The Civil Defense of the USSR was created c. The history of the creation of MPVO, State USSR, Ministry of Emergency Situations
"Strong civil defense - a protected state"
October 4, 2012 marks the 80th anniversary of the formation of civil defense, which is an important component of national defense measures. 2012 has been declared the year of civil defense.
The civilian population throughout the history of existence is threatened by various dangers, including those associated with hostilities. Over the past five and a half millennia, about 15 thousand wars have thundered on earth, in which more than 3.5 billion people died. Means of destruction are constantly being improved. Scientific and technological progress led to the emergence of weapons of mass destruction: on April 22, 1915, for the first time in the history of wars, the German army used chemical weapons in the form of a chlorine gas attack, 5 thousand French and Belgian soldiers became victims. And the development of aviation made it possible to defeat people and objects, as well as the delivery of toxic substances deep behind enemy lines. There was a need to carry out measures and create units that directly protect the population.
In Russia, air defense arose in February 1918, when Petrograd was under the threat of an enemy strike. In addition to the deployment of anti-aircraft batteries, aviation and searchlight detachments, special points were opened in the city where the population could receive protective masks, gas masks and instructions on how to avoid poisoning by poisonous gases. First aid courses have started. On March 8, 1918, in the appeal "To the population of Petrograd and its environs", for the first time in history, the rules for the behavior of the population during enemy air raids were set out.
On October 4, 1932, the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR approved the "Regulations on the Air Defense of the Territory of the USSR". This act laid the foundation for the creation of the local air defense of the USSR (MPVO). In this regard, October 4, 1932 is considered to be the birthday of the local air defense - the basis of the future civil defense system of the USSR.
The years of the Great Patriotic War showed humanity an unprecedented case of the unity of our entire people in the pursuit of Victory. This was also manifested in the activities of the MPVO, whose forces included primarily women, adolescents and the elderly. Only in Leningrad by the end of 1942, about 1.5 thousand women commanded various formations and units in the MPVO system.
The tasks of the MPVO included not only extinguishing fires and organizing the shelter of the population in bomb shelters, but also a lot of hard and not very pleasant work - collecting firewood for hospitals and kindergartens, organizing the evacuation of the disabled population, providing assistance to victims of bombing and burying the bodies of the dead. There was a serious threat of the use of chemical weapons, and the MPVO fighters taught the population how to use gas masks, ensured their issuance, and were ready to carry out degassing. They were also engaged in restoration work, analysis of rubble. It is hard to imagine that all this fell on the shoulders of teenagers, women and the elderly. When the territories occupied by the enemy were liberated, a new, even more dangerous task arose - the clearance of fields and structures.
After the end of the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet people faced the task of eliminating the consequences of fascist aggression. A new battle unfolded in the country - for creation. The bodies and forces of the MPVO made their contribution to it. Special pyrotechnic detachments of the MPVO participated in the continuous demining of the territory of the USSR. One of the most important tasks of the MPVO during this period was local assistance in the restoration of the national economy. The MPVO forces restored the destroyed schools, hospitals, kindergartens, theaters, libraries, sewerage and power supply facilities.
On the night of October 5-6, 1948, one of the most destructive earthquakes known to world history occurred on the territory of the Turkmen SSR. The experience gained by the Air Defense Forces in eliminating the consequences of an earthquake was of great importance for the further improvement of the Air Defense Forces in solving peacetime tasks aimed at carrying out rescue, emergency recovery and other urgent work in the disaster zone.
In the 1950s, with the advent of nuclear missile weapons, a qualitatively new stage in the improvement of air defense began. At that time, the governing bodies, the air defense forces and the population were not ready for action in the centers of nuclear destruction. However, the danger of an armed attack by a potential enemy has increased dramatically. The existing MPVO for a given period of time did not meet the new requirements, since the local nature of its activities, the limited number of special forces and means did not allow to reliably protect the population and ensure the stability of the entire national economy in the event of an enemy attack. The question arose of other, more advanced methods and means of protecting the population and the national economy of the country.
In 1961, on the basis of the MPVO, a new nationwide nationwide defense system was created in the country - the Civil Defense of the USSR. In terms of their importance, the issues of civil defense have reached the strategic level and have acquired priority significance.
Civil defense developed. During the transformations of 1961-1972, it became noticeable that it had become an independent public service. The Ministry of Defense actually abstained from participating in civil defense affairs. There was a need to adopt a law on civil defense and transfer it to an independent structure while maintaining the supply of civil defense units through military districts. The Ministry of Defense was in favor of such an approach, but the Central Committee of the CPSU considered it expedient to include Civil Defense in the Ministry of Defense. And so it was done. In the early 1970s, the military-strategic situation changed somewhat. However, the history of the further development of civil defense showed the need to use civil defense forces to deal with the consequences of natural disasters. Forest and peat fires that engulfed the Moscow region in the summer of 1972 forced us to seriously think about the place and role of the civil defense system in peacetime. Life itself began to turn civil defense from purely defensive measures to solving peacetime problems. Massive forest fires, natural disasters, major accidents at industrial facilities and transport necessitated decision-making at the state level, which would clarify the tasks of civil defense in peacetime.
By the end of the 1980s, the focus on solving the problems of civil defense only in wartime led to the fact that the changes taking place in the structure of the sectors of the national economy, which required an expansion of the tasks solved by civil defense in peacetime, were not taken into account in a timely manner. For the first time, they manifested themselves with particular acuteness during the liquidation of the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (1986). The experience of this accident showed that the readiness of the civil defense system cannot ensure the fulfillment of suddenly arising tasks. Moreover, it was not only about the participation of the civil defense forces in the elimination of emergency situations, but also about the transfer of tasks for the prevention and elimination of emergencies from the rank of secondary to the rank of priority. But not only the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant should be associated with a radical restructuring of the civil defense system. The acceleration of the pace and scale of scientific, technical and industrial activity in modern conditions is associated with the increasing use of complex technologies and technical systems in production. The volume of production of new, dangerous products is sharply increasing. About 1,000 new chemical products enter the market every year, 4 million tons of hazardous materials are transported, and approximately 290 million tons of industrial industrial waste are generated. Objects that are rich in energy and use dangerous substances are concentrated. In the energy sector alone, about 10 billion tons of standard fuel were produced, transported, stored and used annually in the world. The turn of civil defense towards solving peacetime problems meant a new qualitative stage in its existence, which turned out to be not easy.
It is quite clear that protection against emergency situations in peacetime prevails in the minds of people. Therefore, in accordance with the Decree of the President of the RSFSR of November 19, 1991, on the basis of the State Commission for Emergency Situations under the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR and the Civil Defense Headquarters of the RSFSR, the State Committee for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters under the President of the RSFSR (GKChS RSFSR) was created ). This was the beginning of the creation in Russia of a modern state system for protecting the population and territories from natural, man-made and military emergencies. On May 8, 1993, the President of the Russian Federation signed the Decree "On Civil Defense", in which the overall leadership of civil defense in the Russian Federation was entrusted to the Chairman of the Council of Ministers - the Government of the Russian Federation, who became the head of the country's Civil Defense. The Chairman of the State Committee for Emergency Situations of Russia was appointed as his first deputy.
The leadership of civil defense in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, regions and cities, in federal executive bodies, institutions, organizations and enterprises, regardless of ownership, was entrusted to the relevant heads of executive bodies, heads of institutions, organizations and enterprises. They were also given personal responsibility for the organization and implementation of civil defense measures, the creation and maintenance of the accumulated means of protection and property of civil defense in the territories and objects under their jurisdiction.
In early 1998, the Federal Law "On Civil Defense" came into effect. For the first time in the history of Russia, the problems of civil defense were regulated by a legislative act. This made it possible to proceed with the further reorganization of the country's civil defense in order to increase its readiness to protect the population and territories from the dangers arising from the conduct of modern wars, as well as in emergency situations of various nature in peacetime.
The forces and means of civil defense were repeatedly used in the event of large-scale emergencies. So, when in November 2005 in the Chinese province of Jilin there was a series of explosions at a chemical factory, as a result of which about 100 tons of hazardous substances (mainly benzene and nitrobenzene) spilled into the Songhua River and on December 16 the slick reached the Amur River, to perform monitoring tasks, practically the entire network of observation and laboratory control of the Khabarovsk Territory was mobilized. First of all, the most versatile laboratories of Vodokanal, KhabEnergo and the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences were involved. In order to prevent the transboundary transfer of hazardous chemicals to the water intakes of settlements and the main intake of drinking water supply of Khabarovsk, hydraulic engineering work was launched. To do this, together with Chinese specialists, the Kazakevicheva channel was blocked by a dam, which prevented the ingress of polluted water into the Amur channel and further to the water intakes of Khabarovsk. The Penza channel was also blocked and the clean Amur waters went closer to Khabarovsk and diluted the polluted ones. All water intakes in Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Amursk and Nikolaevsk-on-Amur were switched to work on activated carbon. The technologies and equipment of the treatment facilities of the Khabarovsk Vodokanal were prepared for the neutralization of nitrobenzenes at levels from two MPCs. In the future, no excess concentration of hazardous substances was recorded, drinking water in the water supply systems met sanitary standards.
In November 2007, by a decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, the “Regulations on the Civil Defense of the Russian Federation” were approved, which determined the procedure for preparing for conducting and the procedure for conducting civil defense in the Russian Federation, as well as the main civil defense measures aimed at performing civil defense tasks.
The implementation of a set of measures to improve civil defense made it possible in August 2008 for the civil defense forces to effectively carry out a humanitarian operation to provide assistance to the population of South Ossetia, who suffered from Georgia's aggression. As a result, more than 37,000 people were evacuated from the conflict zone, and stationary temporary accommodation centers for 6,000 people were deployed. To provide assistance to the victims, 11,500 tons of humanitarian cargo were delivered to the conflict zone during the first three days.
During the hot summer of 2010, civil defense forces, including rescue military formations, took a direct part in the elimination of large natural and forest fires, demonstrating in practice their capabilities to effectively fulfill their tasks.
In March 2011, due to the difficult situation at Japanese nuclear power plants, including the accident at Fukushima, a monitoring and laboratory control network was deployed to monitor the radiation situation in the Far East.
In modern conditions, civil defense solves a range of tasks aimed at carrying out measures to prepare and protect the population, as well as material and cultural values, from the dangers of peacetime and wartime. Through the efforts of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, civil defense has acquired a modern look and continues to develop, taking into account changes in the state structure, economic and social spheres of Russia, as well as in accordance with the military-political situation in the world.
Currently, the control and warning system is being improved. Much attention is paid to increasing the protection of facilities critical for national security from natural, man-made threats, and terrorist manifestations. New means of individual and collective protection are being developed and introduced.
In modern conditions, the state and civil defense are inseparable. On the one hand, it actively participates in ensuring the life and security of society, on the other hand, it organizes and develops in accordance with the general laws and processes inherent in the state in a given period of time. Today, the main distinguishing feature of civil defense is that it acts as a form of participation of the entire population of the country, state authorities and local governments in ensuring the defense capability and life of the state, performing defense, social and economic functions.
civil defense- a system of measures to prepare for the protection and to protect the population, material and cultural values from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions, as well as in the event of natural and man-made emergencies. The organization and conduct of civil defense are one of the most important functions of the state, an integral part of defense development and ensuring the security of the state.
Civil defense (CS) is one of the most important functions of the state, an integral part of defense construction and ensuring the security of the country's population. General management of civil defense is carried out by the Government of the Russian Federation. The leadership of civil defense in the federal districts of executive power is provided by their heads, who are the heads of civil defense by their position. At present, a fairly effective legislative and regulatory framework aimed at ensuring human security has been formed. The federal laws “On the Protection of the Population and Territories from Natural and Technogenic Emergencies”, “On Emergency Rescue Services and the Status of Rescuers” and “On Civil Defense” were adopted. The protection of the population is achieved by the preparation and use of modern forces and means of protection, the introduction of advanced technologies. To improve radiation and chemical protection, it is planned to create and timely refresh a reserve of personal protective equipment, medical protective equipment, medicines and medical equipment. In addition, the most important task of civil defense is to increase the stability of the functioning of important economic facilities. There is a well-functioning state mechanism for preventing the occurrence and development of emergency situations, reducing losses among the population and material damage to the economy. In connection with the increased threat of the use of chemical, biological and other types of weapons, the leadership of civil defense pays serious attention to the use of civil defense resources to counter terrorism, the development of a surveillance network and laboratory control.
Main tasks
The main tasks solved by civil defense:
1. protection of the population from the consequences of accidents, natural disasters and modern means of destruction (fires, explosions, releases of highly toxic substances, epidemics, etc.);
2. coordinating the activities of management bodies for forecasting, preventing and eliminating the consequences of environmental and natural disasters, accidents and catastrophes;
3. Creation and maintenance in readiness of systems of management, notification, communication, organization of observation and control over radiation, chemical and biological conditions;
4. increasing the stability of economic facilities and industries, and their functioning in emergency conditions; carrying out rescue and other urgent work;
5. search for crashed spaceships, airplanes, helicopters and other aircraft;
6. special training of leading personnel and forces, general training of the population in methods of protection and actions in emergency situations of peacetime and wartime;
7. accumulation of a fund of protective structures to shelter the population;
8. providing the population with personal protective equipment and organizing the manufacture of the simplest means of protection by the population itself;
9. evacuation of the population from large cities and adjacent settlements, which may fall into the zone of possible severe damage or catastrophic flooding;
10. organization of notification of the population about the threat of an enemy attack from the air, about radioactive, chemical and bacteriological contamination, natural disasters;
11. teaching the population to protect themselves from weapons of mass destruction, as well as to conduct rescue and urgent emergency recovery operations.
A set of measures to protect the population and the economy
The main measures taken to protect the population and objects of the country's economy:
1. timely notification of the population about the threat of an enemy attack, the use of weapons of mass destruction by him, dangerous technological accidents, natural disasters, informing about the procedure for action in an emergency;
2. shelter of the population in protective structures;
3. use of personal protective equipment;
4. evacuation, dispersal, and also [transfer] of the population to safe areas;
5. protection of food, facilities on water supply systems and water intakes, farm animals, fodder, etc. from contamination with radioactive and potent poisonous substances and biological agents;
6. education of the population in ways of protection in emergency situations;
7. protection of the population throughout the country;
8. differentiated protection of the population, taking into account economic, natural and other characteristics, characteristics of the territory and the degree of real danger of an emergency;
9. advance planning and implementation of protective measures;
10. the necessary sufficiency and maximum possible use of forces and means in determining the scope and content of measures to protect the population.
Principles of organization and conduct of Civil Defense
1. The preparation of the state for conducting Civil Defense is carried out in advance in peacetime, taking into account the development of weapons, equipment, means of protecting the population;
2. The conduct of Civil Defense begins from the moment the state of war is declared, the actual start of hostilities, or the introduction of martial law by the president.
Civil defense system
The civil defense system consists of:
1. daily management bodies to ensure the protection of the population;
2. forces and means intended for the performance of civil defense tasks;
3. funds and reserves of financial, medical and logistical means provided for in case of an emergency;
4. communication, warning, control and information systems.
Civil defense is organized both according to territorial and production principles. The main link in the civil defense system is the object of the economy (enterprise, factory, university, etc.).
The head of the civil defense of the facility is the head of the enterprise (and the head of the civil defense of the administrative-territorial unit is the head of the executive branch). Civil defense leaders bear personal responsibility (criminal and administrative) for the organization and implementation of civil defense measures at the respective enterprises and territories.
History of the Civil Defense of the Russian Federation
The protection of the civilian population in the course of armed confrontation has been one of the most important tasks throughout the history of mankind. Historians have calculated that over the past five and a half millennia, about 15 thousand wars have thundered on the planet, in which more than three and a half billion people died. And in its entire history, mankind has lived only 292 years without armed conflicts.
Civil defense occupies a special position in the ethics of armed confrontation, pursuing the goal of protecting the civilian population and providing assistance to them during hostilities, as well as protection from peacetime emergencies. In addition, civil defense acts as a form of participation of the entire population of the country, state authorities and local self-government in ensuring the defense capability and life of the state.
The tragic statistics of the past century and the beginning of this century show that the number and scale of emergencies that have arisen in the world as a result of military operations, or as a result of these actions, as well as terrorist acts, man-made accidents and disasters, are inexorably increasing. This makes it necessary to take the necessary measures to reduce the losses of both human lives and material and cultural values as much as possible.
Civil defense is a system of measures to prepare for the protection and protection of the population, material and cultural values on the territory of the Russian Federation from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of them.
Initially, the civil defense system in our country was created as a system for protecting the population and national economy from air strikes. On October 4, 1932, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR approved the Regulations on the country's air defense. According to this document, local air defense (LAD) was separated from the country's general air defense system as an independent part of it to protect the population and national economy facilities from enemy attacks from the air.
Local air defense is a system of measures carried out by local authorities aimed at protecting the population and the national economy from air attack.
MPVO was intended to solve the following tasks: warning the population about the threat of an attack from the air and alerting when the threat has passed; implementation of masking of the population, settlements and objects of the national economy; elimination of the consequences of an air attack; preparation of bomb shelters and gas shelters for the population; organization of first aid to victims of an air raid.
This system honorably justified its purpose in the harsh years of the Great Patriotic War. The Air Defense Forces extinguished about 100,000 fires and fires, prevented more than 30,000 serious industrial accidents, neutralized more than 400,000 aerial bombs and about 2.5 million shells and mines, saved many millions of citizens from death.
The Air Defense Forces, no doubt, made a significant contribution to reducing the damage from the Nazi air raids. However, few people know what a significant amount of work was carried out by units and formations of the MPVO during the restoration of industrial and agricultural enterprises. Thus, during the war years, they laid about 200 km of water and sewer mains, built 205 bridges, and cleared over 400,000 m3 of rubble.
The fighters of the MPVO raised from the ruins many quarters of Leningrad, Kyiv, Kharkov, Murmansk, Odessa, Dnepropetrovsk, Minsk.
Very few people traveling on Moscow metro trains today are aware that the section of track between the Semenovskaya and Izmailovsky Park stations was mainly built by the MPVO. And those who visit the State Academic Bolshoi Theater or the Theater. Yevgeny Vakhtangov, they hardly have an idea that, after being hit by German air bombs, they were completely restored by the fighters of the MPVO. They also built a tram line between Moscow and Tushino (at that time a suburb of Moscow), 4.5 km long.
In the 1950s, new weapons appeared in the arsenal of states - nuclear weapons, new means of delivering nuclear weapons - missiles. All this led to the need to improve the system of measures to protect the population and the national economy from new nuclear missile weapons.
In July 1961, the MPVO was transformed into civil defense (GO). Civil defense has become an integral part of the system of nationwide defense measures carried out in peacetime and wartime in order to protect the population and the national economy of the country from weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and other means of enemy attack, as well as to carry out rescue operations in the centers of destruction and areas of catastrophic flooding . It was then that the slogan “Everyone should know and be able to do this!” was born, the relevance of which remains to this day.
In our country, it was planned to ensure the protection of the population from weapons of mass destruction by the advance preparation of various protective structures; the creation of stocks of personal protective equipment; evacuation from large cities; training in methods of defense against weapons of mass destruction; notification of the danger of an enemy attack.
To protect economic facilities, measures were planned and carried out aimed at increasing the stability of their work in wartime: protection of production assets; creation of inventories of material and technical means; preparation of autonomous sources of electricity, gas, water supply; accumulation of materials and funds for restoration work.
At present, the goals and objectives of civil defense are determined by the system of officially accepted views on the conduct of civil defense, taking into account the foreign and domestic policies pursued by the state to preserve the national security and defense capability of the country.
Improving the civil defense system in our country is inextricably linked with the reform of the Armed Forces, in accordance with the changed geopolitical, military-strategic and socio-economic conditions.
Civil defense is organized according to the territorial production principle throughout the country. This means that the planning and implementation of all its activities is carried out both through the federal government bodies and through departments and institutions in charge of production and economic activities.
The preparation of the state for the conduct of civil defense is carried out in advance in peacetime, taking into account the development of weapons, military equipment and means of protecting the population during the conduct of hostilities. The introduction of civil defense on the territory of the Russian Federation or in its individual areas begins from the moment a state of war is declared, the actual outbreak of hostilities, or the introduction of martial law by the President of the Russian Federation on the territory of Russia or in its individual areas.
In peacetime, the forces and means of civil defense participate in the protection of the population and territories in natural and man-made emergencies.
The Civil Defense, its forces and means took an active part in the liquidation of the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster, the earthquake in Armenia, carried out rescue work during the infamous accident on the gas pipeline in Bashkortostan, the explosion in Arzamas and in many other places.
After these events, it became clear that the country needs a service that, not only in wartime, but also in peacetime, could deal with issues of preventing and eliminating the consequences of disasters and accidents.
In mid-1989, the State Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for Emergency Situations was established, and on December 27, 1990, in order to predict, prevent and eliminate emergency situations, ensure the constant readiness of government bodies for quick and effective actions in extreme conditions, the Russian Rescue Corps was created. as a state committee. Later it was transformed into the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief, on the basis of which the Russian Emergencies Ministry was created. At the same time, the Russian System for Warning and Action in Emergency Situations (RSChS) began to be created. 1993 can be called the year of its formation. And, finally, 1994 became, in fact, the first year of its full-fledged functioning. In addition, in January 1994, the State Committee for Emergency Situations was transformed into the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters (MES). The work of the new public administration body took place in difficult conditions. Thus, in 1994 alone, about 1,500 major emergencies occurred on the territory of the Russian Federation, of which almost 400 were natural and more than 1,100 were man-made.
It is impossible to overestimate the contribution of all bodies of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation to the cause of saving lives, preserving the health of both Russian citizens and citizens of other states.
And this despite the fact that not all responsible workers in the field, not all heads of enterprises, organizations, institutions and educational institutions understand the importance of the tasks solved by the Ministry of Emergency Situations, and the measure of their responsibility to protect both individual regions and any smallest team, each person.
History in the USSR and the Russian Federation in dates
The civil defense system in the USSR dates back to October 4, 1932, when the local air defense (LAD) was formed as an integral part of the country's air defense system. MPVO was a system of measures carried out with local authorities in order to protect the population and economic facilities from enemy attacks from the air, eliminate the consequences of his strikes, create normal conditions for the operation of industrial enterprises, power plants, transport, etc.
In 1940, as the Main Directorate of the MPVO, it was included in the system of the NKVD-MVD of the USSR.
In 1961, the MPVO was reorganized into the Civil Defense (GO) of the USSR, and the position of head of the GO was introduced. In 1971, the leadership of the civil defense was entrusted to the USSR Ministry of Defense, daily management - to the head of the civil defense - the deputy minister of defense of the USSR (Head of the civil defense troops).
Responsibility for civil defense on the ground was assigned to the Councils of Ministers of the Republics, the executive committees of the Councils of People's Deputies, ministries, departments, organizations and enterprises, the heads of which were the heads of civil defense. Under them, civil defense headquarters and various services were created.
In 1991, the civil defense system was included in the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief (since 1994 - Ministry of Emergency Situations)
Civil Defense Troops
In the 1970s, new types of high-readiness civil defense formations were created - consolidated detachments and mechanization teams. Then the civil defense troops included civil defense regiments (located in major cities of the USSR), the Moscow Military School of Civil Defense (the city of Balashikha).
Since 1991, the civil defense forces in Russia have been subordinate to the State Committee for Emergency Situations (then - the Ministry of Emergency Situations) of Russia.
The following main tasks are assigned to the civil defense troops:
1. conducting general and special reconnaissance in the centers of destruction, zones of infection (pollution) and catastrophic flooding, as well as on the routes of advance to them;
2. carrying out emergency rescue and other urgent work in the liquidation of emergency situations (threats of emergency situations) of a natural and man-made nature, ensuring the introduction of other forces into the zones of infection and catastrophic flooding;
3. carrying out sanitization of the population, special treatment of equipment and property, decontamination of buildings, structures and territory; carrying out pyrotechnic works;
4. participation in the evacuation of the population and its priority life support;
5. participation in carrying out work to restore life-support facilities for the population, airfields, roads, crossings and other important infrastructure elements
In accordance with the Federal Law "On Civil Defense" (1998), the civil defense troops carry out their tasks independently or jointly with non-military civil defense formations, and, if necessary, with the RF Armed Forces and other military formations.
By Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 30, 2011 No. 1265, on the basis of formations, military units and organizations of civil defense troops, rescue military units of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief (abbreviated as rescue military units) were formed.
Heads of the MPVO of the NKVD (MVD) of the USSR
1940-1949 - V. V. Osokin - lieutenant general,
1949-1959 - I. S. Sheredega - lieutenant general.
Heads of the USSR Civil Defense
1961-1972 - V. I. Chuikov - Marshal of the Soviet Union,
1972-1986 - A. T. Altunin - Colonel General (until 1977), Army General,
1986-1991 - V. L. Govorov - Army General,
1991-1991 - B. E. Pyankov - Colonel General.
Heads (Heads) of the Civil Defense of Russia
The head of the Civil Defense of Russia is the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation
Notes
1. Material about the history of Civil Defense and its current state
3. Terms of the Ministry of Emergency Situations
Civil defense occupies a special position in the ethics of armed confrontation, pursuing the goal of protecting the civilian population and providing assistance to them during hostilities, as well as protection from peacetime emergencies. In addition, civil defense acts as a form of participation of the entire population of the country, state authorities and local self-government in ensuring the defense capability and life of the state.
The tragic statistics of the past century and the beginning of this century show that the number and scale of emergencies that have arisen in the world as a result of military operations, or as a result of these actions, as well as terrorist acts, man-made accidents and disasters, are inexorably increasing. This makes it necessary to take the necessary measures to reduce the losses of both human lives and material and cultural values as much as possible.
Civil defense is a system of measures to prepare for the protection and to protect the population, material and cultural values on the territory of the Russian Federation from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of them.
Initially, the civil defense system in our country was created as a system for protecting the population and national economy from air strikes. On October 4, 1932, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR approved the Regulations on the country's air defense. According to this document, local air defense (LAD) was separated from the country's general air defense system as an independent part of it to protect the population and national economy facilities from enemy attacks from the air.
Local air defense is a system of measures carried out by local authorities aimed at protecting the population and the national economy from air attack.
MPVO was intended to solve the following tasks: warning the population about the threat of an attack from the air and alerting when the threat has passed; implementation of masking of the population, settlements and objects of the national economy; elimination of the consequences of an air attack; preparation of bomb shelters and gas shelters for the population; organization of first aid to victims of an air raid.
This system honorably justified its purpose in the harsh years of the Great Patriotic War. The Air Defense Forces extinguished about 100,000 fires and fires, prevented more than 30,000 serious industrial accidents, neutralized more than 400,000 aerial bombs and about 2.5 million shells and mines, saved many millions of citizens from death.
The Air Defense Forces, no doubt, made a significant contribution to reducing the damage from the Nazi air raids. However, few people know what a significant amount of work was carried out by units and formations of the MPVO during the restoration of industrial and agricultural enterprises. Thus, during the war years, they laid about 200 km of water and sewer mains, built 205 bridges, and cleared over 400,000 m3 of rubble.
The fighters of the MPVO raised from the ruins many quarters of Leningrad, Kyiv, Kharkov, Murmansk, Odessa, Dnepropetrovsk, Minsk.
Very few people traveling on Moscow metro trains today are aware that the section of track between the Semenovskaya and Izmailovsky Park stations was mainly built by the MPVO. And those who visit the State Academic Bolshoi Theater or the Theater. Yevgeny Vakhtangov, they hardly have an idea that, after being hit by German air bombs, they were completely restored by the fighters of the MPVO. They also built a tram line between Moscow and Tushino (at that time a suburb of Moscow), 4.5 km long.
In the 1950s, new weapons appeared in the arsenal of states - nuclear weapons, and new means of delivering nuclear weapons - missiles. All this led to the need to improve the system of measures to protect the population and the national economy from new nuclear missile weapons.
In July 1961, the MPVO was transformed into civil defense (GO). Civil defense has become an integral part of the system of nationwide defense measures carried out in peacetime and wartime in order to protect the population and the national economy of the country from weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and other means of enemy attack, as well as to carry out rescue operations in the centers of destruction and areas of catastrophic flooding . It was then that the slogan “Everyone should know and be able to do this!” was born, the relevance of which remains to this day.
In our country, it was planned to ensure the protection of the population from weapons of mass destruction by the advance preparation of various protective structures; the creation of stocks of personal protective equipment; evacuation from large cities; training in methods of defense against weapons of mass destruction; notification of the danger of an enemy attack.
To protect economic facilities, measures were planned and carried out aimed at increasing the stability of their work in wartime: protection of production assets; creation of inventories of material and technical means; preparation of autonomous sources of electricity, gas, water supply; accumulation of materials and funds for restoration work.
At present, the goals and objectives of civil defense are determined by the system of officially accepted views on the conduct of civil defense, taking into account the foreign and domestic policies pursued by the state to preserve the national security and defense capability of the country.
Improving the civil defense system in our country is inextricably linked with the reform of the Armed Forces, in accordance with the changed geopolitical, military-strategic and socio-economic conditions.
Civil defense is organized according to the territorial production principle throughout the country. This means that the planning and implementation of all its activities is carried out both through the federal government bodies and through departments and institutions in charge of production and economic activities.
The preparation of the state for the conduct of civil defense is carried out in advance in peacetime, taking into account the development of weapons, military equipment and means of protecting the population during the conduct of hostilities. The introduction of civil defense on the territory of the Russian Federation or in its individual areas begins from the moment a state of war is declared, the actual outbreak of hostilities, or the introduction of martial law by the President of the Russian Federation on the territory of Russia or in its individual areas.
In peacetime, the forces and means of civil defense participate in the protection of the population and territories in natural and man-made emergencies.
The Civil Defense, its forces and means took an active part in the liquidation of the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster, the earthquake in Armenia, carried out rescue work during the infamous accident on the gas pipeline in Bashkortostan, the explosion in Arzamas and in many other places.
After these events, it became clear that the country needs a service that, not only in wartime, but also in peacetime, could deal with issues of preventing and eliminating the consequences of disasters and accidents.
In mid-1989, the State Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for Emergency Situations was established, and on December 27, 1990, in order to predict, prevent and eliminate emergency situations, ensure the constant readiness of government bodies for quick and effective actions in extreme conditions, the Russian Rescue Corps was created. as a state committee. Later it was transformed into the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief, on the basis of which the Russian Emergencies Ministry was created. At the same time, the Russian System for Warning and Action in Emergency Situations (RSChS) began to be created. 1993 can be called the year of its formation. And, finally, 1994 became, in fact, the first year of its full-fledged functioning. In addition, in January 1994, the State Committee for Emergency Situations was transformed into the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters (MES). The work of the new public administration body took place in difficult conditions. Thus, in 1994 alone, about 1,500 major emergencies occurred on the territory of the Russian Federation, of which almost 400 were natural and more than 1,100 were man-made.
It is impossible to overestimate the contribution of all bodies of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation to the cause of saving lives, preserving the health of both Russian citizens and citizens of other states.
And this despite the fact that not all responsible workers in the field, not all heads of enterprises, organizations, institutions and educational institutions understand the importance of the tasks solved by the Ministry of Emergency Situations, and the measure of their responsibility to protect both individual regions and any smallest team, each person.
History in the USSR and the Russian Federation in dates
The civil defense system in the USSR dates back to October 4, 1932, when the local air defense (LAD) was formed as an integral part of the country's air defense system. MPVO was a system of measures carried out with local authorities in order to protect the population and economic facilities from enemy attacks from the air, eliminate the consequences of his strikes, create normal conditions for the operation of industrial enterprises, power plants, transport, etc.
In 1940, as the Main Directorate of the MPVO, it was included in the system of the NKVD-MVD of the USSR.
In 1961, the MPVO was reorganized into the Civil Defense (GO) of the USSR, and the position of head of the GO was introduced. In 1971, the leadership of the civil defense was entrusted to the USSR Ministry of Defense, daily management - to the head of the civil defense - the deputy minister of defense of the USSR (Head of the civil defense troops).
Responsibility for civil defense on the ground was assigned to the Councils of Ministers of the Republics, the executive committees of the Councils of People's Deputies, ministries, departments, organizations and enterprises, the heads of which were the heads of civil defense. Under them, civil defense headquarters and various services were created.
In 1991, the civil defense system was included in the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief (since 1994 - Ministry of Emergency Situations)
Civil Defense Troops
In the 1970s, new types of high-readiness civil defense formations were created - consolidated detachments and teams of mechanization of work. Then the civil defense troops included civil defense regiments (located in major cities of the USSR), the Moscow Military School of Civil Defense (the city of Balashikha).
Since 1991, the civil defense forces in Russia have been subordinate to the State Committee for Emergency Situations (then - the Ministry of Emergency Situations) of Russia.
The following main tasks are assigned to the civil defense troops:
1. conducting general and special reconnaissance in the centers of destruction, zones of infection (pollution) and catastrophic flooding, as well as on the routes of advance to them;
2. carrying out emergency rescue and other urgent work in the liquidation of emergency situations (threats of emergency situations) of a natural and man-made nature, ensuring the introduction of other forces into the zones of infection and catastrophic flooding;
3. carrying out sanitization of the population, special treatment of equipment and property, decontamination of buildings, structures and territory; carrying out pyrotechnic works;
4. participation in the evacuation of the population and its priority life support;
5. participation in carrying out work to restore life-support facilities for the population, airfields, roads, crossings and other important infrastructure elements
In accordance with the Federal Law "On Civil Defense" (1998), the civil defense troops carry out their tasks independently or jointly with non-military civil defense formations, and, if necessary, with the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and other military formations.
By Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 30, 2011 No. 1265, on the basis of formations, military units and organizations of civil defense troops, rescue military units of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief (abbreviated as rescue military units) were formed.
Civil Defense (GO) (name since 1961) is a system of nationwide defense measures carried out to protect the population and the national economy in emergency situations of peacetime and wartime, to increase the stability of the operation of national economy facilities, as well as to carry out rescue and other urgent work ( SiDNR) in the aftermath of natural disasters, accidents (catastrophes) and in the affected areas.
To organize work to eliminate the consequences of natural disasters, accidents (catastrophes), to ensure the constant readiness of government bodies and forces to conduct these works, as well as to monitor the development and implementation of measures to prevent emergency situations in peacetime, the State Commission of the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR is created. for emergency situations, commissions for emergency situations (CES) under the Council of Ministers of the Union republics, the executive committees of the regional, regional and city Soviets of People's Deputies.
They work under the leadership of the relevant Soviet bodies, higher CoES, as well as government (state) commissions created to investigate the causes and eliminate the consequences of especially large accidents (catastrophes) or natural disasters.
The work of the CoES is organized in cooperation with the civil defense, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the KGB, the military command and organizations of state supervision and control. Under them, a permanent working body is created on the basis of the headquarters and services of the civil defense.
Decisions of the CoES during emergencies are binding on all organizations and enterprises located in the respective territory.
General principles of organization of civil defense
The organizational structure of the Civil Defense of the USSR is determined by the nationwide and political-administrative structure, the possible nature of emergency situations that arise in peacetime and wartime, and the tasks assigned; on her.
All practical activities of civil defense in the republics, territories, cities, districts and at the objects of the national economy are carried out under the leadership of the executive committees of the Soviets of People's Deputies, as well as military administration bodies. The direct leadership of civil defense in the union and autonomous republics, territories, regions, cities, urban and rural areas is carried out by the chairmen of the Councils of People's Deputies, who are the heads of the civil defense.
Civil defense is organized according to the territorial production principle.
The territorial principle of organization means that, regardless of the departmental affiliation, the civil defense of objects of the national economy is organizationally included in the structure of the civil defense of the corresponding republics, territories, regions, cities, districts on whose territory they are located.
The production principle of the organization lies in the fact that the civil defense of objects of the national economy is also organizationally included in the structure of the civil defense of the relevant ministries, departments, the heads of which are fully responsible for the state of the maintenance in these institutions.
Civil defense relies on the material and human resources of the entire country.
The organization of civil defense provides for a combination of centralized and decentralized management of forces and means.
Civil defense in the USSR is not only part of the system of national defense measures, but also a nationwide affair. Every Soviet citizen is obliged to take an active part in carrying out civil defense activities.
Civil defense (CS) is one of the most important functions of the state, an integral part of defense construction and ensuring the security of the country's population. Its development has almost a century of history.
March 1918 is considered the beginning of the path of Civil Defense in our country. The appeal "To the population of Petrograd and its environs" issued by the Committee of Revolutionary Defense established the rules for the behavior of the population under conditions of air attack and was the first document defining civil defense measures. The document spoke about the creation of an air defense headquarters, a network of observation posts, detachments to provide first aid to the injured, and rules of conduct in the event of an air attack.
The first voluntary defense organization - the Military Scientific Society (VNO) was established in 1920. It set as its task the development of military-scientific problems and the wide propaganda of military knowledge among the working people.
Given the wide scope of mass defense work and the need to strengthen the military-patriotic education of the population, preparing it for the defense of the country, on July 27, 1926, by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Military Scientific Society was renamed the Society for Assistance to the Defense of the USSR (OSO).
In March 1923, a mass voluntary Society of Friends of the Air Fleet (ODVF) was created, which set itself the task of actively promoting the development of domestic aviation.
Soon another defense-mass organization appeared - the Voluntary Society of Friends of Chemical Defense and Industry (Dobrokhim USSR).
Since the practical activities of the ODVF and Dobrokhim were closely connected, already in May 1925 they merged into one organization - AVIAKHIM.
In the circles of military knowledge, the population mastered small arms, studied the hand grenade, and the basics of tactics. Artillery and machine-gun armament, tanks, telegraph apparatus, armored vehicles, means of protection against chemical weapons were studied in circles of a military-technical orientation. Naval clubs worked successfully. The Society for the Promotion of Defense, Aviation and Chemical Construction (OSOAVIAKHIM) was established on January 23, 1927 at a joint meeting of delegates to the All-Union Congress of AVIAKHIM and participants in the OSO plenum. The main task of the society was the patriotic education of its members and their preparation for the defense of the Motherland.
The second stage in the development of civil defense (1932 - 1941) was a complex of military-political and organizational measures to protect the population and the national economy of the country. On October 4, 1932, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted the "Regulations on the Air Defense of the USSR", which for the first time defined measures and means of direct protection of the population and territories of the country from air danger in the zone of possible enemy aviation. This act laid the foundation for the creation of a local air defense (LPA), designed to protect the population from an enemy air attack. In this regard, October 4, 1932 is considered to be the birthday of the MPVO and the Day of Civil Defense of Russia.
The third stage (1941-1945) covers the years of the Great Patriotic War. The timely creation of the Air Defense Forces ensured the successful solution of the tasks of protecting the population and national economy facilities from air attack during the war years.
The MPVO played an invaluable role during the Great Patriotic War, significantly reducing civilian casualties and preventing the destruction of national economy facilities. Protecting the population from enemy air raids and artillery shelling, the personnel of the medical and sanitary, emergency and fire fighting services worked, constantly risking their lives. There was a fight against incendiary bombs, assistance was provided to the wounded and injured under the rubble of buildings.
In total, during the years of the Great Patriotic War, more than 400 thousand air bombs and 3.5 million artillery ammunition were neutralized by the MPVO formations.
The fourth stage (1945 - 1961) is the stage of improving the MPVO, associated with the search for the most effective ways to protect the population and the national economy from the use of weapons of mass destruction. In 1961, a qualitatively new system was created - Civil Defense, which became one of the strategic factors in ensuring the vital activity of the state in modern warfare.
Civil defense was fundamentally different from MPVO.