method is used less and less, it gives good results on any type of sewer pipe. The socket is clogged with a cloth, then paint is poured into it. The contents of the socket are compacted with a screwdriver or wire and left to solidify. For this purpose, acrylic, epoxy and polyurethane paints are recommended, since these types of paints are characterized by high water resistance.

We invite you to watch a video with an example of sealing an external cast-iron sewer pipe using a cabal (resin strand):

The choice of method and material for sealing sewer pipes is not of great importance, since all the means described above provide a high degree of tightness. Of course, the decision to use one or another sealant for sewer pipes will depend on the location of the sewer system and on the material of the sewer. But the decisive factor in the process of sealing is its competent implementation, which will guarantee the absence of leaks in the sewer system for many years.

Careful sealing of PVC sewer pipes must be carried out at the construction stage. It is carried out with sealants designed specifically for the drain line. There are several types of them.

Which one to choose for use is decided based on the sewer pipes used for work. Also take into account the method of laying the network. The master conducting the installation work can also choose the type of sealing of PVC sewer pipes.

Sealing is needed for all PVC pipes in the drain network, especially if they run underground. To do everything thoroughly and for a long time, you need to treat the whole process with high responsibility.

Because inaccuracies in exterior finishes are easier to fix. But to make a second procedure for a PVC pipeline is possible only with the implementation of a large amount of work. Their scale can be compared with the laying of a new system.

Also, when sealing, it is very important to avoid leaks from the drain pipes. No one doubts the tightness of drain drains. Thanks to this, you can not worry about leaks in the premises.

The next point is the protection of sewer lines from the ingress of various liquids into them, disrupting their stable functioning.

IMPORTANT! If you do not seal the sewer pipelines, or do it incorrectly, then in the near future you will have to redo the already finished system again.

Sealant - types and purposes

The concept of sealant includes not only the usual mixtures in tubes with a nozzle, in this context there are more voluminous concepts.

By means of these devices, sewer lines and PVC risers are sealed.

This tape is suitable for any products. Its difference is a long service life and high strength. Of the auxiliary tools for working with self-adhesive tape, you only need to prepare a knife.

The joint where sealing will take place must first be cleaned, then it is degreased and primed with a primer. The tape is applied spirally and with an overlap between layers.

As a result, the coating is formed from two layers. Docking is performed after we have wound the tape. The only disadvantage of this sealant is the poor tolerance of sunlight.

For these reasons, the use of this product on open sewers requires the installation of additional UV protection.

silicone material

Adhesive sealant for PVC silicone rubber pipes can be acidic and neutral. The first type is used on sewer pipes that are not afraid of acid exposure. The second is used for any materials, only it has a higher cost.

ADVICE! Silicone is a highly adhesive material, and is excellent not only for PVC pipes, but also for cast iron and ceramic products.

A special syringe is used to apply the sealant adhesive. The joined sections are thoroughly cleaned of debris beforehand, this is necessary to obtain the highest possible effect.

On the uncleaned basis of sewer pipes, this glue may simply not stick. After hardening, a waterproof and durable layer is obtained.

It will not let any liquid through the joint. These joints are known for their durability and long service life.

Other ways to seal joints on pipes

Sealing pipe joints, in addition to the options described, can be performed in other ways. It should be noted that they also do an excellent job with the tasks assigned to them. More about them below:

• Melted bitumen. It is also known under a different name - bituminous mastic. Actions with this sealant do not include anything complicated.
• There are other sealants as well. For example: technical sulfur. The cost of this product is not high, and a distinctive feature is a long period of use. Basically, this type is used for cast iron pipelines. Almost the same features as Portland cement. But, in recent years, it has often been replaced serocement or sulfur concrete. These funds can most often be found during the installation of sewer networks at large industrial facilities and in multi-storey buildings.
• A special type of sealant is epoxy resin. It is widely used not only for sewer outlets, but also in the construction of various structures where additional impregnation is required. In drain and water supply pipes, this type of material can be found where there are ceramic or cast iron pipes. Compared to PVC pipes, these products need more serious connections. And the advantages of epoxy resin include its resistance to chemicals and longevity. Poorly resists this product only sulfuric and nitric acid, acetone and hydrogen peroxide.
• Previously, for finishing on pipelines in everyday life, they set jute which was treated with resin. The action of jute is a bit like self-adhesive tapes. But, the principle of fastening in this case is slightly different. Jutes are ordinary twine, which, after being treated with resinous substances, become very durable. Finishing in this way is characterized by a long service life and high strength.

Sealants for ventilation from PVC materials

A professional master will help with the choice of sealant and quickly and efficiently do all the work. The money spent in this case will be justified by the good work of the exhaust system in the house, and, accordingly, by the good health of its residents.

Sealing PVC sewer pipes, as well as the exhaust system, can be made with any material. The choice in this situation does not play a significant role. All of the proposed options allow you to achieve a highly effective sealing result.

The final decision on the choice of material for work should be made after studying the placement of the network and the type of material used for it.

The most important thing is literacy in the performance of this work, this will be the key to the absence of leaks in such a network for a long period.

Sealing of sewer pipes is necessary for the components of sewer systems, especially at their joints. To carry it out, you will, of course, need to use some kind of sealant designed directly for sewer pipes. Our article will tell you how to choose the right sealant and how to properly seal.

The Importance of Sealing

The sealing process should be taken quite seriously right away, since work is carried out with pipes, unlike exterior finishes, for example, whose defects are quite easy to fix. To carry out re-sealing of seams that have undergone deformation, it will be necessary to carry out the same amount of work as for building a system from scratch.

During the implementation of the sewerage system, it is unacceptable for the following to occur:

• leaks from inside sewer pipes;
• leaks inside sewer pipes. So, for example, when laying an external sewage pipeline, groundwater is not allowed to enter.

Sealing materials

Tapes for sealing

Self-adhesive tapes with anti-corrosion properties and specially designed for sealing pipe joints are one of the newest modern sealing products. They have many positive properties:

• Self-adhesive anti-corrosion tapes are highly effective and easy to use.
• Sealing films, thanks to their high-strength polyethylene backing, are characterized by good handling properties.
• They are used to ensure the protection of various types of pipelines in the complex, as they have dielectric and anti-corrosion properties. In addition, sealing films are used for sealing linear elements of sewer pipes.
• Sealing using tape is possible not only when sealing the joints of sewer pipes, but also when sealing plugs, tie-ins, turning corners, bends, etc.

Before sealing a sewer pipe using sealing tapes, remember that they are sealed in the following sequence:

1. surface preparation is necessary for applying the tape: it must be dry, dust-free and clean;
2. it is necessary to ensure a constant tension of the tape, which is wrapped around the pipe, and also to exclude the appearance of folds and wrinkles;
3. the tape must be applied with a 50% overlap in a spiral, as a result of which the entire surface to be insulated will necessarily be under two layers of film.

Pro tip:

Such films do not tolerate exposure to UV radiation. That is why, when pipes for sewerage are located in a territory that is open to the sun, a protective layer must additionally be provided over the film.

silicone sealants

Silicone rubber forms the basis of silicone sealants. Silicone sealants in general are a composition of different substances that provide high sealing qualities. Silicone sealants have good adhesion to surfaces, while not requiring that they be pre-treated with primers.

According to the type of hardener in its composition, silicone sewer pipe sealant is divided into:

• Acid. Acid silicone sealants are quite inexpensive, although they do not accept application to some surfaces that can interact with acids.
• Neutral. In this regard, neutral silicone sealants are considered more versatile.

With the help of silicone sealants, it is possible to seal the joints of sewer pipes:

• from metal;
• from plastic.

After vulcanization, the silicone paste turns into a substance that is similar in properties to rubber. Moisture in the air is involved in the curing process of silicone sealant.

Pro tip:

Squeezing out the sealant is quite simple - using a mounting gun. In its absence, you can use an ordinary hammer by inserting its handle into the tube and pressing like a piston.

Sealing sewer pipes with other sealants

In addition to the above means, sealing pipes for sewerage is also carried out using other means:

1. Epoxy resin- at home, it serves, as well as glue based on it, the most common tool that is used when connecting sewer pipes.
2. Portland cement is a fairly common component of most sealing mixtures - it is used in the preparation of mixtures from asbestos cement and when caulking the connection of the socket of pipes for sewerage from cast iron.
3. Petroleum bitumen and asphalt mastic- will be required for the preparation of the fill, which is designed to seal joints and fill the sockets of ceramic pipelines.
4. Hemp or jute rope, resin strand- are used when sealing sockets of pipes for sewerage made of cast iron and ceramics. The use of a combination of rope and resin impregnation would be preferred.
5. Technical sulfur- used to ensure tightness, mainly, the joints of the sockets of pipes for sewerage made of cast iron. Before pouring into the joint slot, it should be crushed, and then heated until melting.

With such an abundance of materials, the question is unlikely to arise: “How to cover up the sewer pipe?”.

Classic socket seal

Traditionally, the joints of pipes for sewerage are sealed by caulking from the depth of the socket by 2/3 with a resin bundle, followed by pouring cement mortar into the remaining 1/3. In this case, the mass proportion of cement grade 300K to water will be 9:1.

A mixture of cement can be replaced with a mixture of asbestos cement, while the brand of cement should be 400 or higher with asbestos fiber content, the proportion of which is 2: 1. This mixture is prepared in advance, and immediately before the use process is diluted with water.

The laborious and tedious caulking of the sealant can be replaced by sealing the socket with cement, which has the properties of expansion and water impermeability, which is also capable of fairly rapid hardening, in parallel with self-compacting and expansion.

Docking sewer pipes, that is, the connection of sockets, is centered and completely filled with a solution that is made from expanding cement and water in a ratio that looks like this: 1: 2.5.

The choice of the sealing method itself is, in fact, of little importance, since all of the above means have a fairly high level of reliability. The main thing in this process will be a competent approach to the sealing process itself. After all, it is the sealing process that is the determining factor subsequently for the absence of leaks when the joints of sewer pipes are sealed.

The sewer system will be able to perform its functions effectively only if potential leak points were protected during its installation. This applies not only to the laying and connection of pipes, but also to the subsequent sealing of the structure.

Builders usually check sewers for leaks. An appropriate document is issued, indicating that the system can be used. But over time, the junctions of sewer pipes wear out and leak. You can prevent this situation if you worry about sealing the joints in advance. First you need to figure out how to close the leak in the sewer pipe, if it occurs.

Used materials and methods of sealing

How to seal a sewer pipe? There are several insulating materials with which you can complete the task.

The most popular of them:

• silicone-based sealants;
• sealing tapes;
• cold welding;
• cement mortar with resin tow.

The presented funds are used mainly for cast-iron sewers. At the same time, silicone-based sealants are the most popular. But there are special tools designed to insulate pipes from other materials. For example, for sealing ceramic sewers, it is best to use oil bituminous compounds or asphalt mastic, they will do the job most efficiently. And to ensure the tightness of the socket joints of cast iron pipes, technical sulfur is excellent.

When you lay the external sewer, you must also seal the pipes from the inside. In this case, there will be no overflow of the drainage system due to groundwater ingress.

There are several ways to seal sewer pipes that are currently in use. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. Making a choice in favor of one or another method is based on their characteristics.

Silicone sealants for sewer pipes

Silicone sealants are air curing mastic coatings. Among the advantages of this material is the ease of use. The surface of the pipes does not need to be pre-treated with primers.

These sealants are made from silicone rubber with plasticizers. They increase the degree of adhesion, at the same time, the strength of the protective coating also increases.

It takes a minimum of time to seal pipes with silicone sealant. Anyone can complete the task. The composition is applied using a mounting gun. If there is no tool, but sealing of the pipe is urgently required, then the work can be done with an ordinary hammer. Its handle will act as a piston for supplying the composition. When the mastic dries, it will reliably protect the joints from leakage. Waterproofing for sewer pipes with silicone is easy and fast to apply.

How to seal a pipe with cement mortar and resin rope

It is possible to seal the sewerage system with these materials. The method itself consists in the fact that two-thirds of the depth of the socket is caulked with a resin cord. And the remaining third is filled with cement mortar, mixed in a ratio of one to nine. It is necessary to use a cement composition with the M300 brand.

An important nuance: the socket connection requires preliminary alignment and fixing. And only then can it be filled with the prepared mixture to ensure tightness.

Self-adhesive tape

Experts consider this material to be one of the best ways to insulate joints. In addition, self-adhesive tape has dielectric and anti-corrosion properties. One of the main reasons for its popularity is its ease of use.

Then it is necessary to wrap the tape along the length of the pipes with a spiral. At the same time, it is necessary to maintain its constant tension, the occurrence of even minor wrinkles is unacceptable. It is desirable to wrap with 50% overlap behind the joints. This will ensure the most tight connection of pipes in the case of using self-adhesive tape.

Cold welding

To use it, you must first clean and degrease the leaks. Then the composition should be kneaded until a homogeneous mass is formed. And only then cold welding must be quickly pressed to the treated area.

From an hour to a day, the material will be required to ensure the tightness of the leak. The time depends on the temperature regime, as well as the amount of cold welding. But during this period, you can not use the sewer, so that everything is securely fastened.

One of the main advantages of cold welding is good adhesion even on wet surfaces. This feature allows the material to be used for prompt sealing of a leak in the sewer system.

Most often, when a cast-iron pipe flows in the sewer system, it is replaced with the same, only a new one. But you can use an alternative option. A damaged section of a cast iron pipeline can be replaced with a plastic product. But in this case, the method of sealing will be different, because at the junction there are pipes made of different materials.

To achieve the best result, first of all you need to buy rubber or polymer adapters. Then you can move on to the main part of the task.

It is necessary to remove rust and various contaminants from the socket of the cast iron pipe. It is advisable to degrease it. Now a layer of silicone-based sealant is applied to the inside of the socket. Similar actions must be performed with the outer side of the adapter pipe.

Two elements with applied sealant are connected. It remains only to introduce a plastic pipe into the pipeline. If it is absent, then the leak can be eliminated with a metal clamp. Such parts are generally great for repairing any pipeline systems. It is advisable to buy clamps together with a rubber seal. Or you can do it yourself. It is enough to find a suitable material and cut out a small part of it.

Recommendation: it is possible to ensure maximum tightness in the area of ​​leakage by applying rubber gaskets to it in several layers, and then fixing both sides of them to metal clamps with screws. This approach will create better pipe insulation.

But it is worth remembering that it is not necessary to use complex and time-consuming methods to seal joints. Of course, they are very effective, but require the preparation of special materials and certain time costs. In some cases, paint will do the job just fine. Its application to the joints of pipes will increase the tightness of the connection. Sometimes this is enough, then no leaks will occur.

Pipe sealing by painting is implemented in 2 stages. First you need to hammer the socket with a cloth, filling it all with paint. Use a screwdriver to carefully tamp everything. When the resulting mass hardens, the sewer will be ready for operation. Leaks should not occur.

Various materials can be used to seal cast iron sewer pipes and systems made of other materials. The choice of a suitable insulation medium is also based on the location of the pipeline. With the task can cope with anyone. It is enough just to prepare all the necessary materials with a small margin, familiarize yourself with all the nuances of the process and act in accordance with the instructions. In this case, no difficulties will arise.