The Romanov dynasty is chronological. The genealogy of Russian rulers is no exception - the Romanov family tree to this day is of sincere interest to history buffs.

The first known ancestor of the Romanovs was Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla. Until the beginning of the 16th century, the Romanovs were called the Koshkins, then the Zakharyins-Koshkins and the Zakharyins-Yuryevs.

Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina-Yuryeva was the first wife of Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible. The ancestor of the clan is the boyar Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin-Yuriev. From the house of the Romanovs reigned Alexei Mikhailovich, Fedor Alekseevich; during the early years of the tsars Ivan V and Peter I, their sister Sofya Alekseevna was the ruler. In 1721, Peter I was proclaimed emperor, and his wife Catherine I became the first Russian empress.

With the death of Peter II, the Romanov dynasty ended in a direct male generation. With the death of Elizabeth Petrovna, the Romanov dynasty ended in a direct female line. However, the surname Romanov was carried by Peter III and his wife Catherine II, their son Paul I and his descendants.

In 1918, Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov and members of his family were shot in Yekaterinburg, other Romanovs were killed in 1918-1919, some emigrated.

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It just so happened that our Motherland has an unusually rich and diverse history, a huge milestone in which we can confidently consider the dynasty of Russian emperors who bore the surname Romanovs. This rather ancient boyar family actually left a significant mark, because it was the Romanovs who ruled the country for three hundred years, until the Great October Revolution of 1917, after which their family line was practically interrupted. The Romanov dynasty, whose genealogical tree we will definitely consider in detail and intently, has become a landmark, reflected in the cultural and economic aspects of the life of Russians.

The first Romanovs: a family tree with years of reign

According to the well-known tradition in the Romanov family, their ancestors arrived in Russia around the beginning of the fourteenth century from Prussia, but these are only rumors. One of the famous historians of the twentieth century, academician and archaeologist Stepan Borisovich Veselovsky believes that this family has its roots in Novgorod, but this information is also rather unreliable.

The first known ancestor of the Romanov dynasty, the family tree with a photo is worth considering in detail and thoroughly, was a boyar named Andrei Kobyla, who “walked” under the prince of Moscow Simeon the Proud. His son, Fedor Koshka, gave the family the surname Koshkins, and already his grandchildren received a double surname - the Zakharyins-Koshkins.

At the beginning of the sixteenth century, it happened that the Zakharyin family rose significantly, and began to claim their rights to the Russian throne. The fact is that the notorious Ivan the Terrible married Anastasia Zakharyina, and when the Rurik family was finally left without offspring, their children began to aim for the throne and not in vain. However, the Romanov family tree as Russian rulers began a little later, when Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was elected to the throne, perhaps this is where our rather lengthy story should begin.

Magnificent Romanovs: the tree of the royal dynasty began with disgrace

The first tsar from the Romanov dynasty was born in 1596 in the family of a noble and rather wealthy boyar Fyodor Nikitich, who later took the rank and began to be nicknamed Patriarch Filaret. His wife was nee Shestakova, named Ksenia. The boy grew up strong, savvy, grasped everything on the fly, and to everything else, he was also practically a direct cousin-nephew of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, which made him the first contender for the throne when the Rurik dynasty, due to degeneration, simply stopped. It is from this that the Romanov dynasty begins, the tree of which we consider through the prism of the past.

Sovereign Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, Tsar and Grand Duke of All Russia(ruled from 1613 to 1645) was not elected by chance. The time was troubled, there was talk of an invitation to the nobility, the boyars and the kingdom of the English King James the First, but the Great Russian Cossacks became furious, fearing a lack of bread allowance, which they received. At the age of sixteen, Michael ascended the throne, but gradually his health deteriorated, he was constantly "mournful on his legs", and died a natural death at the age of forty-nine.

Following his father, his heir, the first and eldest son, ascended the throne. Alexey Mikhailovich, nicknamed the quietest(1645-1676), continuing the Romanov family, whose tree turned out to be branched and impressive. Two years before his father's death, he was "presented" to the people as an heir, and two years later, when he died, Michael took the scepter in his hands. During his reign, a lot happened, but the main merits are considered to be reunification with Ukraine, the return of Smolensk and the Northern Land to the state, as well as the final formation of the institution of serfdom. It is also worth mentioning that it was under Alexei that the well-known peasant revolt of Stenka Razin took place.

After Alexei the Quietest, a naturally weak man, fell ill and died, his blood brother took his place.Fedor III Alekseevich(reigned from 1676 to 1682), who from early childhood showed signs of scurvy, or as they said then, scurvy, either from a lack of vitamins, or from an unhealthy lifestyle. In fact, various families ruled the country at that time, and nothing good came of the king’s three marriages, he died at the age of twenty, without leaving a will on the account of succession to the throne.

After the death of Fedor, strife began, and the throne was given to the first brother in seniority. Ivan V(1682-1696), who was just fifteen years old. However, he was simply not able to manage such a huge power, because many believed that his ten-year-old brother Peter should take the throne. Therefore, both were appointed kings, and for the sake of order, their sister Sophia, who was smarter and more experienced, was assigned to them as a regent. By the age of thirty, Ivan had died, leaving his brother as the legitimate heir to the throne.

Thus, the family tree of the Romanovs gave history exactly five kings, after which Clio's anemone took a new turn, and a fresh turn brought a novelty, the kings began to be called emperors, and one of the greatest people in world history entered the arena.

Imperial tree of the Romanovs over the years of reign: scheme of the post-Petrine period

The first Emperor and Autocrat of the All-Russian in the history of the state, and in fact, also its last tsar, wasPeter I Alekseevich, who received his great merits and honorable deeds, the Great (the years of reign from 1672 until 1725). The boy received a rather poor education, which is why he had great respect for the sciences and learned people, hence the passion for a foreign lifestyle. He ascended the throne at the age of ten, but actually began to rule the country only after the death of his brother, as well as the conclusion of his sister in the Novodevichy Convent.

Peter's merits to the state and people are innumerable, and even a cursory review of them would take at least three pages of dense typewritten text, so it's worth doing it yourself. In terms of our interests, the Romanov family, whose tree with portraits should definitely be studied in more detail, continued, and the state became an Empire, strengthening all positions on the world stage by two hundred percent, if not more. However, a banal urolithiasis brought down the emperor, who seemed so indestructible.

After the death of Peter, power was taken by force by his second legal wife,Ekaterina I Alekseevna, whose real name is Marta Skavronskaya, and the years of her reign stretched from 1684 to 1727. In fact, the notorious Count Menshikov, as well as the Supreme Privy Council, created by the Empress, had real power at that time.

The riotous and unhealthy life of Catherine gave its terrible fruits, and after her, the grandson of Peter, who was born in his first marriage, was elevated to the throne,Peter II. He came to reign in the year 27 of the eighteenth century, when he was barely ten, and by the age of fourteen he was struck down by smallpox. The Privy Council continued to rule the country, and after it fell, the boyars Dolgorukovs.

After the untimely death of the young king, something had to be decided and she ascended the throneAnna Ivanovna(the years of the reign from 1693 to 1740), the disgraced daughter of Ivan V Alekseevich, the Duchess of Courland, widowed at the age of seventeen. A huge country was then ruled by her lover E.I. Biron.

Before her death, Anna Ionovna managed to write a will, according to him, the grandson of Ivan the Fifth, a baby, ascended the throneIvan VI, or simply John Antonovich, who managed to be emperor from 1740 to 1741. At first, the same Biron was engaged in state affairs for him, then his mother Anna Leopoldovna seized the initiative. Deprived of power, he spent his entire life in prison, where he would later be killed by the secret order of Catherine II.

Then the illegitimate daughter of Peter the Great came to power, Elizaveta Petrovna(reigned 1742-1762), who climbed the throne literally on the shoulders of the brave warriors of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. After her accession, the entire Brunswick family was arrested, and the favorites of the former empress were put to death.

The last empress was completely barren, therefore she left no heirs, and transferred her power to the son of her sister Anna Petrovna. That is, we can say that at that time it again turned out that there were only five emperors, of which only three had the opportunity to be called Romanovs by blood and origin. After the death of Elizabeth, there were no male followers at all, and the direct male line, one might say, was completely stopped.

Permanent Romanovs: the tree of the dynasty was reborn from the ashes

After Anna Petrovna was married to Karl Friedrich of Holstein-Gottorp, the Romanov family was to be cut short. However, he saved the dynastic treaty, according to which the son from this unionPeter III(1762), and the genus itself was now called Holstein-Gottorp-Romanovsky. He managed to sit on the throne for only 186 days and died under completely mysterious and unclear circumstances to this day, and even then without a coronation, and he was crowned after his death by Paul, as they say now, retroactively. It is remarkable that this unfortunate emperor left behind a whole heap of “False Peters”, which appeared here and there, like mushrooms after rain.

After the short reign of the previous sovereign, the real German princess Sophia Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst, better known as the Empress, made her way to power through an armed coup.Catherine II, Great (starting from 1762, and up to 1796), the wife of that same, unpopular and stupid Peter the Third. During her reign, Russia has become much more powerful, its influence on the world community has been significantly strengthened, but inside the country she has done a lot of work, reunited the lands, and so on. It was during her reign that the peasant war of Emelka Pugachev broke out and was suppressed with noticeable effort.

Emperor Pavel I, Catherine's unloved son from a hated man, ascended the throne after the death of his mother in the cold autumn of 1796, and ruled for exactly five years, without a few months. He carried out many reforms useful for the country and the people, as if in spite of his mother, and also interrupted a series of palace coups by abolishing the female inheritance of the throne, which from now on could be passed exclusively from father to son. He was killed in March 1801 by an officer in his own bedroom, not even having time to really wake up.

After the death of his father, his eldest son ascended the throneAlexander I(1801-1825), a liberal and a lover of the silence and charm of rural life, and also who was going to give the people a constitution, so that later he could lie on his laurels until the end of his days. At the age of forty-seven, all that he received in life as a whole was an epitaph from the great Pushkin himself: “I spent my whole life on the road, caught a cold and died in Taganrog.” It is remarkable that the first memorial museum in Russia was created in his honor, which existed for more than a hundred years, after which it was liquidated by the Bolsheviks. After his death, brother Konstantin was appointed to the throne, but he immediately refused, not wanting to take part in this pandemonium of disgrace and murder.

Thus, the third son of Paul ascended the throne -Nicholas I(reign from 1825 to 1855), the direct grandson of Catherine, who was born during her lifetime and memory. It was under him that the Decembrist uprising was suppressed, the Code of Laws of the Empire was finalized, new censorship laws were introduced, and many very serious military campaigns were won. It is believed according to the official version that he died of pneumonia, but it was rumored that the king himself laid hands on himself.

Conductor of large-scale reforms and great asceticAlexander II Nikolaevich, nicknamed the Liberator, came to power in 1855. In March 1881, Ignaty Grinevitsky, a Narodnaya Volya member, threw a bomb under the sovereign's feet. Shortly thereafter, he died from his injuries, which turned out to be incompatible with life.

After the death of his predecessor, his own, younger brother was anointed to the throneAlexander III Alexandrovich(from 1845 to 1894). During his time on the throne, the country did not enter into a single war, thanks to a uniquely correct policy, for which he received the legitimate nickname of the Tsar-Peacemaker.

The most honest and responsible of the Russian emperors died after the wreck of the tsar's train, when for several hours he held the roof in his hands, threatening to collapse on his relatives and friends.

An hour and a half after the death of his father, right in the Livadia Holy Cross Church, without waiting for a memorial service, the last emperor of the Russian Empire was anointed to the throne,Nicholas II Alexandrovich(1894-1917).

After the coup in the country, he abdicated the throne, passing it to his half-brother Michael, as his mother wished, but nothing could be fixed, and both were executed by the Revolution, along with their descendants.

At this time, there are quite a few descendants of the imperial Romanov dynasty who could claim the throne. It is clear that there is no smell of purity of the family there, because the “brave new world” dictates its own rules. However, the fact remains, and if necessary, a new king can be found quite easily, and the Romanov tree in the scheme today looks quite branched.

1. INTRODUCTION

FROM THE HISTORY OF THE DYNASTY OF THE ROMANOV FAMILY

THE LAST OF THE ROMANOV DYNASTY

PERSONALITY OF NICHOLAS II

CHILDREN OF ALEXAEDRA AND NICHOLAS

DEATH OF THE LAST OF THE ROMANOV DYNASTY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. INTRODUCTION

The history of the Romanov family has been documented since the middle of the 14th century, from the boyar of the Grand Duke of Moscow Simeon Gordoy - Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, who, like many boyars in the medieval Moscow state, played a significant role in government.

Kobyla had five sons, the youngest of whom, Fedor Andreevich, bore the nickname "Cat".

According to Russian historians, “Mare”, “Koshka” and many other Russian surnames, including noble ones, came from nicknames that arose spontaneously, under the influence of various random associations, which are difficult, and most often impossible, to reconstruct.

Fedor Koshka, in turn, served the Grand Duke of Moscow Dmitry Donskoy, who, speaking in 1380 on the famous victorious campaign against the Tatars on Kulikovo Field, left Koshka to rule Moscow instead of himself: “Observe the city of Moscow and protect the Grand Duchess and all his family” .

The descendants of Fyodor Koshka occupied a strong position at the Moscow court and often became related to members of the Rurik dynasty then ruling in Russia.

By the names of men from the family of Fedor Koshka, in fact, by patronymic, the descending branches of the family were called. Therefore, the descendants bore different surnames, until finally one of them, the boyar Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin, occupied such an important position that all his descendants began to be called Romanovs.

And after the daughter of Roman Yuryevich - Anastasia - became the wife of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, the surname "Romanovs" became unchanged for all members of this family, who played an outstanding role in the history of Russia and many other countries.

2. FROM THE HISTORY OF THE DYNASTY OF THE ROMANOV FAMILY

The Romanovs, a boyar family, from 1613 - the royal, and from 1721 - the imperial dynasty in Russia, which ruled until February 1917. The documented ancestor of the Romanovs was Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, the boyar of the Moscow princes of the middle of the 14th century. The ancestors of the Romanovs before the beginning of the 16th century. were called Koshkins (from the nickname of the 5th son of Andrei Ivanovich - Fedor Koshka), then Zakharyins. The rise of the Zakharyins dates back to the 2nd third of the 16th century. and is associated with the marriage of Ivan IV to the daughter of Roman Yurievich - Anastasia (died in 1560). The ancestor of the Romanovs was the 3rd son of Roman - Nikita Romanovich (died in 1586) - a boyar from 1562, an active participant in the Livonian War and many diplomatic negotiations; after the death of Ivan IV, he headed the regency council (until the end of 1584). Of his sons, the most famous are Fedor (see Filaret) and Ivan (died in 1640) - a boyar since 1605, was a member of the government of the so-called "Seven Boyars"; after the accession of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov - the son of Filaret and nephew Ivan, the latter and his son Nikita (see Romanov N.I.) enjoyed very great influence at court. In 1598, with the death of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, the Rurik dynasty came to an end. In preparation for the election of a new tsar, Fedor Nikitich Romanov was named as a possible candidate for the tsar's throne. Under Boris Godunov, the Romanovs fell into disgrace (1600) and their exile (1601) to Beloozero, Pelym, Yarensk and other places far from Moscow, and Fedor was tonsured a monk under the name Filaret. The new rise of the Romanovs began in the reign of I "False Dmitry I. In the Tushino camp II" False Dmitry II, Filaret was named the Russian patriarch.

At the Zemsky Sobor of 1613, Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, the son of Fyodor (Filaret) Romanov, was elected Russian Tsar (reigned 1613-1645). Michael was a man of small mind, indecisive and, moreover, painful. The main role in governing the country was played by his father, Patriarch Filaret (until his death in 1633). During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich (1645-76), transformations began in the social and political fields. Alexey himself participated in government, was an educated person for his time. He was succeeded by Fedor Alekseevich, sickly and far from state affairs (reigned in 1676-1682); then his brother the Great Peter I the Great (1682-1725) became king, during whose reign the largest reforms were carried out in Russia, and a successful foreign policy made it one of the strongest countries in Europe. In 1721 Russia became an empire, and Peter I became the first Emperor of All Russia. By Peter's decree of February 5, 1722, on the succession to the throne (confirmed in 1731 and 1761), the emperor appointed himself a successor from among the members of the imperial family. Peter I did not have time to appoint a successor, and after his death, his wife Catherine I Alekseevna (1725-27) took the throne. The son of Peter I - Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich was executed on June 26, 1718 for actively opposing the reforms. The son of Alexei Petrovich - Peter II Alekseevich occupied the throne from 1727 to 1730. With his death in 1730, the Romanov dynasty in the direct male generation was cut short. In 1730-40, the granddaughter of Alexei Mikhailovich, the niece of Peter I, Anna Ivanovna, ruled, and from 1741, the daughter of Peter I, Elizaveta Petrovna, with whose death in 1761 the Romanov dynasty was stopped along the female line. However, the surname Romanovs was carried by representatives of the Holstein-Gottorp dynasty: Peter III (son of the Duke of Holstein Friedrich Karl and Anna, daughter of Peter I), who ruled in 1761-62, his wife Catherine II, nee Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst, who ruled in 1762-96, their son Paul I (1796-1801) and his descendants. Catherine II, Paul I, Alexander I (1801-25), Nicholas I (1825-55), in the conditions of the development of capitalist relations, tried in every possible way to preserve the feudal system with an absolute monarchy, and brutally suppressed the revolutionary liberation movement. Alexander II (1855-81), son of Nicholas I, was forced to abolish serfdom in 1861. However, in the hands of the nobility, the most important posts in the government, the state apparatus and the army were practically preserved. Desiring to continue to hold power, the Romanovs, especially Alexander III (1881-94) and Nicholas II (1894-1917), pursued a reactionary course in domestic and foreign policy. Among the many great princes from the Romanov dynasty, who occupied the highest positions in the army and in the state apparatus, Nikolai Nikolaevich (the Elder) (1831-91), Mikhail Nikolaevich (1832-1909), Sergei Alexandrovich (1857-1905) and Nikolai Nikolaevich (Younger) (1856-1929).

3. THE LAST OF THE ROMANOV DYNASTY

Any Orthodox Christian often has to see the icons of the martyrs, of which there are many in our Church, and hear about their deeds that exceed human nature. But how often do we know how these people lived? How was their life before their martyrdom? What filled their holidays and weekdays? Were they great prayer books and ascetics, or just ordinary people like the rest of us? What filled and warmed their souls and hearts so much that at a fateful moment they confessed their faith with blood and sealed its truth with the loss of their temporary life?

Small surviving photo albums slightly open the veil of this mystery, as they allow you to see with your own eyes the moments of the personal life of not one martyr, but the whole family - the Holy Royal Passion-Bearers of the Romanovs.

The personal life of the last Russian Sovereign Emperor Nicholas II and his family was carefully hidden from prying eyes. Sincerely and invariably keeping the commandments of Christ, living according to them not for show, but with their hearts, the Sovereign and Empress carefully avoided everything evil and unclean that only surrounds all those in power, finding for themselves endless joy and rest in their family, arranged according to the word of Christ like a small Church, where respect, understanding and mutual love reigned until the last moments of their lives. Likewise, their children, hidden by parental love from the corrupting influence of time and brought up in the spirit of Orthodoxy from birth, did not find greater joy for themselves than common family meetings, walks or holidays. Being deprived of the opportunity to be near their royal parents incessantly, they especially appreciated and cherished those days, and sometimes just minutes, that they could spend together with their dearly beloved father and mother.

PERSONALITY OF NICHOLAS II

Nicholas II (Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov) (05/19/1868 - 07/17/1918), Russian tsar, Russian emperor, martyr, son of Tsar Alexander III. Nicholas II was brought up and educated under the personal guidance of his father, on a traditional religious basis, in Spartan conditions. The subjects were taught by prominent Russian scientists K.P. Pobedonostsev, N. N. Beketov, N. N. Obruchev, M. I. Dragomirov and others. Much attention was paid to the military training of the future tsar.

Nicholas II ascended the throne at the age of 26, earlier than expected, as a result of the premature death of his father. Nicholas II managed to quickly recover from the initial confusion and began to pursue an independent policy, which caused dissatisfaction with part of his entourage, who hoped to influence the young tsar. The basis of the state policy of Nicholas II was the continuation of the aspirations of his father to give Russia more internal unity by asserting the Russian elements of the country.

In his first address to the people, Nikolai Alexandrovich announced that from now on, having imbued with the precepts of his deceased parent, he accepts a sacred vow before the face of the Almighty to always have as a single goal the peaceful prosperity, power and glory of dear Russia and the arrangement of the happiness of all His loyal subjects . In an address to foreign countries, Nicholas II declared that will devote all its cares to the development of Russia's internal well-being and will not deviate in anything from the completely peace-loving, firm and straightforward policy that has so powerfully contributed to the general calm, while Russia will continue to see in respect for law and legal order the best guarantee of the security of the state.

The model of a ruler for Nicholas II was Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, who carefully preserved the traditions of antiquity.

In addition to a strong will and a brilliant education, Nikolai possessed all the natural qualities necessary for state activity, above all, a huge ability to work. If necessary, he could work from morning until late at night, studying the numerous documents and materials received in his name. (By the way, he also willingly engaged in physical labor - sawing firewood, removing snow, etc.) Possessing a lively mind and a broad outlook, the king quickly grasped the essence of the issues under consideration. The king had an exceptional memory for faces and events. He remembered by sight most of the people he had to deal with, and there were thousands of such people.

However, the time in which Nicholas II fell to reign was very different from the era of the first Romanovs. If then the folk foundations and traditions served as a unifying banner of a society that was revered by both the common people and the ruling class, then to n. 20th century Russian foundations and traditions become the object of denial on the part of an educated society. A significant part of the ruling stratum and intelligentsia rejects the path of following Russian foundations, traditions and ideals, many of which they consider obsolete and ignorant. Russia's right to its own path is not recognized. Attempts are being made to impose on it an alien model of development - either Western European liberalism or Western European Marxism.

The reign of Nicholas II is the most dynamic period in the growth of the Russian people in its entire history. In less than a quarter of a century, the population of Russia has increased by 62 million people. The economy grew rapidly. Between 1885 and 1913, industrial output increased fivefold, exceeding the rate of industrial growth in the most developed countries of the world. The Great Siberian Railway was built, in addition, 2 thousand km of railways were built annually. The national income of Russia, according to the most underestimated calculations, has grown from 8 billion rubles. in 1894 to 22-24 billion in 1914, that is, almost three times. The average per capita income of Russian people has doubled. The incomes of workers in industry grew at a particularly high rate. For a quarter of a century, they have grown at least three times. The total expenditure on the share of public education and culture increased by 8 times, more than twice the expenditure on education in France and one and a half times - in England.

PERSONALITY OF ALEXANDRA FEDEROVNA (WIFE OF NICHOLAS II)

She was born in Darmstadt (Germany) in 1872. She was baptized on July 1, 1872 according to the Lutheran rite. The name given to her consisted of her mother's name (Alice) and the four names of her aunts. The godparents were: Edward, Prince of Wales (future King Edward VII), Tsarevich Alexander Alexandrovich (future Emperor Alexander III) with his wife, Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna, the youngest daughter of Queen Victoria, Princess Beatrice, Augusta von Hesse-Kassel, Duchess of Cambridge and Maria Anna , Princess of Prussia.

In 1878, a diphtheria epidemic spread in Hesse. Alice's mother and her younger sister May died from her, after which Alice lived most of the time in the UK at Balmoral Castle and Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. Alice was considered the favorite granddaughter of Queen Victoria, who called her Sunny (“Sunny”).

In June 1884, at the age of 12, Alice visited Russia for the first time, when her older sister Ella (in Orthodoxy - Elizaveta Feodorovna) was married to Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich. For the second time, she arrived in Russia in January 1889 at the invitation of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich. After staying in the Sergievsky Palace (Petersburg) for six weeks, the princess met and attracted the special attention of the heir to Tsarevich Nikolai Alexandrovich.

March 1892, Alice's father, Duke Ludwig IV, died.

In the early 1890s, the marriage of Alice and Tsarevich Nicholas was opposed by the latter's parents, who hoped for his marriage to Helen Louise Henrietta, daughter of Louis-Philippe, Count of Paris. A key role in arranging Alice's marriage with Nikolai Alexandrovich was played by the efforts of her sister, Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna, and the latter's husband, through whom the lovers corresponded. The position of Emperor Alexander and his wife changed due to the perseverance of the crown prince and the deteriorating health of the emperor; On April 6, 1894, the engagement of the Tsarevich and Alice of Hesse-Darmstadt was announced by a manifesto. The following months, Alice studied the basics of Orthodoxy under the guidance of the court protopresbyter John Yanyshev and the Russian language with the teacher E. A. Schneider. On October 10 (22), 1894, she arrived in the Crimea, in Livadia, where she stayed with the imperial family until the day of the death of Emperor Alexander III - October 20. On October 21 (November 2), 1894, she accepted Orthodoxy there through chrismation with the name Alexander and patronymic Fedorovna (Feodorovna).

CHILDREN OF ALEXAEDRA AND NICHOLAS

The four daughters of Nikolai and Alexandra were born beautiful, healthy, real princesses: daddy's favorite romantic Olga, serious beyond her years Tatyana, generous Maria and funny little Anastasia.

Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna Romanova.

She was born in November 1895. Olga became the first child in the family of Nicholas II. Parents could not get enough of the appearance of the child. Olga Nikolaevna Romanova distinguished herself by her abilities in the study of sciences, she loved solitude and books. The Grand Duchess was very smart, she had creative abilities. Olga behaved with everyone simply and naturally. The princess was surprisingly responsive, sincere and generous. The first daughter of Alexandra Fedorovna Romanova inherited facial features, posture, as well as golden hair from her mother. From Nikolai Alexandrovich, the daughter inherited the inner world. Olga, like her father, had an amazingly pure Christian soul. The princess was distinguished by an innate sense of justice, did not like lies.

Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna was a typical good Russian girl with a big soul. She made an impression on those around her with her tenderness, with her enchanting sweet treatment of everyone. She behaved with everyone evenly, calmly and amazingly simply and naturally. She did not like housekeeping, but she loved solitude and books. She was developed and very well-read; She had an aptitude for the arts: she played the piano, sang, and studied singing in Petrograd, drawing well. She was very modest and did not like luxury.

Olga Nikolaevna was remarkably smart and capable, and teaching was a joke to her, which is why she was sometimes lazy. Her characteristic features were a strong will and an incorruptible honesty and directness, in which She was like a Mother. She had these wonderful qualities from childhood, but as a child Olga Nikolaevna was often stubborn, disobedient and very quick-tempered; afterwards she knew how to restrain herself. She had wonderful blond hair, large blue eyes and a marvelous complexion, a slightly upturned nose, resembling the Sovereign.

Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna Romanova.

She was born on June 11, 1897, and was the second child in the Romanov couple. Like Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna, Tatyana outwardly resembled her mother, but her character was paternal. Tatyana Nikolaevna Romanova was less emotional than her sister. Tatyana's eyes were similar to the eyes of the Empress, the figure was graceful, and the color of blue eyes harmoniously combined with brown hair. Tatyana was rarely naughty, and had amazing, according to contemporaries, self-control. Tatyana Nikolaevna had a highly developed sense of duty and a penchant for order in everything. Due to her mother's illness, Tatyana Romanova often managed the household, and this did not burden the Grand Duchess in any way. She loved needlework, embroidered and sewed well. The princess was of sound mind. In cases requiring decisive action, she always remained herself.

Grand Duchess Tatyana Nikolaevna was just as charming as her older sister, but in her own way. She was often called proud, but I did not know anyone who would have been less proud than her. The same thing happened to her as to Her Majesty. Her shyness and restraint were taken for arrogance, but as soon as you got to know Her better and win Her trust, the restraint disappeared and the real Tatyana Nikolaevna appeared before you. She had a poetic nature, longed for true friendship. His Majesty dearly loved the second Daughter, and the Sisters joked that if you need to turn to the Sovereign with some kind of request, then "Tatyana should ask Papa to let us do this." Very tall, thin as a reed, She was endowed with a graceful cameo profile and brown hair. She was fresh, fragile and pure as a rose.

Maria Nikolaevna Romanova.

She was born on June 27, 1899. She became the third child of the Emperor and Empress. Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna Romanova was a typical Russian girl. She was characterized by good nature, gaiety, and affability. Maria had a beautiful appearance and vitality. According to the memoirs of some of her contemporaries, she was very similar to her grandfather Alexander III. Maria Nikolaevna loved her parents very much. She was strongly attached to them, much more than the rest of the children of the royal couple. The fact is that she was too small for the older daughters (Olga and Tatiana), and too old for the younger children (Anastasia and Alexei) of Nicholas II.

The successes of the Grand Duchess were average. Like the other girls, she was capable of languages, but she only fluently mastered English (in which she constantly communicated with her parents) and Russian - the girls spoke to each other in it. Not without difficulty, Gilliard managed to learn her French at a level "quite tolerable", but no more. German - despite all the efforts of Fraulein Schneider - remained undeveloped.

Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna Romanova.

She was born on June 18, 1901. The sovereign had been waiting for an heir for a long time, and when the daughter turned out to be the long-awaited fourth child, he was saddened. Soon the sadness passed, and the Emperor loved the fourth daughter, no less than his other children.

They were expecting a boy, but a girl was born. Anastasia Romanova, in her agility, could give odds to any boy. Anastasia Nikolaevna wore simple clothes inherited from her older sisters. The bedroom of the fourth daughter was not richly cleaned. Necessarily every morning Anastasia Nikolaevna took a cold shower. It was not easy to keep an eye on Princess Anastasia. As a child, she was very nimble. She liked to climb, where not getting, to hide. When she was a child, Grand Duchess Anastasia loved to play pranks, as well as to make others laugh. In addition to gaiety, Anastasia reflected such character traits as wit, courage and observation.

Like other children of the emperor, Anastasia was educated at home. Education began at the age of eight, the program included French, English and German, history, geography, the law of God, natural sciences, drawing, grammar, arithmetic, as well as dance and music. Anastasia did not differ in diligence in her studies, she could not stand grammar, she wrote with terrifying mistakes, and called arithmetic with childlike immediacy "svin". English teacher Sydney Gibbs recalled that once she tried to bribe him with a bouquet of flowers to increase her grade, and after he refused, she gave these flowers to a Russian teacher, Pyotr Vasilyevich Petrov.

During the war, the empress gave many of the palace rooms for hospital premises. The older sisters Olga and Tatyana, together with their mother, became sisters of mercy; Maria and Anastasia, being too young for such hard work, became patronesses of the hospital. Both sisters gave their own money to buy medicines, read aloud to the wounded, knitted things for them, played cards and checkers, wrote letters home under their dictation, and in the evenings entertained them with telephone conversations, sewed linen, prepared bandages and lint.

Tsarevich Alexei was the fourth child in the family of Nicholas II.

Alexei was a long-awaited child. From the first days of his reign, Nicholas II dreamed of an heir. The Lord sent only daughters to the emperor. Tsesarevich Alexei was born on August 12, 1904. The heir to the Russian throne was born a year after the Sarov celebrations. The entire royal family fervently prayed for the birth of a boy. Tsarevich Alexei inherited all the best from his father and mother. Parents loved the heir very much, he answered them with great reciprocity. The father was a real idol for Alexei Nikolaevich. The young prince tried to imitate him in everything. The royal couple did not even think about how to name the newborn prince. Nicholas II had long wanted to name his future heir Alexei. The tsar said that "it's time to break the line of Alexandrov and Nikolaev." Also, Nicholas II was sympathetic to the personality of Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, and the emperor wanted to name his son in honor of the great ancestor.

On the mother's side, Alexei inherited hemophilia, which was carried by some of the daughters and granddaughters of the English Queen Victoria.

The heir Tsesarevich Alexei Nikolayevich was a boy of 14 years old, intelligent, observant, receptive, affectionate, cheerful. He was lazy and did not particularly like books. He combined the features of his father and mother: he inherited the simplicity of his father, was alien to arrogance, arrogance, but had his own will and obeyed only his father. His mother wanted to, but could not be strict with him. His teacher Bitner says of him: "He had a great will and would never submit to any woman." He was very disciplined, withdrawn and very patient. Undoubtedly, the disease left its mark on him and developed these traits in him. He did not like court etiquette, he liked to be with the soldiers and learned their language, using in his diary purely folk expressions he had overheard. His stinginess reminded him of his mother: he did not like to spend his money and collected various abandoned things: nails, lead paper, ropes, etc.

During the First World War, Alexei, who was the chief of several regiments and chieftain of all Cossack troops, visited the army with his father, awarded distinguished fighters, etc. He was awarded the silver St. George medal of the 4th degree.

Romanov emperor nikolai burial

7. DEATH OF THE LAST OF THE ROMANOV DYNASTY

After the Bolshevik Revolution, the tsar and his family were placed under house arrest. Members of the imperial family were executed on July 17, 1918, during the Civil War, because the Bolsheviks feared that whites might unite around the living tsar.

The night of July 16-17, 1918 was fatal for the last Romanovs. That night, the former Tsar Nicholas II, his wife, the former Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, their children, 14-year-old Alexei, daughters, Olga (22 years old), Tatyana (20 years old), Maria (18 years old) and Anastasia (16 years old), as well as the doctor Botkin E.S., the maid A. Demidova, the cook Kharitonov and the footman who were with them, were shot in the basement of the House of Special Purpose (the former house of engineer Ipatiev) in Yekaterinburg. At the same time, the bodies of those shot in a car were taken outside the city and, not far from the village of Koptyaki, were dumped into an old mine.

But the fear that the whites approaching Yekaterinburg would find the corpses and turn them into "holy relics" forced a reburial. The next day, the executed were taken out of the mine, again loaded onto a car, which moved along a dead road into the forest. In a swampy place, the car stalled, and then, after trying to burn the corpses, they decided to bury them right on the road. The grave was filled and leveled.

So, more than 80 years ago, the 300-year-old Russian Romanov dynasty came to an end. The paradoxes of the reign of Nicholas II can be explained by the objectively existing contradictions of Russian reality at the beginning of the 20th century, when the world was entering a new phase of its development, and the tsar did not have the will and determination to master the situation. Trying to uphold the "autocratic principle", he maneuvered: either he made small concessions, or he refused them. Surprisingly, the nature of the last king corresponded to the essence of the regime: to avoid change, to maintain the status quo. As a result, the regime rotted, pushing the country to the abyss. Rejecting and hindering the reforms, the last tsar contributed to the beginning of the social revolution, which could not help but carry all the hard things that had accumulated in Russian life over many decades of its trampling and oppression. This should be recognized with absolute sympathy for the terrible fate of the royal family and with a categorical rejection of the crime that was committed against her and other representatives of the Romanov dynasty.

At the critical moment of the February coup, the generals changed their oath and forced the tsar to abdicate. Then, for political reasons, the Provisional Government trampled on the principles of humanism, leaving the abdicated tsar in revolutionary Russia, which overthrew tsarism. And, finally, class interests, as they were understood in the outbreak of civil war, took precedence over moral considerations. The result of all this was the assassination of the emperor

I also consider the fate of the royal remains to be a tragedy of the last Romanovs, which turned out to be not only the subject of detailed research, but also a bargaining chip in the political struggle. The burial of the royal remains, unfortunately, did not become a symbol of repentance, let alone reconciliation. For most, this procedure passed by consciousness. But, nevertheless, their burial was a real step towards the disappearance of the protracted uncertainty of the relationship between today's Russia and its past.

The drama of the Russian Tsar, in all likelihood, is more correctly viewed in the context of world history from the standpoint of its forward movement and the principles of humanism in relation to the human person. Three hundred years ago, the head of the English king rolled onto the chopping block, a hundred years later, the French king, and a hundred and a half later, the Russian king.

9. LIST OF USED LITERATURE

1.#"justify">. Alekseev V. The death of the royal family: myths and reality. (New documents about the tragedy in the Urals). Yekaterinburg, 1993.

The murder of the century: a selection of articles about the murder of the family of Nicholas II. New time. 1998

.#"justify">. Volkov A. Near the royal family. M., 1993.

.#"justify">.http://nnm.ru/blogs/wxyzz/dinastiya_romanovyh_sbornik_knig/

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The huge and winding family tree of the Romanov family with photographs, years of life and dates and periods of government has many branches in almost all large and significant states of that era. Their genealogy is the most interesting material for study by those who wish to learn about the history of their country and honor the memory of the great rulers. Or maybe this will serve as inspiration for you to create the history of your own family, which, we have no doubt, is full of interesting events, personalities and deserves the attention of your descendants.

Controversy continues among historians about the founders of the royal family to this day. Among the family members themselves, there was an opinion that their distant ancestors came from Prussia. However, whether this is actually so is still unknown: no evidence has been found for this version. It is only known for certain that the first ancestor of the family mentioned in the annals is the boyar Andrei Kobyla. His descendants began to bear the surname of Zakharyin-Koshkin. Anastasia Zakharyina became the first of this family to become part of the royal Rurik dynasty. Ivan IV the Terrible took Anastasia as his wife, in marriage they had a son, Fedor.

Rise to power of the Romanov family

The years of government and the scheme of the family tree of the predecessors of the Romanovs show that with the death of the son of Ivan the Terrible - Fedor Ioannovich, the ancient family of Rurikovich was interrupted. The sovereign did not appoint a successor for himself, so representatives of the Zakharyin family decided to take the opportunity to take power into their own hands. Mikhail Fedorovich managed to accomplish this. It was he who was elected to the throne in 1613. We will not fully consider the periods of life and talk about each member of the family, we will only note the reigning persons.

The founder of the ruling dynasty was born in the family of the boyar Fyodor Nikitich. Fedor bore the surname Romanov, in honor of his grandfather Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin. Through the efforts of Boris Godunov, representatives of this family were persecuted and disgraced. All the grandchildren of Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin were arrested, exiled to Siberia and tonsured monks. Fedor managed to receive the rank of patriarch, after which he became known as Filaret. His wife, Xenia Ivanovna (in monasticism, nun Martha) in 1596 gave birth to a son, Mikhail, and became the mother of the future sovereign. From him all the schemes and branches of the Romanov family tree originate.

Mikhail Fedorovich had every reason to claim the throne, because he had a blood relationship with the Rurikovichs, namely, he was the cousin of Fyodor Ioannovich. He and his parents were returned from exile in Siberia in 1605 by False Dmitry I. In this way, he tried to prove the existence of family ties with the descendants of the formerly ruling dynasty.

The two main forces that contributed to the ascension of Michael to the throne are the common people of Moscow and the Cossacks. The latter feared that the ruler Yakov I, elected by the boyars and nobles, would take away the grain salary due to the Cossacks. Therefore, they made a choice in favor of 16-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich, the son of Patriarch Filaret. The elected sovereign hesitated for a long time before making a decision. He was young, inexperienced, did not receive a proper education (historians indicate that the sovereign could barely read by the time of the coronation). In addition, his mother tearfully dissuaded him from taking on such a heavy burden. Archbishop Theodoret of Ryazan came to them with an appeal, after which nun Martha blessed her son to ascend the throne. She also became his regent until 1619. The father of the founder of the Romanov dynasty, Patriarch Filaret, also took part in government. State charters were signed jointly by father and son.

During the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich, an “eternal” peace was concluded with Sweden and the Commonwealth, trade and economy were restored after the Time of Troubles, and the army was reorganized. Secular painting and the first Russian newspaper appeared - Vestovye Pistachi.

In family life, the sovereign was not immediately lucky. At first, he chose Maria Khlopova as his wife, but she was recognized as barren, and therefore unsuitable for the role of the king's wife. Mikhail's first wife, Maria Dolgorukova, died of illness five months after the wedding. After that, the king remained unmarried and childless for a long time. He was brought beauties from different parts of the world, but not one was to his liking. At the thirty-sixth year of his life, he liked the servant Evdokia Streshneva. Their marriage was strong and happy.

Alexey Mikhailovich

The next branch on the scheme of the Romanov family tree is the son of Mikhail and Evdokia Alexei, nicknamed the Quietest. Alexey Mikhailovich was not distinguished by good health, had a soft, good-natured character and was extremely religious. He preferred contemplation to action. It is not surprising that the boyar Boris Morozov took advantage of this. For a long time he influenced the sovereign, and as a result of Morozov's inept actions (the introduction of a new duty on salt), the Salt Riot broke out. During the reign of Alexei, there were other major unrest: the uprising of Stepan Razin, the Solovetsky Indignation after the church reform of Patriarch Nikon. Alexey is also credited with the final establishment of the institution of serfdom and reunification with Ukraine.

He was married twice, after him three new branches of the reigning family members appeared in the family tree of the Romanov dynasty.Fedor III Alekseevich and Ivan Vshowed no ability in governing the country, unlike the youngest of the brothers -Peter I.

Peter I

He ascended the throne at the age of nine, sharing the reign with Ivan. It was said about the co-ruler of Peter that he was sickly and weak-minded. The administration of the state was concentrated in the hands of the sister - regent Peter and Ivan Sofya Alekseevna. The imperious princess did not want to give up the throne with the coming of age of Peter and attracted archers to her side. However, the uprising was crushed, and the former regent was exiled by Peter to the Novodevichy Convent.

From childhood, the king showed interest in military affairs. The young heir to the throne was entertaining away from the palaces and organized "fun troops" from his playmates. It is not surprising that the period of his reign began with military campaigns against Azov, which opened Russia's access to the southern seas. Thanks to the creation of a fleet on his initiative, the fortress of Azov joined the territory. He led the Russian-Turkish war, as well as the Northern War with Sweden, as a result of which Russia gained access to the Baltic Sea.

Peter actively promoted European traditions in society: a suit, a ban on beards, a calendar. Thanks to his merits, he received the title of Great and the title of emperor. The state became known as the Russian Empire.

The reformer tsar had a fiery temper. Those close to him said that only Catherine, the second wife of the emperor, was able to curb his nature. The young servant Alexei Menshikov charmed the sovereign and Peter took her to the palace, making her his wife in 1712.

After the death of her husband in 1725Catherine Ibecame the reigning empress. During this period, power was concentrated in the hands of Count Menshikov. The empress was not interested in wars, from her husband she adopted only love for the sea. Her reign did not last long.

The empress died in 1727, having passed the throne to the young grandson of Peter the Great.Peter IIwas born from the first son of the sovereign, Tsarevich Alexei, whom his own father sentenced to imprisonment and execution. Having studied the photographs and diagrams of the family tree of the Romanov dynasty, one can see that Peter II was the last direct heir of Peter the Great in the male line. He was crowned at the age of 11, and at 14 died suddenly of smallpox. During his reign, the country was ruled by the same Menshikov, and after his overthrow - by representatives of the Dolgorukov family.

After the death of the sovereign, the fourth daughter of the former sovereign Ivan V was invited to reignAnna Ioannovna.

Arriving in the Russian Empire, the Duchess of Courland signed the Conditions, according to which her power was limited. She could not arbitrarily wage wars, carry out reforms and dispose of the state treasury. But in 1730 she established complete autocracy and concentrated control in her hands. The period of her reign was nicknamed "Bironism" by the name of Ernst Biron, the favorite of the Empress, who had great influence at that time. Bironovshchina was characterized by the great dominance of the Germans at court.

Biron continued to rule the country even after the death of the empress, although formally the sovereign was a representative of the Romanov familyIvan VI- the great-grandson of Ivan V. In infancy, the ruler was overthrown and imprisoned for life. Killed at age 23 by prison guards.

Elizaveta Petrovna

The next period of Russian history on the family tree of the Romanov family is marked by a photograph of a portrait of Elizabeth, the illegitimate daughter of Peter the Great and Catherine. She owes her coming to power to the soldiers of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. Dissatisfied with the rule of Biron, they, under the leadership of Elizabeth, carried out a palace coup in 1741. Peter's daughter sentenced to death all the favorites of the former empress, but, having decided to demonstrate tolerance to Europe, she commuted the death sentence to exile in Siberia.

She was the successor of her father's foreign policy in expanding state borders to the east. She laid the foundation for the Age of Enlightenment, giving the country many new educational institutions, including Lomonosov Moscow State University.

After her death, there were no direct heirs in the male line. The family tree of the Romanov dynasty could have been interrupted if the son of Anna Petrovna, Elizabeth's sister, had not been found. The name of the future sovereign was the same as his great grandfather - Peter. In fact, from then on, the ruling dynasty began to be called the Holstein-Gottorp-Romanovs in honor of the father of the new emperor, Karl Friedrich of Holstein-Gottorp. Governing body Peter IIIlasted only 186 days. According to one version, the emperor died because of the conspiracy of his wife Catherine, one of the most active and memorable female figures of the Romanov dynasty.

Catherine II the Great

A native of Prussia, Sophia Augusta Frederick of Anhalt-Zerbst, who adopted the name Catherine during Orthodox baptism, overthrew her unpopular husband Peter III from the throne and came to power in 1762. She pursued a policy of enlightened absolutism. Strengthened the position of autocracy, expanded the borders of the state, contributed to the development of science and education. Carried out a reform of local government, dividing the territory into provinces. Transformed the Senate, dividing it into six departments. Under her rule, Russia finally secured the title of one of the most developed powers in the world.

Being a competent ruler, she did not show herself at all as a mother and wife. She had many favorites and lovers, and treated her son Paul, the heir to the throne, coldly and with contempt. Dislike for his mother was reflected in the state policy of Paul.

Pavel I

The reign of the emperor lasted only five years, but during this time he did everything to demonstrate his disdain for his deceased mother. Paul, contrary to Catherine's policy, weakened the position of the nobility she adored and somewhat improved the position of the peasants. He removed women from the throne, introduced the Prussian order in the Russian army. Being suspicious and timid by nature, he increased supervision and censorship. He did not enjoy the support of influential sections of society and was killed in his own bedroom in March 1801.

The eldest son of Paul I. The poet A. S. Pushkin described the first years of his reign with the lines “the days of Alexander a wonderful beginning.” Indeed, immediately after the coronation, he created the impression of an active ruler and even gave the order to prepare a draft constitution, which remained lying in the drawer of his desk. In the second half of his reign, it became clear that politics was beginning to lean towards reaction, and the people could not wait for large-scale liberal reforms. In the last years of his life, he often said that he wanted to renounce power, which gave rise to a legend that it was not Alexander who was buried in his grave, but the emperor himself became a hermit and went to live in the Urals. After his death, his brother was to take the throne.Konstantin, but he voluntarily relinquished power.

Third son of Paul. On the day Nicholas took the oath on December 14, 1825, the nobles called for an uprising. They wanted to proclaim their demands: the abolition of serfdom, the proclamation of democratic freedoms, the establishment of a republic in the state and the creation of a Constitution. The Decembrist uprising on Senate Square was brutally suppressed, the participants were sent into exile, five of them were executed.

The emperor's lifestyle was an example to follow: he did not smoke, did not abuse alcohol, and had a strict daily routine. In everyday life, he was unpretentious, and also had an excellent memory and working capacity. However, for an overly pedantic temperament, the sovereign was known as limited and incapable of decisive action.

A brave and active representative of the family tree of the Romanov dynasty, the winner of the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, the author of great reforms, the most significant of which was the abolition of serfdom in 1861. For the removal of the shameful stigma of serfdom from the Russian Empire, he was called the Tsar-Liberator by the people.

Perhaps the granting of excessive freedom to the population played a cruel joke on him. More and more protest movements began to appear in Russia, and in March 1881 the Liberator was killed by members of the Narodnaya Volya organization. A bomb was thrown at the sovereign and a few hours after the tragedy he died from his wounds in the Winter Palace.

After the tragic death of his father, the state was headed by Tsar-peacemaker Alexander III. It was named so because during his reign the Russian Empire did not wage a single war. Taught by the bitter experience of his predecessor, he refused further liberalization and pursued a conservative policy.

He was known as an excellent, loving and caring husband and father. He died during a railway accident, holding the roof on his shoulders so that it would not collapse on his family and friends.

The last reigning heir of the Romanov dynasty. During his reign, socio-political contradictions grew in the country, which ultimately resulted in the revolution of 1905-1907, and then in the February Revolution of 1917, after which the sovereign abdicated and, together with all family members, was sent into exile.

Opinions about the figure of Nicholas are still ambiguous. They call him a weak-willed and useless ruler, but at the same time they note his extraordinary affection for his family, his children and his wife Alexandra Feodorovna. The wife and children remained inseparable until the last seconds of their lives and were shot by the revolutionaries in July 1918.

The history of the royal family ends here, but the schemes of the family tree of the Romanov dynasty are expanding, new photos, faces, figures appear. This means that the connection of the current Romanovs with their ancestors and the memory of these outstanding personalities will be preserved for future generations of the descendants of a great family.

1. Introduction

With the death of the middle son of Ivan the Terrible - Fedor, the reigning family of Rurikovich, who ruled Russia from 862 to 1598, came to an end. At the end of the Time of Troubles, a new dynasty will ascend the throne - the Romanovs as the closest relatives of the extinct family of Rurikovich. This relationship will pass through Anastasia - the first and most beloved wife of Ivan the Terrible, poisoned by his enemies. Under him, her brother Nikita was the boyar and guardian of Tsar Fedor, together with whose brother-in-law, Boris Godunov, he ruled the state after the death of the Terrible Tsar.

Anastasia was a great-great-right-granddaughter Procopius the Righteous- the founder of the Romanov family, who lived in Ustyug at the end of the 13th century. In Moscow, in the temple "Small Ascension" there is a limit in his honor. The temple was built under Ivan the Terrible in the settlement of Novgorodians and Ustyugians, who got to the capital through his efforts. It was in Veliky Novgorod that Procopius began his spiritual feat, and completed it in Veliky Ustyug.

There are two limits in the temple - in honor of the Beheading of John the Baptist - the heavenly patron of Ivan the Terrible, and in honor of Procopius of Ustyug - the first Holy Fool in Russia for the sake of and the ancestor of the Romanovs.

2. The Romanov dynasty

The path of the new dynasty to the Russian throne was not easy - Boris Godunov planned to strengthen his family in the kingdom and cruelly got rid of possible competitors. Suffice it to say that on his orders, the uncle of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, Mikhail Nikitich Romanov, was sent to Nyrob, in the Perm region, and there he was kept chained in a pit, where he died as a martyr. Fate spared Father Mikhail Fedorovich - he was only tonsured a monk with the name Filaret and could not, according to the law of that time, become a king. For two generations, the Romanovs firmly entrenched themselves in power, already the grandson of M. F. Romanov, Peter I, led Russia to the West, to the Baltic Sea, adopting the advanced achievements of Europe in industry and culture. Already from Peter I, the Romanovs attached great importance to dynastic marriages, but after Peter II and Elizabeth Petrovna (direct descendants of Peter I), Russia was actually ruled by the German Holstein-Gottorp dynasty. They were connected by close family ties with the Royal Houses of Denmark, England, Greece, as well as blood ties with the kings of Norway, Sweden, Belgium, the Netherlands, Romania, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Serbia, Italy, Spain. Thus, the Romanovs were one of the most prestigious imperial dynasties.

ROMANOV DYNASTY

The title "Imperial" to the Romanov family was added by the decision of the Senate in 1721, after the signing of the Treaty of Nystadt, according to which Russia, thanks to the titanic efforts of Peter I and his associates, gets access to the Baltic Sea, putting a logical end to the Livonian War of Ivan the Terrible, who dreamed of getting out to the Baltic for the rest of his life.

The suppression of the Romanov dynasty is connected with the closest descendants of Peter I. So, in the direct male generation, the Romanovs ended with the death of the grandson of Peter I - Peter II, Catherine I (wife of the late Peter I) signed a will to transfer the throne to him a few days before her death. In the female line, the Romanovs came to an end with the death of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, the youngest daughter of Peter I and Catherine Skavronskaya (Empress Catherine I after the death of her husband). However, the surname of the Romanovs was carried by representatives of the Holstein-Gottorp dynasty: Peter III (son of the Duke of Holstein Friedrich Karl and Anna, the eldest daughter of Peter I), and his wife Catherine II, nee Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst, as well as their son Paul I and his descendants. It is possible that the answer to the question why the Russian tsars were so fond of entering into marriage alliances with the German dukes from Holstein can also be the fact that, according to one version, the founder of the Romanovs in Russia, Gland Kambila ( Procopius the Righteous) was from Lübeck, one of the largest cities in Holstein and the Hanseatic League.

Holstein is a former duchy in northern Germany, between the German and Baltic Seas. Since 1866 part of the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein. Once the margraviate, originally formed by Henry I, passed in 1110 to Count Adolf I of Schauenburg and lasted under the rule of this family until 1459. Later, Count Christian of Oldenburg was elected ruler (from 1448 Christian I, King of Denmark). In 1474, the Duchy of Holstein was formed from the counties of Holstein and Stormarn, which existed until 1806, when it was annexed to Denmark, which lost Holstein in the war of 1864.

3. The first Romanov in Russia - Procopius the Righteous

holy righteous Procopius Ustyug miracle worker

The Romanovs are a boyar family, from 1613 - a royal, from 1721 - an imperial dynasty in Russia, which ruled until March 1917. They ruled Russia for 303 years, but did not advertise that their founder and almost 20 more famous boyars (nobles) births of Russia was the first fool in Russia for the sake of Christ Saint Procopius the Righteous(see Appendix) - a wealthy and educated foreign prince Glanda Kambila, originally "from the Prussians", who accomplished his severe spiritual feat in Ustyug. The Moscow boyar family of Novgorod origin Kobylina became the family of the future Romanovs. The first historical person of the family is Andrey Ivanovich Kobyla, son Procopius. Andrei was the boyar of Simeon the Proud - the son of Ivan Kalita. But only one branch occupied a prominent position among the Moscow boyar nobility - these are the descendants of Fyodor Koshka (son of Andrei Kobyla) - the boyar under Dmitry Donskoy. Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, who was elected Tsar of All Russia in 1613, also came out of the Koshkin branch. Descendants of Andrei Kobyla until the beginning of the 16th century. were called Koshkins, until the end of the 16th century. - Zakharins. Then the Zakharyins were divided into two branches: the Zakharyins - Yakovlevs and the Zakharyins - Yuryevs. The Romanovs descended from the latter. The Romanovs were closely related to the Rurikovichs. Nikita Romanovich was the brother of Ivan the Terrible's first wife, Anastasia Romanovna. Anastasia's son Fedor was the last Russian tsar from the Rurik dynasty.

The Romanov Imperial House considered Procopius the Righteous to be its founder and Heavenly patron. Saint Procopius is a phenomenon and a mystery in itself: in the first half of his life he was a very rich and well-educated prince from the "German", a member of the Hanseatic Union of Merchants of Europe, the owner of a trading farmstead in Veliky Novgorod. But in the second half of his life, he passes from Catholicism to Orthodoxy, leaves some part of his fortune to his children, distributes the rest to the poor and monasteries, puts on rags and goes to Ustyug, accepting outward madness.

There are several versions of the life of Procopius the Righteous, both ecclesiastical and secular, but they differ only in how Procopius appeared in Russia. According to church sources, which, by the way, are the most common, Procopius, being a wealthy Prussian prince and merchant, arrived in Veliky Novgorod, was captivated by the beauty of the temples and the faith of the Russian people, accepted monasticism in the Varlaamo-Khutynsky monastery and later, choosing the feat of foolishness, left in Ustyug.

Other traditions say that the roots of Procopius go back to the descendants of Noah. After the destruction of the Tower of Babel, some of them moved north and settled in the territory of northeastern Iran and the south of modern Turkmenistan. Then a severe drought began in the south of Central Asia, and they began to move west to the Northern Black Sea region, where they were known as Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans.

Further, from one of the Alanian tribes, which participated in the "Great Migration" and went the royal dynasty of the Baltic peoples (in particular the Prussians), from which Procopius came. Blood ties tied him to Bruten- the first king of Prussia (about the 5th century). From his own brother in the eleventh tribe came the father of Procopius - Divon- a participant in the crusades to the Holy Land, full of great secrets. Divon had two sons Rusingen and Glanda Kambila who became Procopius the Righteous in Russia. The sons owned the cities of Koenigsberg, Danzig and Elbig. In 1287, in Veliky Novgorod, Glanda Kambila converted to Orthodoxy, receiving the name John. Subsequently, he becomes a monk under the name Procopius and goes to Ustyug, where no one knows about his noble origin. He carefully hid his mind and knowledge from people, and even more so did not talk about the divine wisdom that had descended on him. He spent most of his time on church porches. Procopius had to endure many trials while performing his spiritual feat. With three pokers in his hands (symbols of the initiate), in summer and winter he walked in one shirt along the streets of Ustyug, often accepting humiliation from the townspeople, and at night he prayed heartily for his offenders. Sometimes he even had to sleep on dunghills, but nothing could break his strong spirit. Even being left without any food for several days, Procopius never accepted anything from people who had profited by untruth.

Procopius the Righteous predicted to the three-year-old girl Maria that she would become the mother of the first bishop of Perm and the outstanding educator Stephen of Perm (see the work “The Great Zyryanin”). Stefan of Perm lived at a turning point for Russia, when one of his friends, the Grand Duke of Moscow Dmitry Donskoy, fought the yoke of the Golden Horde, and the other, Sergius of Radonezh, laid the spiritual foundations of the emerging Russian state. The political activity of Stephen of Perm ensured the bloodless and voluntary inclusion of the Zyryansk country into the Grand Duchy of Moscow, thereby laying the foundation for the formation of a multinational Russia based on the non-merger and inseparability of the peoples of its constituents.

One of the most famous miracles of Procopius the Righteous was the salvation of Ustyug by the power of his prayer from stone (meteorite) cloud, which threatened to destroy the entire city in the summer of 1290. According to legend, a voice from above told Procopius about the need to pray for the people of Ustyug, so as not to be destroyed by them. Procopius' appeals to the townspeople had no effect until a stone cloud hovered over the city. Sensing danger, the people rushed to the cathedral church of the Assumption of the Virgin, where Procopius was already praying before the image of the Mother of God for the salvation of the people and the city.

The tension grew, some had already lost hope, and suddenly myrrh poured from the icon on which Procopius was praying, and at the same time, the found thunderstorm subsides and a gloomy cloud leaves, bursting into stone hail 20 miles from Ustyug, without causing damage to its inhabitants, but crushing and inflaming forest. So the city was saved. Subsequently, by decree of the Romanov royal family, these stones were laid in the foundation of Orthodox churches under construction.

One of these stones was presented to Moscow Mayor Yu. M. Luzhkov during his visit to the Temple of Procopius the Righteous to invest it in the altar wall of the main temple of Russia Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow.

The question of which icon of the Mother of God Procopius prayed to still remains the subject of research. According to one version, it was the icon "Ustyug Annunciation", according to another - the icon of the Mother of God "Odigidria" ("Guide" or "Smolenskaya"). And perhaps he prayed for both images. Each version has its own explanation.

It is believed that the icon "Ustyug Annunciation" was painted by a Novgorod icon painter in the 12th century. According to one version (official history), this icon, by order of Ivan the Terrible, was brought from St. George's Cathedral in the Yuryev Monastery of Veliky Novgorod to Moscow and placed in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin. And she came to Veliky Novgorod from Ustyug. According to another version (church), again during the reign of Ivan the Terrible and under Metropolitan Philip, the icon "Ustyug Annunciation" was transferred to Moscow from Ustyug and also placed in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin. Be that as it may, at present the icon "Ustyug Annunciation" is in the State Tretyakov Gallery, in the 56th hall.

There is an opinion that Procopius prayed to the icon of the Mother of God, called " Hodegetria"or the Smolensk Icon of the Mother of God. Apparently this version is based on the fact that "Hodegetria" in Greek means " guidebook”, But Procopius loved to pray for the gift of a safe voyage for ships sailing along the Sukhona, that is, he could well pray for the deliverance of Ustyug from a stone cloud before this image.

According to legend, the Hodegetria was written by the evangelist Luke. The Greek emperor Constantine IX Monomakh (1042-1054), giving his daughter Anna in 1046 to Prince Vsevolod Yaroslavich, the son of Yaroslav the Wise, blessed her on her way with this icon. After the death of Prince Vsevolod, the icon passed to his son Vladimir Monomakh, the grandfather of Andrei Bogolyubsky. Vladimir Monomakh, transferred it at the beginning of the 12th century to the Smolensk Cathedral Church in honor of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Since that time, the icon has received the name Hodegetria Smolenskaya.

Procopius the Righteous died on July 21, 1303 at the gates of the Ustyug Mikhailo-Arkhangelsk Monastery. There was heavy snow that day. The body of Procopius was found only on the fourth day, the snow over it never melted. The news of his death instantly spread throughout the city. Procopius was buried in the cathedral church, with a huge gathering of people. Soon the veneration of Procopius the Righteous began, the first church in his honor was built in Veliky Ustyug in 1495. During the reign of Ivan the Terrible, Procopius the Righteous, as well as Alexander Nevsky, Savva Storozhevsky, Stefan of Perm and others, was canonized by the Orthodox Church as a saint.

Apart from the imperial family of the Romanovs, about twenty noble families (boyar families) of Russia descend from the children and grandchildren of Procopius the Righteous, including: Counts Sheremetevs, Sukhovo-Kobylins, Lermontovs, Ladygins, Konovnitsyns, Blue, Gorbunovs, Kokorevs, Obraztsovs, Kolychevs ( including, canonized by the Orthodox Church, Metropolitan Philip, in the world Fedor Kolychev), Motovilovs, Yakovlevs and others. The history of Russia shows what a huge role the descendants of Procopius the Righteous played in it. Therefore, Saint Procopius the Righteous Ustyug miracle worker is a great Russian saint by right and by blood. The celebration of the memory of Procopius the Righteous is established 21 July. On this day in 1579 in Kazan, taken in 1552 by Ivan the Terrible, the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God was found.

4. The last Romanov - NikolaiII

Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma

The history of the Romanov family contains many mysterious coincidences:

In 1613, the first tsar of the Romanov family, Mikhail Romanov, was called to the kingdom in Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma, and 305 years later, in 1918, the last Russian Tsar - Nicholas II - was shot with his family in Ipatiev house In Ekaterinburg.

Nicholas II was on the Russian throne 23 year and 23 steps led to the basement of the house where the royal family was killed.

On the day of the forced abdication of the throne of Nicholas II in March 1917, she was found in Kolomenskoye in the Church of the Ascension, built in 1532 in honor of the birth Ivan the Terrible, Icon of the Mother of God, called " Derzhavnaya” as a symbol of the upcoming trials throughout the country and the awakening of the spiritual side in people.

Nicholas II was born (May 19, 1868) on Memorial Day Job the Long-suffering, who, according to legend, was the nephew of the forefather Abraham and passed with valor through all the trials sent to him: the death of all children and the loss of all property in the 78th year of his life, a serious illness all alone, etc.

By order of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU, in September 1977, the Ipatiev House was razed to the ground, Boris Yeltsin at that time was the first secretary Sverdlovsk regional committee of the CPSU.

Under Ivan the Terrible, Ermak conquers Siberia, occupying its capital - Kashlyk - now Tobolsk (see the work "Veliky Ustyug - Tobolsk"), where the Romanov family lives from August 1917 to April 1918, before ascending the Ural Golgotha ​​on the night of 17 July 1918 - Memorial Day of the Grand Duke Andrey Bogolyubsky- the first uncrowned Russian tsar.

Appendix

Family tree of the Romanovs

The Romanovs are a Russian boyar family that began its existence in the 16th century and gave rise to a great dynasty of Russian tsars and emperors who ruled until 1917.

For the first time, the surname "Romanov" was used by Fedor Nikitich (Patriarch Filaret), who named himself so in honor of his grandfather Roman Yuryevich and father Nikita Romanovich Zakhariev, he is considered the first Romanov

The first royal representative of the dynasty was Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, the last was Nikolai 2 Aleksandrovich Romanov.

In 1856, the emblem of the Romanov family was approved, it depicts a vulture holding a golden sword and a tarch, and eight cut off lion heads along the edges.

"House of the Romanovs" - the designation of the totality of all the descendants of different branches of the Romanovs.

Since 1761, the descendants of the Romanovs in the female line reigned in Russia, and with the death of Nicholas 2 and his family, there were no direct heirs left who could claim the throne. However, despite this, today dozens of descendants of the royal family, of varying degrees of kinship, live all over the world, and all of them officially belong to the Romanov family. The family tree of modern Romanovs is very extensive and has many branches.

Prehistory of the Romanovs

There is no consensus among scientists where the Romanov family came from. To date, two versions are widespread: according to one, the ancestors of the Romanovs arrived in Russia from Prussia, and according to the other, from Novgorod.

In the 16th century, the Romanov family became close to the tsar and could claim the throne. This happened due to the fact that Ivan the Terrible married Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina, and her whole family has now become related to the sovereign. After the suppression of the Rurik family, the Romanovs (former Zakharyevs) became the main contenders for the state throne.

In 1613, one of the representatives of the Romanovs, Mikhail Fedorovich, was elected to the kingdom, which was the beginning of the long reign of the Romanov dynasty in Russia.

Tsars of the Romanov dynasty

• Fedor Alekseevich;
• Ivan 5;

In 1721, Russia became an Empire, and all its rulers became emperors.

Emperors of the Romanov dynasty

The end of the Romanov dynasty and the last Romanov

Despite the fact that there were empresses in Russia, Paul 1 adopted a decree according to which the Russian throne could only be transferred to a boy - a direct descendant of the family. From that moment until the very end of the dynasty, Russia was ruled exclusively by men.

The last emperor was Nicholas 2. During his reign, the political situation in Russia became very tense. The Japanese war, as well as the First World War, greatly undermined the faith of the people in the sovereign. As a result, in 1905, after the revolution, Nicholas signed a manifesto that gave the people extensive civil rights, but this did not help much either. In 1917, a new revolution broke out, as a result of which the tsar was overthrown. On the night of July 16-17, 1917, the entire royal family, including Nikolai's five children, was shot. Other relatives of Nicholas, who were in the royal residence in Tsarskoye Selo and other places, were also caught and killed. Only those who were abroad survived.

The Russian throne was left without a direct heir, and the state system in the country changed - the monarchy was overthrown, the Empire was destroyed.

The results of the reign of the Romanovs

During the reign of the Romanov dynasty, Russia reached its present peak. Russia finally ceased to be a disparate state, civil strife ended, and the country gradually began to gain military and economic power, which allowed it to defend its own independence and resist the invaders.

Despite the difficulties that periodically occurred in the history of Russia, by the 19th century the country had turned into a huge powerful Empire, which owned vast territories. In 1861, serfdom was completely abolished, the country switched to a new type of economy and economy.