How to install wooden stairs: rules and recommendations. Step-by-step instructions for self-production of a wooden staircase Installation of elements of a wooden staircase

An interfloor staircase is an important part of a private house. It should be comfortable for adults and children. In addition, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of lifting large items along it. The most popular materials for making stairs inside the house are wood and metal. In the article, we will consider how to make a staircase to the second floor in a private house with our own hands.

Requirements for interfloor stairs

For comfortable and safe operation of the stairs inside the house, it must meet a number of requirements:

• high-quality lighting of all spans;
• the width of the flight of stairs must be at least 80 cm;
• a staircase with 3 or more steps is equipped with a railing, the height of which is not less than 90 cm;
• the slope of the stairs is also regulated, the degree of rise is 38-45 °. The ascent to the attic or attic is allowed to be equipped with a staircase with a degree of inclination of 65-74 °;
• for the convenience of lifting the number of steps in the span, it is desirable to make an odd number.

Tip: before you make a staircase to the second floor in a wooden house, you need to calculate the bearing capacity of the interfloor ceilings. Most often, light metal or completely wooden structures are installed.

Wooden staircase. Material Features

The leader in popularity for the manufacture of interfloor stairs in country houses and multi-level apartments is wood. It has been used for many centuries. But in order for the product to be durable, it is important to observe a number of nuances.

• Wood has a beautiful appearance and does not require expensive finishing. Depending on the type of wood, it has a different pattern and natural shade. All this can be beaten and preserved by covering the material with a transparent varnish. Thanks to the ability to artistically process wood, real masterpieces are created from it in the form of carved balusters and other decorative elements. In addition, a wooden staircase creates additional comfort in the room and is indispensable for design solutions in country style.

• A wooden interfloor staircase is especially preferable if the floor is made of logs. The low weight of the structure in this case is an important argument. In addition, no equipment (crane, automixer) is required to mount it. But it is worth considering the specific gravity of different types of wood, so the weight of the oak structure is almost similar to that of a metal one of the same size.
• It can be installed even if the finishing repairs in the flight of stairs are completed. Since there is no dirty work that is inevitable when welding a metal staircase or pouring concrete steps.
• Relatively low price compared to others. Wood is optimal with a combination of price and quality. The cheapest will be from pine, but it can release resin. Of the budget options, it is better to give preference to birch.

The choice of wood for interfloor stairs

• Premium wooden stairs have a higher price. This is the staircase that becomes the central decorative element of the house. For its manufacture, only expensive and especially beautiful wood is used, such as oak, ash or beech. It is performed in carved technique, supplying the design with a large number of decorative elements.
• In the ranking of beautiful and durable, beech and oak share the first place. But in terms of the beauty of the pattern, ash is superior to them, while not inferior in density.

• In a cheaper price category are larch, birch and pine. They have lower strength characteristics. But the main argument for choosing them is the lower, and as a result, affordable price for most home owners.
• Pine is the softest wood, so it is more often used for temporary stairs. But beautiful balusters are made from it, which will decorate the structure for many years. But to create steps and a frame, you should choose a birch.

Do-it-yourself wooden staircase to the second floor

Materials and tools for wooden stairs

• It is best to buy ready-made steps, but if there is no possibility, then a beam with a cross section of 40 mm is purchased for their manufacture;
• a board with a thickness of 40 mm in an amount equal to the calculated one for the project;
• beams 30 mm thick for treads;
• beams 25-30 mm for risers;
• bar for bowstrings and stringers 50x250 mm;
• balusters and handrails;
• wood screws;
• jigsaw;
• screwdriver;
• chisel, hammer;
• level, plumb, square, tape measure, pencil;
• sanding paper, brushes and finishing material.

Calculation of interfloor stairs

• First you need to decide on the angle of inclination. As stated above, the preferred angle of inclination is approximately 40°. But most often the calculation has to be made from the already existing dimensions allocated for the flight of stairs and the height of the ceiling.
• The minimum width of the flight of stairs is 80 cm, but 125-150 cm is considered convenient.
• Now there are many online calculators for calculating stairs. There it is enough to score the desired ceiling height and the desired height of the steps (15-20 cm). And the program will produce a 3D model with all dimensions.

The design of the stairs to the second floor of wood photo

How to make a straight staircase to the second floor

Consider the example of building a simple straight staircase without winders and platforms.

• Installation of stringers. They take a beam, measure the total length and cut it off. You also need to immediately cut off another width of the tread (the thickness of the step itself, usually 4 cm). In the general calculation, the width of the steps was not initially taken into account, and if in the future this does not play any role, then for the first step this is an important point.
• Cutting openings for steps in the stringer. This is done with a square. It marks the height of the riser and the width of the step. The marks are transferred to the kosour and cut out with a jigsaw. The saw cuts are ground or milled, rounding the edges. Then the stringers are put in a permanent place, fastening to the floor from below, and from above to the opening in the ceiling with the help of anchors. Well, if the ladder will be attached to the wall along the entire length.
• Setting the bowstring. Bowstrings are measured along the length of the stringers. Apply to the stringers and mark the attachment points of the steps. Deepenings are made under them in the titive.
• Riser fixing. They are made from a beam of the appropriate width. It is sawn into separate elements, sanded and fastened to the kosour with self-tapping screws. So that the fasteners are not noticeable, you need to tighten them slightly deepening the hats in order to putty in the future.

• Installation of steps. Beams or boards are laid on the risers, and after fastening they are polished. But there is a high risk that the tree will shrink, which will lead to cracks and creaking. Therefore, it is better to buy steps ready-made, made of glued wood.
• Railing fastening. Then balusters or other railings to the steps are fixed to the studs. Handrails are placed and screwed on top.

Do-it-yourself installation of stairs to the second floor video

Finishing wooden stairs

Wood is a complete finishing material. Finishing work, often, comes down only to emphasizing the pattern and applying a protective layer.

If the material is damaged, cracked or chipped, they are puttied to match the color of the wood. After coating with tinted varnish or stain, these defects become invisible.

Stages of work

• Upon completion of the assembly of the stairs, all wooden elements are sanded. Then wipe with a damp cloth to completely remove all dust.

• In the presence of defects, they are immediately puttied and left for a day until the composition is completely hardened.
• Then you can go in two ways: first, tint the stairs with a stain, and then apply a protective transparent varnish, or ask the store to tint the varnish. The second option is preferable, since the work will be faster, and the color will be the same on all elements.
• The varnish for treads is chosen very wear-resistant - floor or deck. After applying 1 layer and its complete drying, the steps must be sanded with a fine-grained sandpaper. Then a second layer of varnish is applied.

Tip: it is rather difficult to apply tinted varnish evenly, even when using a brush with a very thin bristle, traces of strokes will be noticeable. It is recommended to use a spray gun.

Metal interfloor staircase

To make a ladder out of metal, you need to have welding skills. In addition, this design is more complex and expensive to implement. But it has a number of significant advantages over a wooden counterpart:

• high strength and longer service life;
• technical characteristics provide resistance to heavy loads;
• reliability of connection points;
• the ability to create various designs;
• allows you to stretch the installation process. So, during repair work, in order not to pollute the steps, you can only climb the frame. And after finishing, install the steps;
• the metal frame of the stairs will guarantee that over time there will be no creaking.

Types of metal interfloor stairs

The appearance of the stairs depends only on the imagination and interior design, in which it must harmoniously fit. But its design depends on the location.

• Installation location. Inside the house, it is convenient to use the stairs all year round and it becomes a decorative element. The outdoor location allows you to save living space, often they are placed to climb from the balcony to the attic floor.
• Manufacturing methods. Most often, welded stairs are made. They are easiest to do with your own hands right on the spot. Forged designs are more elegant, but are made in workshops in advance.
• Finishing. In unfinished stairs, it is provided that the frame will be visible, which means that it must be made very high quality from an aesthetic point of view. With finishing, flights of stairs are closed completely from all sides, it is not uncommon for them to equip a room with a door for storing things or products under it.

• By build type. Whole, they are sold in ready-made sections and assembled on site. In this case, its exact dimensions must be known at the design stage of the house. Prefabricated ones consist of a large number of parts and connecting elements, which allows you to create a structure of the desired height.
• Design difference. Marching, this is either a staircase with a platform for turning, or with winder steps. Spiral staircases are the most compact, as the march is located around one central pillar-support.

Do-it-yourself metal interfloor staircase

Before you assemble the stairs to the second floor, you need to prepare all the necessary tools and materials:

• welding machine;
• grinder, drill;
• square, level;
• electrodes, metal screws, cutting and cleaning discs for grinders;
• channel, metal pipe;
• metal corner;
• sheet metal.

Tip: the quantity and characteristics of the material depend on the type of staircase, the number of steps and the finish. So, stone is much heavier than wood, and when finishing with it, the frame of the stairs should be more durable than when facing with wood.

Theoretically, the stairs can be made in two ways: welded in advance and installed in the finished form on site or made in stages directly in the installation area. The second option is preferable, as it allows, if necessary, to make its own adjustments.

Stages of work

• First, they are determined with the type of frame. If winders are present, what will be their location (90° turn or 180° turn).
• Using the program and known dimensions, a sketch is created. This stage is recommended to be entrusted to a professional designer.
• In accordance with the project, the right amount of metal is bought, if necessary, it is immediately cleaned with a grinder from scale and rust. Drawings of elements are transferred to it and sawn. At this stage, it is important to mark all parts of the structure.
• If there is a platform, then its frame is first made and installed in the flight of stairs. Further from the floor to it, beams are mounted that act as stringers.

• Further, the required number of identical fillies are immediately produced - these are triangular elements that will serve as a support for future steps. They are welded along the entire length of the stringer. It is very important to place them correctly, so at first it is enough just to grab them pointwise in a couple of places, check the evenness with a square, and only after that make a quality seam. They can also be welded to the frame, or fastened with bolts. The work is done from the bottom up, setting the lower fillies, they put a board on them and stand on it, and so they gradually move up to the top.
• If you need to achieve greater rigidity of the steps, then a steel corner is welded between the filly, which also acts as a support for the step.
• Then comes metal processing. All seams are cleaned, then treated with acetone, a rust preventative and primed. After that, it is painted.
• Attach the steps to the bolts from below. After that, railings and decorative elements are installed.

Scheme of stairs to the second floor in a private

Finishing metal stairs

Tiled metal stairs:

• Start laying tiles from the bottom up. First, it is attached to the riser between the floor and the first tread. Then the tile is laid across the width of the entire first step, and only then the next step is attached. This method allows the most rational application of glue and the absence of sawn edges of the tile;
• since the metal staircase will vibrate when walking on it, the tile adhesive must be special, high strength;
• in one stage to complete the entire cladding will not work. Since on the edge you will have to leave a place for walking until the tile adhesive is completely seized in the remaining areas.

Wood cladding for metal stairs:

• fastening a wooden tread to a metal step from below would be the best option, since the place of fixation will not be noticeable. To do this, the metal step is pre-drilled in 8 places (4 on each side of the center, at a distance of 25 cm from each other). A wooden step is placed on top and from below, through the holes, it is attached with self-tapping screws;
• if it is impossible to fasten from below, you will have to drill a wooden step from above through and through along with the metal. To do this, it should be firmly fixed to the metal platform. To hide the heads of the self-tapping screws, a 5 mm deepening is drilled from above with a larger diameter drill. The tread is fastened with metal screws, and the cap is puttied. Or use special wooden lining.

Interfloor concrete stairs

• Concrete stairs are very heavy and can only be built in houses with reinforced concrete floors.
• They are built immediately after the box of the house with the roof is ready.
• Once the solution has set, it can be used.
• Over time, concrete stairs will not begin to creak like wood, and when stepped on, vibrations will not form like iron ones.
• Due to their solidity, such stairs are considered safer, and if the cladding is damaged, it can be easily repaired.
• But it will not work out of concrete to make a staircase in a small opening.

Step-by-step instructions on how to make an interfloor staircase out of concrete

• When all calculations are made, according to the project, the formwork of the entire flight of stairs is made. It is made from a board with a thickness of 20-30 mm.
• Reinforcement is laid inside the future steps. It can be connected from a metal or fiberglass rod.
• The lower stage is poured first. While the solution is soft, it is pierced with a metal trowel to remove air bubbles and compact as much as possible.

• After that, the filled step is covered with a film and a board longer than the steps is placed on top so that it rests on the formwork, and it can be stepped on to fill the next step. Thus, the entire staircase is erected.

Finishing concrete stairs

• After parsing the formwork, the staircase has a massive and unennobled appearance. Finishing will require careful not only all elements (steps, risers), but also all junctions with the walls.
• The choice of material depends on the configuration of the stairs. If it is straight, then there will be no problems, but if there are winder and rotary steps, the facing material should be easily cut.
• Also, the coating of the treads themselves must be non-slip and resistant to mechanical stress.
• Recently, it has become popular to finish flights of stairs with the same material that was used on the floors of both floors.
• The degree of noise is also important. If wooden or carpeted steps almost completely absorb the noise of steps, then stone or finished tiles, on the contrary, can enhance it.

Using roll material, it is worth gluing it very carefully. If even a small fragment of it moves away, it can cause a fall. Most often, this is a carpet with a high degree of abrasion resistance (woolen carpets for stairs will not work). It is allowed to line the steps with cork, but not rolled, but with a greater thickness in mats.

In any building higher than a floor, a staircase is installed. Such a design requires a detailed calculation of all its components, the ability to work with metalwork and carpentry tools, and some design skills. After studying this instruction, you will learn how to design and manufacture a wooden staircase with your own hands.

A wooden staircase for a private house most often consists of one or more flights (spans), which are located between floors or intermediate platforms.

The design of the flight of stairs is a combination of various components with different functional purposes:

• Kosour. It is a load-bearing beam made of wood with a sawn comb. Risers with steps are fixed to it, so the part must be durable.
• Bowstring. In some cases, it becomes an alternative to the stringer, performing load-bearing functions (especially if one side of the structure is adjacent to the wall). Before installation, the bowstring must be marked in detail so that the steps are located at a horizontal level.

• Step. The main element of any staircase, which is attached to one of the load-bearing beams. In addition to the usual ones, there are running and radius steps. The running elements have a non-standard shape and are mounted at the starting point of the march. Radius steps are characterized by a curvilinear leading edge, they can be semicircular, wavy or with rounded corners.
• Riser. The detail is optional, but it provides the ladder with high strength by keeping the step centered. A spacer is used to fix the riser. A radius type is installed under the semicircular steps, and the curved version is mounted under the corresponding steps or under the platform between flights of stairs.
• Poles for support. They are placed at the starting and ending points of the stairs, as well as along the edges of the inter-march platforms. The elements increase the strength of the fence and serve as a support for the handrails.
• Balusters. These are retaining posts for the handrails, from which the side rails are formed, can have a different configuration.
• Handrails. They are a required item. They rest on balusters and support posts. The main requirement for the element is a smooth surface.
• Remote bushing. Such a stand is required for any design with several flights (even when using stringers).

When choosing a staircase, the main factor is the size of the area required for its construction. In second place is the convenience and comfort of ascent and descent. Here you need to take into account the frequency of use, the presence of children and the elderly in the house.

Aesthetics is also an important criterion. The staircase should be combined with the interior of the room. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the material possibilities: the manufacture of wooden stairs with a complex configuration requires more time and financial costs than simpler in form and execution options.

marching

are the most popular. They got their name thanks to marches (flights) - a group of combined steps. A staircase can have one or more flights.

There are direct structures (one-march and two-march, with a platform for rest). They can be freestanding or placed near a wall. But straight models require a lot of space, so in order to save usable space, two-flight options are provided with an angle of 90 to 180 degrees.

The march has a curvilinear shape with an optimal angle of elevation, then turning steps are used, which are also available for structures with two and three marches without platforms.

The most popular types of wooden stairs for a country house are:

1. Ordinary single-march. They have a simple design with a span in the center of the room or near the wall - the most durable with reliable support.
   
2. Curvilinear single-march. Installed in large rooms to emphasize spaciousness. They are distinguished by a smooth turn and steps extended from the outside.
   
3. Marching with lower turning steps. Sometimes this option is provided by the layout of the room, it can support the chosen architectural style.
   
4. Simple 2 march system. A staircase with two flights and with an interfloor turntable can be mounted above the door and save space.
   
5. 2 march L-shaped design. It is located in a rectangular opening along perpendicular walls and saves space.
   
6. 2-way U-shaped staircase with an upper platform and turning steps. The design is mounted in luxurious mansions with a large hall.
   
7. 3 march system with two platforms. This type of stairs saves space, but requires a significant ceiling height.
   

To select a specific configuration, you should correctly calculate and measure the free area for installation, draw up a drawing. A detailed guide on how to do this will be below.

screw

Screw-type structures are used less often, as a rule, with a limited area or for aesthetic reasons of the owner of a private house. They are not as comfortable as marching ones, it is difficult to transport furniture along them. To install a ladder, you will need to perform complex calculations, since with a small error it may lose its functionality.

Spiral staircases sometimes perform a purely decorative function, especially with a fence made of artistic forging. The device of such options is possible in almost any room, because. they take up less space than swivel designs. There are the following types:

• with cantilever pinching steps on the inner column;
• with support of steps on the inner pillar and perimeter walls;
• with cantilever support of steps on the casing pipe;
• based on a fence and bent bowstrings.

Spiral staircases save space

Types of structures

Before you make a wooden staircase, you should choose the best design option for your room.

The following popular types of structures exist:

The simplest is a straight staircase, which provides straight-line movement along the march.

We will consider in more detail how to make a wooden staircase with our own hands with a visual step-by-step instruction. The process includes two main stages: design and installation.

Calculations of the dimensions of the staircase

Before proceeding with the design, you need to make accurate calculations, draw a diagram and apply all the data to it. If there is no confidence in the correctness of the calculations, then it is better to entrust the work to professionals who will make a competent drawing, which will allow the installation to be carried out step by step without errors.

Total height of stairs

You can determine the height by measuring the distance from the floor of the first to the second floor, taking into account the thickness of the ceiling. For example, if on the 1st floor the ceiling height is 2700 mm, and the thickness of the interfloor ceilings is 300 mm. As a result, the total height will be 3000 mm.

If there is no finishing floor, then its dimensions must be laid approximately.

Number of steps

If you know the height of the stairs and the riser, you can determine the number of steps in the structure. To do this, you need to divide one indicator by the second. For example, with a total staircase height of 3000 mm, and a riser height of 175 mm, the calculation will be as follows: 3000: 175 = 171 mm.

After that, you need to round the value, the result will be 170 mm. The table shows an example of the calculation:

The dependence of the height of the steps on their number at a given floor height

Riser height

According to the recommendations of experts, the optimal riser height should be 150-180 mm, in fact, this is the size of a human step. This height can be 150–200 mm. Usually the average value according to the standard is 160-170 mm.

The optimal stair slope range is highlighted in green

Step width

In order to avoid injuries as a result of incorrectly selected step widths, you need to calculate it correctly. Based on many years of practice, the width of the part should be in the range of 220 - 400 mm.

To determine a more accurate value, you can use a certain formula. You need to take the average width of a human step (600 - 640 mm) and subtract from it the height of the riser multiplied by 2, i.e. 640 - 2x175 = 290 mm. This indicator will be optimal for moving.

March width

According to safety rules, for the convenient movement of people, the span should be at least 80 cm wide, but it is better to take at least 90 cm. For convenient transportation of furniture, this indicator for a private residential building should be 100 - 120 cm.

Ladder length in plan

To calculate this parameter, you need to multiply the number of steps and the width of the tread. In our example, it will turn out 29x17 \u003d 493 cm. That is, the staircase comes out quite long and when arranging one march, a room of at least 6 meters will be required. In a small log house or a village house, you will need to make 2 flights with a 90 or 180 degree turn.

A platform is mounted between the marches or turning steps are placed. If it is not possible to perform the calculation on your own, you can use the special program presented just below, which will clearly reflect the localization of stair parts.

Ceiling opening size

When building a staircase made of solid wood, you need to remember about the calculation of the ceiling opening so that you don’t have to bend down when lifting up. Such an indicator will depend on the slope, which affects the convenience when moving and is selected individually.

A slope of 23-36 degrees is considered optimal, but it is often impossible to maintain the required angle due to the small area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room (the steeper the slope, the less area it will occupy).

The size of the opening in the ceiling area will depend on the angle of the flight of stairs. So, a folding structure will require a small opening, and a larger slope will require a larger one (up to 2 m).

The size of the opening in the ceiling is determined based on the minimum allowable value for the passage of a person

Stringer length

To determine the length of the kosour, the Pythagorean formula is used: (length of the stairs in the plan) ² + (height of the stairs) ² \u003d (length of the kosour) ².

That is, with a length of 493 cm and a height of 300 cm, we get the following: L \u003d √ (4932 + 3002) \u003d 577 cm (the indicator is taken with a margin of 580 cm).

Online calculator for calculation

For your convenience, you can use the convenient and visual.

Material selection

After all the calculations are made, you need to purchase materials. This will require boards of different lengths and densities: for steps, the thickness is 3-4 cm; for risers - 2-2.5 cm; for a bowstring or stringer, the thickness is 5 cm, and the height is 150-250 mm. It is better to buy handrails and balusters ready-made, since for their production you will need a lathe and a bar measuring 10x10, 15x15 cm. To fix the components, you will need self-tapping screws and nails, as well as metal corners for reinforcement.

Production of parts and installation of stairs

Installation technology includes the manufacture and installation of all elements of the ladder structure in accordance with the drawing.

Assembling a bowstring or stringers

On the prepared boards, you need to mark the length and saw off the excess. On the bar, using a square, mark the height of the substep and the width of the tread with a decrease of 2-4 cm.

Marking a one-piece stringer

Assembling a bowstring with stiffeners

Notches for steps are cut with a jigsaw or saw. Next, the workpiece is attached to the installation site so that the lower edge rests on the floor, and the upper edge rests on the ceiling. The cuts under the steps should be horizontal, without "blockages". After that, it is recommended to grind the surface of the bar, perform milling, rounding the outer edges.

For optimal rigidity, sometimes 2, 3 or 4 stringers may be required, the number of which is selected depending on the width of the stairs. Sometimes it is easier to order a ready-made load-bearing frame, which will include all the elements with cutouts, indicated by numbers for joining in accordance with the diagram.

Installation of steps and risers

The risers are mounted in the prepared cuts of the stringer, leveled and sanded. Fastening is carried out using self-tapping screws, which can then be puttied or covered with a finishing material.

Options for attaching steps to the bowstring

After fixing the risers, pre-milled steps are installed, the length of which should exceed the distance between the pair of extreme stringers by 1-2 cm. The width of the elements should be 2-3 cm more than the comb protrusion. Fastening steps to risers and stringers is carried out on self-tapping screws, the caps of which must be recessed into the tree.

Fastening the kosour to the upper floor. Ways to connect the elements of the stairs.
Attaching the kosour to the floor

Installation of fences

You can give the structure a complete look with the help of auxiliary parts. For this, carved, straight, figured wooden and metal fences can be used.

The installation of baluster posts is considered to be a difficult task where precise marking with a fit is required. In the step, a dowel hole is marked at a distance from the edge equal to ½ the width of the baluster base. Then holes are made on the steps and dowels are glued into them (they should protrude 1-1.5 cm from the surface).

After that, according to the diameter of the dowel, it is necessary to make holes at the base of the pillars and balusters, coat them with glue. All elements are mounted on dowels with vertical adjustment. Next, prepare the handrails by cutting the edges at the right angle and milling them from the underside. For docking with supports, holes are drilled on the cut of the element. The handrail is installed on a dowel glued into the support post.

After the glue dries, the stairs must be covered with an antiseptic primer, then the surface is treated with transparent or paint. You can put a decorative plinth. In a spiral staircase, you can decorate with an axial support in the form of a log or beam, install a bent bowstring to support the steps. The price of such a design will be high, since viscous flexible wood is used in production, but the final effect is worth it.

Recently, the construction of a country house is very often not limited to one floor. In order to expand the space, a second one is being built or an attic room is being insulated and brought into a condition suitable for comfortable living. And this means that one cannot do without a staircase in the interior of the first floor.

Do-it-yourself stairs to the second floor can be assembled from a ready-made kit, which can be purchased from companies specialized in the development and manufacture of this interior functional element. In the proposed catalogs, you can choose a staircase that fits perfectly into the environment of both floors, and will be convenient and safe for all family members to climb and descend.

You can try and build a staircase yourself, but in this case it is necessary to produce it, since if the design is not well thought out, a familiar element of the house for everyone may well become a traumatic “simulator”.

In addition, you need to decide what role the staircase will play in the interior. It can be completely invisible, and not be a decorative decoration of the room, but it can become the center of the composition, around which the entire design of the room will be built.

Therefore, in order to choose a suitable instance, it is better though would schematically draw the stairs you want would see in your home, or you can find a ready-made version and adapt it for a particular room.

Before choosing a staircase model, you must definitely find out how it works and how to calculate its correct parameters.

The main components of the stairs

The design of the stairs has many components, some of them are mandatory, while others may not be included in the devices of some types of this structure.

So, a staircase cannot do without steps and supports that support them - these are the main elements of the simplest designs of interfloor stairs.

• The step itself consists of two parts - vertical and horizontal. The first of them is called riser, and the second - tread. The riser is a support for tread, but sometimes they do without it.
• Supports can be of two types:

- a bowstring is a beam that supports the steps from their ends;

- kosour - a beam supporting the steps from below.

• The railing is also an important element of the stairs, although it is not present on all of its types. But if there are children or elderly people in the house, then you can’t do without them.
• Balusters are vertically installed railing supports, which most often become not only a functional part of the stairs, but also its decorative decoration. This element can be made of different materials and have different shapes.

Since there are different types of stairs, each of them can have details that are necessary for a particular design.

• Rack - this element is used for the device of a spiral staircase. Steps of a special shape are fixed to the rack with a certain step, which form a spiral rising from the first to the second floor.

• Bolts are special bolts, which are also elements supporting the steps, they are mounted in the wall and directly on the steps themselves. They are not used for everyone, but only for certain types of stairs.

Types of stairs

Having learned what elements the stairs consist of, you need to understand in more detail how each of the types of these structures looks like, installed between floors.

marching stairs

This type of staircase is popular for any type of private home. It consists of one or more straight marches, equipped with evenly spaced steps. It is convenient to go down and up on it, but the disadvantage of this model is that it requires a lot of space in the room.

The most common - mid-flight stairs

If the staircase consists of several flights, then each of them must have at least 3 ÷ 4 and no more than 15 steps. Failure to comply with this standard may result in uncomfortable stair climbing. Usually the number of steps in each march is 8 ÷ 11 pieces, and special platforms are installed between the marches. Their sizes are multiples of the average stride length.

• Marching stairs can be closed and open. The first of them have risers in the design of the steps, and the second ones are arranged without them. The open version is convenient in cases where the steps are not wide enough.
• Mid-flight stairs may have steps attached to stringers or bowstrings. For these parts, boards are selected that have a thickness of at least 45 ÷ 50, and better - even 60 ÷ 70 mm.
• If a straight staircase without turns has more than 8-9 steps, then for strength it is also recommended to divide it with a platform.
• In the case when the staircase is built with a slight turn, it is called a turning one, and sometimes steps are arranged on this site instead of a platform, which are called winders.

Winder steps quarter turn stairs

• In addition to the above types, mid-flight stairs can be:

— quarter-turn- the angle of which when turning is 90 degrees, and they are arranged mainly at the junction of two walls;

- half-turn - their rotation has an angle of 180 degrees;

- circular models - marches consistently form a 360-degree turn.

The design of the stairs on the bolts

The name of these ladders on the bolts comes from the German word "volzen", which means a bolt. Thus, it is a bolted ladder. In fact, it is a fastener in the form of a pin having threads at its ends. With the help of their steps and fences are fastened together and mounted in the wall. Thanks to these devices, the design looks light and airy. Contributes to this and the absence of risers.

In addition, such a model can be stretched on a certain section of the wall, or it can look quite compact. Despite the seeming lightness, the design is reliable and durable, it is able to withstand hundreds of kilograms, so the ladders on the rails are becoming more and more popular.

Despite the “airy” look, the ladder on the rails is very reliable.

Naturally, such a structure cannot be located in the middle of the room, since it must be attached to the wall, the main condition for installation is its strength of the material from which it is built.

It is rather difficult to calculate the ladder on the rails on your own, but you can purchase it as a kit or place an order for professionals to manufacture it with reference to specific home conditions.

Video: installation of a wooden staircase on the rails

The installation of this design is quite complicated, and it is better to entrust it to qualified craftsmen who will be able to evaluate the possibility of its installation. Therefore, before purchasing a kit, it is best to first consult with experts.

Spiral interfloor staircase

This design is more difficult to install, but has the advantage of being the smallest of all available options, making it ideal for small spaces. In addition, such a staircase can be installed in any convenient place in the room and, if desired, make it the center of the interior composition, since the design has a fairly aesthetic appearance.

Spiral staircase - saves space, but not always convenient for carrying bulky items

There can be different types, but for a two-story house, a model consisting of their racks and wedge-shaped steps is best suited. For the rack, choose a metal pipe or a wooden support.

• The rack itself is fixed to the floor of the first floor and in the interfloor or attic floor.
• Steps are fixed on it with a narrow side and rotated so that the overall design resembles a spiral.
• Balusters are installed on the wide side of the steps, the upper part of which is fixed in the handrail, repeating the spiral direction of the entire structure.

Video: installation of a spiral staircase

Inconvenient in such a model is the fact that it will be difficult to lift or lower down some massive piece of furniture. In addition, when choosing such a model for installation, you need to know that the smaller the opening in the interfloor for it, the steeper and more inconvenient the staircase will be.

It is not difficult to calculate the screw structure. To do this, the area in the room where it will be installed is determined, its center is calculated - this will be the installation site of the rack. Further, the distance from the rack to the border is measured - this will be the span width, i.e. step length.

For comfortable walking on such a ladder, the size of the middle of the step should be at least 200 mm, and the widest part should be no more than 400 ÷ 420 mm.

It is quite possible to make and assemble such a structure on your own, if you have skills in working with wood, and the ability to calculate the load on the selected material. However, if you are not confident in your abilities, then it is better to entrust the work to a specialist, since an improperly arranged structure is very traumatic.

Requirements for the design of stairs

Before starting work, you need to find out the requirements for the design of the stairs.

Safety is perhaps the most important condition. In order for it to be fully implemented, it is very important to accurately calculate all the parameters:

- the slope angle, the width and height of the steps, the method of fastening the first and last of them are calculated;

- if the staircase is not located between two walls, the fence must be installed, and its height must be at least 800 ÷ 850 mm;

- if there are small children in the house, the balusters supporting the handrail of the fence should not be located further from each other than 100 ÷ 120 mm;

- the width of the steps should be 200 ÷ 300 mm;

- the staircase must withstand sufficiently large loads - for residential buildings they are 300 ÷ 350 kg / m²;

- it is impossible for the steps to be slippery - the texture of their outer coating is necessarily thought out;

- the entire structure must be securely and rigidly fixed between floors;

- it is undesirable to install the structure at an elevation angle of more than 45 degrees;

- the width of the spans cannot be made less than 850 mm, the best option is 1000 ÷ 1200 mm;

- the ladder will be less traumatic if it is divided into two or three parts by platforms;

- fasteners for structural elements must be made of high-quality material, so they cannot be saved on;

- if wooden parts are processed independently, then you need to bring them to perfect evenness and compliance with the dimensions established by the drawing or patterns.

Video: errors in the design and construction of stairs

Calculation of the parameters of the stairs and the manufacture of parts

Since for self-production and installation, a marching structure with steps laid on a stringer is the most affordable, as well as convenient and safe to use, it is worth considering it.

The first thing to do is to calculate the location, number and size of steps, as well as the width of the flight of stairs.

Calculation of the parameters of the stairs

Calculation of the design of the mid-flight stairs is as follows:

• The height of the room and the length of the entire or part of the wall are taken as a basis - the place that is reserved for the installation of the stairs. Having reduced these values ​​on a scale, a right-angled triangle is drawn, in which the staircase itself will be the hypotenuse, and the legs will be the height of the rise and the floor.

An angle of 45 degrees is considered ideal for installing stairs, but it can be changed, depending on the desire of the owner of the house and on the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room.

• The comfortable width of the step should be at least 200 mm, so the leg of the floor, based on its natural length, is divided by this value. The resulting number of steps is marked on the drawing.
• The height of the risers, convenient for movement, should not exceed 100 ÷ 120 mm. To calculate them, you need to divide the height of the total rise by the selected height of the risers and also transfer it to the drawing.
• Thus, it is possible to calculate the dimensions of the stringer for laying steps.
• The width of the stairs will depend on the preferences of the tenants and the size of the room.

Video: an example of the calculation of a marching interfloor staircase

Manufacture of staircase details

In order to properly manufacture parts, you need to accurately transfer the dimensions from the drawing made to the material, and select high-quality, well-dried wood.

• The most difficult thing is to cut the stringers perfectly evenly, since the reliability and strength, as well as the aesthetics of the design, will depend on this. For these load-bearing elements, a board is selected whole without cracks and numerous large knots, with a thickness of at least 45 ÷ 50 mm.
• The tread sheets can have a width of 1.5-2 cm more than the space provided for them on the stringers, plus the thickness of the risers. Steps should be perfectly even with rounded neat edges, and this is also very important to consider. For them, a board with a thickness of 30 ÷ 35 mm is selected.
• If it was planned to make the staircase closed, with risers, then they must also be done carefully. For these elements, it is not necessary to take a board of great thickness, since basically the entire load will fall on the stringers, and the risers will play a supporting role. A thickness of 15 ÷ 20 mm is sufficient.

• Balusters and handrails would be better to purchase ready-made, along with fasteners. If there are children in the house, then, for safety reasons, two balusters should be installed on each step. In the case when the children have already grown up, then one element supporting the handrail is enough.

Prices for various types of staircase elements

Stair elements

Ladder installation

The installation of the stairs is the most crucial moment after the manufacture of all structural elements, and it must be approached with maximum responsibility.

• The stringers are installed first according to pre-set marks. On the floor, they are fixed to a support beam fixed in the right place, and in the upper part they are installed in cut gaps in the floor beam. Sometimes, to fix the upper part of the stringers, metal supports are used, mounted on a beam covering the ceiling. Anchor bolts act as fasteners for these load-bearing elements.

In order for the parts to be installed perfectly evenly, they are constantly calibrated during the installation process according to the plumb line and building level.

• If risers are provided, then they are screwed before laying the canvas of the steps.
• Then, on top of the stringers and risers, the tread panels are fixed with self-tapping screws.

The fastening of the risers and steps takes place in the complex, and goes down up.

• Then, when the steps are ready, you can proceed to the installation of balusters.

On both sides, that is, on the floor of the first floor and at the top of the stairs, support posts are installed, which will become the boundary for the overall design of the handrail (railing). They will also play both a supporting and decorative role.

Balusters can be of different sizes, and made of different materials, so they can be attached in different ways. Some of them are simply installed in drilled holes in the steps and handrails, others are screwed with self-tapping screws, and the attachment points are closed with decorative plugs.

• , they are covered from above with handrails, which are fixed on the supporting extreme posts. If necessary, another support post can be installed in the middle of the ladder.
• If there are three or even four racks, then instead of balusters, two or three even boards (slats) fixed parallel to the course of the stairs can serve as a reliable fence.
• When the entire structure is assembled, you can proceed to surface treatment with a grinder and sandpaper. Preparation is carried out before applying protective and decorative paint coatings.
• The first layer that is applied to the tree is antiseptic compounds. They will protect the wood from rotting, mold or fungus, from domestic insects. After this, the structures are allowed to dry completely.

• Further, the staircase can be varnished in several layers (preferably water-based) with hot wax or paint.
• If you need to darken the wood, it is pre-coated with stain or other tinting compounds, and then, after drying, a varnish coating is applied on top of them.

After the paintwork has dried, the staircase will be ready for use.

Photo instruction for creating a ladder made of wood

Step 1 - drawing of the future design

Video: another interesting option for mounting stairs to the second floor

If you need to install in the house, you need to carefully calculate each step of your work and approach it with all responsibility and accuracy.

The need for stairs can arise for various reasons, from building a country house "with one's own hands" to expanding it, or when redevelopment and any changes in a suburban cottage, when rebuilding an inherited house, equipment, and so on.

There are any number of reasons for having a new staircase, up to the simple desire to have beautiful new steps leading up.

But, before you install a ladder that you like visually, you need to find out what they are and how, in addition to design and materials, they differ.

Types of stairs in the house

In addition to the separation by purpose, for example, they will lead to the basement or to the attic, and materials, the stairs still differ structurally:

• straight lines - marching and on the bolts;
• screw;
• with rotation and combined;
• folding.

Modular are both with screw and with direct construction. Modular, that is, consisting of separate modules, stairs can be made of any material and represent any type, except folding.

Building such a staircase on your own is much easier than any other, in addition, the module system allows you to change the steps that have become unusable without affecting the entire structure. This is the main difference between the modular variety and the rest.

In private construction, wooden modular stair sections are more in demand, both straight and with lapels. Screw, although they are good for everyone, they are less often built on their own, although they are not particularly difficult.

In relation to attics, “garret” ones, that is, folding stairs, are in the lead. However, before deciding to install this option, you need to think carefully, because if in the future there is a possibility of arranging an attic, such a staircase will no longer work.

As for iron or concrete ones, their arrangement requires special skills and, of course, equipment, at least a welding machine. Therefore, home stairs made of wood are the most popular and optimal, in addition, the use of this material allows you to choose any structural type.

Folding ladders are very convenient for installation in the attic

screw

Although they are inconvenient, they are ergonomic and beautiful. Basically, such structures are intended for places lacking space for a “normal” staircase, however, the choice of design for “cogs” is so diverse that it is worth at least considering the possibility of installing them.

In modular "screws" you can use different shapes - from round to triangular, different materials for the base and steps - from boards to ceramics and glass. Such an abundance of opportunities allow them to become a highlight of any interior.

Direct

"March" - a straight section of the staircase, consisting of several modules, if such structures are involved, of course.

Stairs "marches" are the most convenient for raising and lowering, but other than that, they are the easiest to build. Even a beginner who has no experience in such work will cope with the installation of "marches".

The design, called “on the bolts”, implies fastening the step sheets directly to the wall. There are no special nuances and difficulties in the installation, except that you will have to use a large number of various metal “spare parts”, fasteners, and all kinds of details.

It will not work to build it “from scratch”, but there are quite a lot of such ladders already equipped with everything you need in construction and interior stores - you just need to choose the appropriate size and appearance, purchase and assemble it like a simple designer.

Many doubt the reliability of such a “floating” ladder, however, the minimally similar (simplest) design will withstand a load of more than a thousand kilograms, the relevant information is in the accompanying instructions attached to each kit with parts.

With a twist

These are the same marching ones, with the only difference that the canvases are placed with a turn, at an angle with respect to each other.

For a device of this kind, not only modules with steps will be needed, but also the arrangement of intermediate "spans" (platforms). Depending on how many sections will “turn”, they are called two-march, three-march, and so on.

folding

"Clamshells" are used to climb to attics, the simplest example of them is an ordinary two- or three-knee, screwed to the hatch. There are a lot of similar homemade products in the houses of summer cottages.

Ladder is folded as you like. Among the kits ready for self-assembly, there are folding options, and retractable, and folding ones. They are united by one thing - the staircase completely goes into the attic hatch, that is, it hides behind the hatch and turns out to be outside only when it is opened.

How to install a wooden ladder

Whatever type of staircase is chosen, it will be composed:

• Steps.

Without exaggeration, the most important part for the stair section. In turn, it consists of - soles and treads. Tread is what people step on, the “working” surface of the step itself.

The most "correct" width convenient for a person is from 30 cm, respectively, for the staircase itself - from 90 cm.

Insole - a vertical that holds the surface of the foot. In the construction of the simplest "classics" - within 15-20 cm in height.

If an ergonomic spiral staircase is being built, then you need to take into account that the treads will be different, the optimal combination is 45 cm for the outer “board” and 25 cm for the inner one.

• Supports.

The beams that carry the entire load on the stairs are called support beams and are divided into the following elements: bowstring, kosour, pole.

Pillar - if a spiral staircase is being built, and in the rest - a kosour and a bowstring.

The kosour is a massive “serious” beam with triangular cutouts for the steps, but the bowstring has round ones made from the inside.

• Railing.

Although they are perceived as a decorative part, in fact they are a full-fledged component that provides convenience and safety.

They consist of a pair of elements - balusters and handrails. Baluster - a protective element that closes the handrail from above.

In general, this is all you need to know before you start wooden staircase installation.

Any construction begins with the development of a project, even if it is a schematic drawing made on the wall of a country house, it will still be what is called a project.

It includes all the numbers, angle, tilt or turn data, and all other "engineering" information. Of course, if we are talking about building a fundamental, in a full-fledged mansion, then even if you want to do everything completely on your own, the calculations and development of the project must be entrusted to those who are engaged in this professionally.

But in a small private building or in a house in a dacha community, it is quite possible to calculate everything. The first is to decide on the place where the future staircase will be located.

Absolutely everything always depends on the place - what type it will be, height and width, from what material (or a combination of them) and, in general, how much materials, fasteners and funds will be spent on its construction.

The process itself, the set of actions how to install stairs to the second floor(simple, marching), will consist of the following:

• you need to start with “production”, rise and tread - for them, you should cut the boards according to measurements and sand them;
• next in line are the supports, they also need to be cut strictly according to the measurements, having previously marked the bars, while it is imperative to observe the angle (slope) of the cutout with the future grooves of the steps, it is not worth rushing to make a support;
• as soon as the supporting elements are sawn out, they need to be installed and fixed in place, after which the steps are “imposed”, starting, of course, with the steps;
• after the steps with the supports are fixed, you can proceed with the installation of the balusters concluding the work and closing them with handrails.

Usually beginners in the construction business are baffled by the question of how to install balusters on stairs. It is easy to do this - with bolts or self-tapping screws, and then close the attachment points with plugs, sometimes they put balusters on glue, but only if they are very light and carry an exclusively decorative load.

What is needed for installation

To make and install stairs in the house, you will need:

• “holding” bars, dense from “reliable” wood species, approximately 40X40 in saw cut, and the length depends on personal needs;
• boards, their dimensions and thickness, are also dictated by individual moments;
• bars for risers and supports;
• balusters, handrails - it is possible in the form of material, or you can buy already turned, ready-made;
• self-tapping screws and other necessary fasteners, for example, corners or brackets;
• wood glue;
• , screwdriver, hammer, planer, grinder and large sandpaper and other tools;
• protective equipment - gloves, goggles and so on.

When choosing a tree, you need to inspect everything - the presence of scrapes, knots, curves or other defects for what is intended for the stairs is unacceptable.

How to install a modular ladder

There are almost no differences in the installation process with a wooden classic homemade staircase. By purchasing a ready-made or custom-made design, on your own install a modular ladder it will not be difficult, you just need to follow the instructions attached to the kit with the components.

The main features that distinguish working with modules, in addition to the fact that you do not have to make components manually, are the assembly methods, the connection of elements:

• module to module - assembled with screws using various plates and corners, you will need a good flat screwdriver, the “pitch width” is not adjustable, you don’t have to try to do it;
• threaded studs, a set of many different fasteners, pins, studs and other elements, it is quite difficult to work, it will take a lot of attention and accuracy, and, of course, a complete set of tools;
• a combination of clamps and bolts, this cannot be considered fully modular, however, it is mounted extremely simply, you only need a screwdriver, self-tapping screws are usually already included in the kit.

From the point of view of operational aspects, it is important to remember that such stairs can only be paired with thick, durable walls, at least 30 cm thick and a floor or in the form of a concrete slab, or with wood reinforced with additional beams.

The procedure is similar to a wooden ordinary staircase created independently - it all starts with supports and ends with a railing.

How to install an attic ladder

There are quite a few different options for ready-made products hiding behind manhole covers on sale. They are divided according to how they are formed:

• scissor type - made of metal and moved apart like books or;
• telescopic type - also "iron", all sections fit into each other, just like nesting dolls;
• folding - the principle, as with attached multi-knee stepladders, they are made of both metals and wood;
• automatic, the extension mechanism drives an electric drive.

They are sold both without a box and directly with a hatch, and with them. With the fact how to install an attic ladder, anyone can do it.

The main points to pay attention to are:

• the hatch box should be smaller around the perimeter than the hole, but not more than 1-3 cm;
• to fix it so that the box “fits in”, you need to use such “helpers” as rough “auxiliary” boards, in order to support it, which are then removed;
• it’s easier for two to do the job, if one person mounts, then he should have alternative access to the attic, for example, a ladder attached outside.

The work will require:

• screwdriver;
• self-tapping screws, solid strong "bolts";
• goniometer, a simple protractor will do;
• a set of different screwdrivers;
• "rough" boards and wedges.

A ladder that “jumps out” from the attic can be easily made on your own, for example, from an old three-knee stepladder.

How much does it cost to install a ladder by third-party workers

That, how much does it cost to install stairs, depends on various factors. The main pricing criteria are what type of stairs you will need to work with and what type of service is required, for example:

• assembly of the finished “on the march” (10-14 steps) - from 30,000 rubles;
• install a railing on the stairs including balusters - from 21,500 rubles;
• provide a staircase (only one march) on a turnkey basis, together with material and direct manufacturing - from 54,000 rubles;
• assembly (without “deliveries-transportations”) of a finished (from the store) staircase with 2 spans - from 42,500 rubles.

Installation of "screws" is calculated only "in place", individually.

The cost of the work is quite tangible, so it makes sense to purchase a ready-made “constructor” in the store and assemble everything yourself, or completely manufacture it.

Installation of ladder structures is, of course, extremely important. It requires maximum responsibility and professionalism from the people who perform it. After all, poor-quality assembly and installation can even be dangerous to people's lives.

Stairs made of wood are more popular than structures made of other materials. The tree is distinguished by ecological properties, durability, strength and a lot of other advantages. Installing a wooden structure is not a simple and time-consuming process. After all, before starting work, it is necessary to make accurate measurements and calculations, to make the necessary drawing. Therefore, you should not take it on your own. Moreover, the cost of installing a wooden staircase is not high and is available to almost every buyer.

With our company, the cost of any design is quite acceptable, so the price for installing a staircase to the second floor from whatever materials it is, will not be overstated. We perform turnkey installation works.

Requirements for premises

If you want the installation of the structure to be of high quality, then you should pay attention to the requirements that apply to the premises where the installation will be carried out:

• Sufficient lighting and heating;
• The presence of an electrical outlet;
• Providing a place for the safety of structural details;
• Availability of all works on fine finishing of the place (repair of the floor, installation of windows, doors, etc.);
• Relative normal humidity (40-60%);
• Ensuring the security of the premises;
• Also, before starting work, it is necessary to find out exactly where the laid pipes, wiring and other communications are located. This is to protect them from damage.

The price of installing stairs to the second floor in our company will cause you positive emotions! Employees will be happy to select for you an acceptable option in terms of "price-quality" ratio.

Installation of attic structures

Special attention was given to modern stairs to the attic and their installation. As the name implies, the attic construction provides access to the attic, as well as to the attic or technical floor. Such designs are the most compact. When folded, they practically do not take up space in the house. They do not spoil the interior and are absolutely safe. We are talking about folding attic structures. The main material from which they are made is wood. Most often, conifers, such as pine. Metal folding structures are also produced. They are more durable, but installing a wooden folding ladder to the attic is cheaper. In addition, there are combined and scissor designs. You can find out the final price for the turnkey installation of attic stairs from our employees.

The best prices in the company "World of Stairs" in Moscow!

Our company has been manufacturing to order according to individual projects and selling finished staircase products in Moscow houses for over 15 years. We are also ready to provide turnkey installation services, the quality of which our employees can vouch for. We value our customers and therefore we perform our work at a professional level.

Over the years of work, we have been able to earn a good reputation with our customers, as we use a policy of a competent ratio of cost and quality of services. Therefore, the price for the installation of a wooden staircase or any other will not be too expensive, but at the same time the design will look aesthetically pleasing and last a long time.

If you need the help of specialists, then our staff is always ready to provide relevant advice that will definitely help you. Believe me, if you contact our company for the installation of stairs, the price for the work will be more than justified, because the results will exceed all your expectations.

Contact our company for high-quality installation of stairs to the second floor in Moscow!

Additional work on finished wooden stairs

Job Title	Price	Description
			Installation of a single podium	5000-10000
Installation of a double podium	10000-15000
Extended in place add. stage	5000	Only on stairs with a bowstring!
Reduce the length of the stairs or the width of the steps	3500
Installation of risers	2000	For the whole set of risers
Balustrade installation	800	For 1 rm
Installation of an additional railing on the stairs	1500	For 1 rm
Extension of a wooden opening	5000-15000
Opening stitching	5000-15000	Considered individually*
Mortgage installation	3000	In order to strengthen the opening*

Installation of modular stairs and stairs on a metal frame

Additional work on modular stairs and stairs on a metal frame

Job Title

Price

Description

Fencing installation

800

For 1 p.m.

Installation of risers

500

For every riser

Glass installation

2500

For 1 glass section

Welding on site

2500

For 1 point

Mounting the module wall mount

5000

for each module. In case the ladder is fixed without pillars

Mounting the wall mount handrail to the wall

800

For 1 p.m.