Part of Eurasia is located on the lithospheric. Eurasia - continents - geography - a big schoolbook

Geography
General geography

Continents

Eurasia

Geographical position

Eurasia- the largest continent of the planet. It occupies 1/3 of the land (54.3 million km 2). Eurasia is formed by two parts of the world - Europe and Asia, the conditional border between which is the Ural Mountains (Fig. 26). The mainland is located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere. In the north, it goes far beyond the Arctic Circle (Cape Chelyuskin), and in the south it almost reaches the equator (Cape Piai). Only the Greater Sunda Islands lie in the Southern Hemisphere. Most of the mainland is located in the Eastern Hemisphere. Only the extreme western and eastern parts with a number of islands lie in the Western Hemisphere. The extreme western point is Cape Roca, and the eastern one is Cape Dezhnev.

Rice. 26. Eurasia
Eurasia is the only continent that is washed by all the oceans: in the north - the Arctic, in the south - the Indian, in the west - the Atlantic, in the east - the Pacific. It has a significant shelf zone, a very indented coastline and the largest number of islands and peninsulas.
Eurasia is closest to Africa, from which it is separated by the narrow Ґіbraltar Strait and the Suez Canal. The Bering Strait separates Eurasia from North America. In the distant past, the southeastern part of Eurasia was connected by a land bridge with Australia. This connection has now been lost. South America and Antarctica are located very far from Eurasia.

Relief features

Eurasia is much higher than other continents (except Antarctica), on its territory there are the highest mountain systems of the planet - the Himalayas, Kun-Lun, Hindu Kush, Pamir. The plains of Eurasia are large, they are much larger than on other continents. In Eurasia, the largest amplitude of heights (Chomolungma, 8848 m - the Dead Sea depression, 395 m). Unlike other continents, the mountains in Eurasia are located not only on the outskirts, but also in the center. There are two huge mountain belts: Pacific (most mobile) in the east and Alpine-Himalayan in the south and west.
The relief of Eurasia was formed within several ancient platforms, connected by folded belts of different ages. The Eurasian lithospheric plate incorporates ancient platforms: Siberian, Chinese, East European, Arabian and Hindustan, on which great plains of various heights are located (from lowlands to plateaus). Between the ancient platforms, areas of folding arose, merged into huge mountain belts and connected the platforms into a single whole. Now active horogenesis processes are taking place in the east of Eurasia, at the junction of the Pacific and Eurasian lithospheric plates. There are many volcanoes, earthquakes often occur, both on land and in the ocean.

Features of the climate of Eurasia

The climate of Eurasia is closely related to its large size. The mainland is characterized by an exceptional variety of climatic conditions, which is facilitated by a number of factors (Scheme 6).
The climate of Eurasia is more varied and contrasting than in North America. Here, summers are warmer and winters colder (the cold pole of the Northern Hemisphere, -71 °C, is located in the Oymyakon depression). There is quite a lot of precipitation, especially along the outskirts (except for the coast of the Arctic Ocean). In the south is the wettest place on Earth - the town of Chepurandji (southeastern slopes of the Himalayas), where over 10,000 mm of precipitation falls annually. However, the climate of Eurasia is generally drier than that of North America. In the mountains of Eurasia, as on other continents, climatic conditions change with height. They are the most severe in the highlands, especially in the Pamirs and Tibet.


Due to the large size and peculiarities of the geographical position in Eurasia, all climatic zones are represented, but also all known on the ground climate types. In the north, there are arctic and subarctic climatic zones with low average air temperatures and low rainfall. The temperate zone occupies the largest area, because it is in temperate latitudes that Eurasia is most elongated from west to east. Here the climatic conditions are different, and one type of climate changes another. So, in the west the climate is maritime, in the east it changes to temperate continental, continental, sharply continental (in the center); on the east coast - monsoon climate type with warm, humid summers and cold, dry winters. In the subtropical zone, there are three climatic regions with Mediterranean, continental and monsoon climates.
Peculiar climatic conditions formed near the Northern Tropic. Here in the west of Asia the whole year is dry and hot, which is explained by the influence of continental tropical air, and in the east a subequatorial type of climate with monsoonal atmospheric circulation has formed.

Inland waters

On the territory of Eurasia there are all types of land waters. There are full-flowing rivers, deep lakes, powerful glaciers in mountainous and polar regions, large areas of swamps and permafrost, and significant reservoirs of groundwater.
Large rivers Eurasia originate mainly in the interior of the mainland. A characteristic feature of the mainland is the presence of large areas of internal runoff basins; rivers do not reach the oceans, but flow into lakes (Volga, Syr Darya, etc.) or are lost in the sands of deserts.
The rivers of Eurasia belong to the basins of the Arctic (Ob, Yenisei, Lena, etc.), Pacific (Amur, Huang He, Yangtze, Mekong), Indian (Indus, Gang, etc.), Atlantic (Danube, Dnieper, Rhine, Elbe, Vistula etc.) oceans.
lakes Eurasian basins are unevenly distributed and have different origins. It is on the territory of Eurasia that the deepest lake of the world - Baikal (1620 m) and the largest lake in terms of water surface on Earth - the Caspian (371,000 km 2) are located. Lakes are widespread in the northwest, which were formed as a result of the subsidence of the earth's crust and the influence of an ancient glacier (Ladoga, Onega, Venern, etc.). In the faults of the earth's crust, tectonic lakes were formed - Constance, Balaton, the Dead Sea, Baikal. There are karst lakes.
Valuable natural resources are The groundwater, especially large reserves of which lie under the Zahidnosibirskaya Plain. Groundwater not only feeds rivers and lakes - it is them that the population consumes as drinking water.
swamps distributed in the north of Eurasia, in the regions of the tundra and taiga.
Modern glaciation occupies significant areas on many islands (Iceland, Svalbard, Novaya Zemlya), as well as in the mountains (Alps, Himalayas, Tien Shan, Pamir). Mountain glaciers feed numerous rivers.
The ecological problems of the inland waters of Eurasia require constant attention, because the pollution of such large reservoirs of fresh water as Lake Baikal, the rivers of Siberia, the Far East, China and India, is dangerous for all organic life on the continent.

natural areas

The diversity of the natural zones of Eurasia is associated with large differences in climatic conditions (a combination of heat and moisture) and structural features of the continent's surface. That is, both zonal and azonal factors influence the formation of natural zones. Recently, the anthropogenic factor has become of particular importance, because the components of nature are increasingly changing under the influence of human economic activity.
Eurasia lies in all climatic zones of the Northern Hemisphere; all types of Earth's climate are represented on the mainland, so there are all natural complexesour planet(Table 10) . The location of natural zones in Eurasia, as well as on other continents, obeys the law of wide zoning, that is, they change from north to south with an increase in the amount of solar radiation. However, there are also significant differences, which is explained by the conditions of atmospheric circulation over the mainland. In Eurasia, as in North America, some natural zones replace each other from west to east, because the eastern and western margins of the mainland are the most humid, and the interior is much drier. So, the main reasons on which the location of natural zones in Eurasia depends are changes in temperature conditions, annual precipitation, and relief features.
Table 10
Locations of natural zones of Eurasia

The largest natural zones are located in the temperate climate zone, and the taiga zone occupies the largest area.
Areas with altitudinal zonality also occupy most of the mainland. The altitudinal zonality is especially clearly represented in the Himalayas, where all the natural zones of the Earth are located, and the upper limit of the distribution of vegetation passes at an altitude of 6218 m.
The natural zones of Eurasia are similar to those in North America. The vegetation and fauna in the northern part of these continents are very similar. However, there are significant differences. In Eurasia, the natural zones are more diverse, the natural complexes of the Arctic deserts, tundra and forest tundra do not go as far to the south as in North America. Here, the zones of taiga, mixed and broad-leaved forests, semi-deserts and deserts occupy a large area, and the areas of altitudinal zonality are larger than in North America.

Population, political map and economy of Eurasia

Eurasia is the most populated continent, 2/3 of the world's population lives here. Representatives of the Mongoloid and Caucasoid races live on the mainland, representatives of the Australoid race live on the islands of Indonesia. Mongoloids live in the east of Asia, Caucasians - in the west and south of Asia, in Europe.
National composition The mainland's population is very complex. Europe is inhabited by Slavic peoples, Germans, French, Italians, Spaniards, Irish, British, Norwegians, Swedes, Finns live in the north of the region. Southwest Asia is inhabited by Arab peoples, as well as Turks, Kurds and Persians; North Asia - Russians; South - Hindustani, Bengalis, Pakistanis; Southeast - Vietnamese, Thais, Burmese, Malays. Tibetans, Uighurs, Mongols live in Central Asia, Chinese, Japanese, Koreans live in East Asia.
By language composition Europe's population is quite diverse. In Europe, there are peoples who speak Slavic languages, the languages ​​of the Romance and Germanic groups. In Asia, many peoples speak the languages ​​of the Altaic language group, Indian and Sino-Tibetan languages. The peoples of Southwest Asia communicate in Arabic and the languages ​​of the Iranian group. In southeast Asia, peoples speak languages ​​belonging to the Austronesian group.
The population is distributed unevenly across the mainland. Here it is possible to distinguish areas with a rural population density of more than 100 people / km 2 (South Asia, East China). Western Europe is also densely populated (especially the Atlantic coast), but the urban population prevails here. A significant part of the mainland is inhabited very rarely (less than 1 person / km 2). These are the highlands of Tibet and the Gobi, Central and North Asia, the Arabian Peninsula.
political map Eurasia began to form a very long time ago, so now it is very colorful. There are more than 80 countries here, among which there are large (China, Russia, India) and very small (San Marino, Singapore, etc.). The political map of Western Europe is distinguished by great diversity. A significant part of the countries has access to the sea, which contributes to their economic development. The political map of the mainland continues to change.
au pair Eurasian countries are inherently diverse. The mainland hosts economically developed states, countries with an average level of development, as well as many of the world's poorest countries (Figure 7).
Scheme 7

This article will consider the largest continent - Eurasia. He received this name due to the combination of two words - Europe and Asia, which personify two parts of the world: Europe and Asia, which are united as part of this continent, and the islands also belong to Eurasia.

The area of ​​Eurasia is 54.759 million km2, which is 36% of the entire land area. The area of ​​the Eurasian islands is 3.45 million km2. The population of Eurasia is also impressive, as it accounts for 70% of the total population on the entire planet. As of 2010, the population of the Eurasian continent was already more than 5 billion people.

The continent of Eurasia is the only continent of the planet Earth, which is washed by 4 oceans at once. The Pacific Ocean washes the mainland in the east, the Arctic Ocean washes the north, the Atlantic Ocean washes the mainland in the west and the Indian Ocean in the south.

The dimensions of Eurasia are quite impressive. The length of Eurasia when viewed from west to east is 18,000 kilometers and 8,000 kilometers when viewed from north to south.

Eurasia has all the climatic zones, natural zones and climatic zones that exist on the planet.

The extreme points of Eurasia, which are located on the mainland:

There are four extreme continental points that Eurasia has:

1) In the north of the mainland, Cape Chelyuskin (77 ° 43′ N), which is located on the territory of the country of Russia, is considered the extreme point.

2) In the south of the mainland, Cape Piai (1°16′ N), which is located in the country of Malaysia, is considered the extreme point.

3) In the west of the mainland, the extreme point is Cape Roca (9º31′ W), which is located in the country of Portugal.

4) And finally, in the east of Eurasia, the extreme point is Cape Dezhnev (169°42′ W), which also belongs to the country of Russia.

The structure of the mainland Eurasia

The structure of the continent of Eurasia differs from all other continents. First of all, the fact that the mainland consists of several plates and platforms, as well as the fact that the continent in its formation is considered the youngest of all the others.

The northern part of Eurasia consists of the Siberian Platform, the East European Platform, and the West Siberian Plate. To the east, Eurasia consists of two plates: it includes the South China platform and also includes the Sino-Korean platform. In the west, the mainland includes plates of Paleozoic platforms and Hercynian folding. The southern part of the mainland consists of the Arabian and Indian platforms, the Iranian plate and part of the Alpine and Mesozoic folding. The central part of Eurasia consists of the Aleozoic folding and the Paleozoic platform plate.

Eurasian platforms that are located on the territory of Russia

The continent of Eurasia has many large cracks and faults, which are located on Lake Baikal, in Siberia, in Tibet and other regions.

Relief of Eurasia

Due to its size, Eurasia as a continent has the most diverse relief on the planet. The mainland itself is considered the highest mainland on the planet. Above the highest point of the continent of Eurasia, only the continent of Antarctica, but it is higher only due to the thickness of the ice covering the earth. The landmass of Antarctica itself does not exceed Eurasia in height. It is in Eurasia that the largest plains in terms of their area and the highest and most extensive mountain systems are located. Also on the territory of Eurasia there are the Himalayas, which are the highest mountains on planet Earth. Accordingly, the highest mountain in the world is located on the territory of Eurasia - this is Chomolungma (Everest - height 8,848 m).

Today, the relief of Eurasia is determined by intense tectonic movements. Many regions on the territory of the Eurasian continent are characterized by high seismic activity. There are also active volcanoes in Eurasia, which include volcanoes in Iceland, Kamchatka, the Mediterranean and others.

Climate of Eurasia

The continent of Eurasia is the only continent on which all climatic zones and climatic zones are present. In the north of the mainland there are arctic and subarctic belts. The climate here is very cold and harsh. To the south begins a wide strip of the temperate zone. Due to the fact that the length of the mainland from west to east is very huge, the following zones are distinguished in the temperate zone: maritime climate in the west, then temperate continental, continental and monsoon climate.

South of the temperate zone is the subtropical zone, which is also divided into three zones from the west: Mediterranean climate, continental and monsoon climate. The very south of the mainland is occupied by the tropical and subequatorial belts. The equatorial belt is located on the islands of Eurasia.

Inland waters on mainland Eurasia

The continent of Eurasia differs not only in the amount of water space that washes it from all sides, but also in the size of inland water resources. This continent is the richest in terms of ground and surface water. It is on the mainland of Eurasia that the largest rivers of the planet are located, which flow into all the oceans washing the continent. These rivers include the Yangtze, Ob, Huang He, Mekong, Amur. It is on the territory of Eurasia that the largest and deepest reservoirs are located. These include the largest lake in the world - the Caspian Sea, the deepest lake in the world - Baikal. Underground water resources are distributed on the mainland rather unevenly.

As of 2018, there are 92 independent states on the territory of Eurasia that are fully functioning. The largest country in the world - Russia is also located on Eurasia. By clicking on the link you can see a complete list of countries with area and population. Accordingly, Eurasia is richest in the nationality of the people living on it.

Fauna and flora on the Eurasian continent

Since all natural zones are present on the Eurasian continent, the diversity of flora and fauna is simply enormous. The mainland is inhabited by a variety of birds, mammals, reptiles, insects and other representatives of the animal world. The most famous representatives of the animal world in Eurasia are the brown bear, fox, wolf, hares, deer, elk, squirrels. The list goes on and on as a wide variety of animals can be found on the mainland. Also birds, fish, which have adapted to both low temperatures and arid climates.

Mainland Eurasia video:

Due to the size and location of the mainland, the flora is also very diverse. On the mainland there are deciduous, coniferous and mixed forests. There are tundra, taiga, semi-deserts and deserts. The most famous representatives of trees are birch, oak, ash, poplar, chestnut, linden and many others. Also a variety of species of herbs and shrubs. The poorest region on the mainland in terms of flora and fauna is the far north, where only mosses and lichens can be found. But the more you go south, the more diverse and rich flora and fauna on the mainland.

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Unlike other continents, which are large fragments of the fragmented foremothers of Gondwana and Laurasia, Eurasia was formed as a result of the union of ancient lithospheric blocks. Approaching under the influence of internal processes, at different geological times, these blocks were connected by "seams" of folded belts, gradually "composing" the mainland in its modern configuration and size (see figures).

The modern continent of Eurasia is located in the junction zone of five large lithospheric plates. Four of them are continental, one is oceanic. Most of Eurasia belongs to the continental Eurasian plate. The southern peninsulas of Asia belong to two different continental plates: the Arabian (Arabian Peninsula) and the Indo-Australian (Indostan Peninsula). The northeastern margin of Eurasia is part of the fourth continental plate - the North American. And the eastern part of the mainland with adjacent islands is the zone of interaction between Eurasia and the oceanic Pacific plate. Folded belts are being formed in the junction zones of lithospheric plates. On the southern edge of the Eurasian plate - the Alpine-Himalayan belt: it contains the southern outskirts of Europe, the Crimean Peninsula and Asia Minor, the Caucasus, the Armenian and Iranian highlands, the Himalayas. On the eastern edge of the mainland - the Pacific belt, in which the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Sakhalin Islands, the Kuril Islands, the Japanese Islands, and the Malay Archipelago are located.

AT composition of the Eurasian continent, includes five ancient platforms; all of them are "fragments" of the ancient foremother Pangea. Three platforms - East European, Siberian and Chinese - after the split of Pangea made up the ancient northern continent of Laurasia. Two - Arabian and Indian - were part of the ancient southern continent of Gondwana. The platforms are "connected" to each other by folded belts that formed at different geological times.

All ancient platforms of Eurasia have a two-tiered structure: the rocks of the sedimentary cover lie on the crystalline basement. The foundations are composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks, the sedimentary cover is composed of marine and continental sedimentary rocks. Each platform has plates and shields.

Each of the platforms has its own characteristics. The Chinese platform is fragmented into several disparate blocks, the largest of which are Chinese-Korean and South Chinese. The Siberian and Indian platforms are penetrated to the base by ancient powerful cracks and volcanic intrusions (intrusions). The basement of the East European Platform is dissected by troughs and deep depressions. The Arabian platform is split and stretched into pieces by a modern fault - a rift (see pictures on the right). The sedimentary covers of the platforms differ in thickness and in the rocks that make them up. The platforms of Eurasia are characterized by different intensity of modern tectonic movements.

Fold belts in Eurasia formed at different geological times. During ancient folding, the Atlantic and Ural-Mongolian belts were formed. Subsequently, different areas of these belts developed differently: some experienced subsidence, others experienced uplift. Those that sank were flooded by the seas, and a thick layer of marine sediments gradually accumulated on the folded base. These areas have acquired a two-tiered structure. This is - young platforms , the largest of which are West European and Scythian (in Europe), West Siberian and Turan (in Asia). The areas that experienced uplifts were folded mountain systems (Tien Shan, Altai, Sayan). During the entire time of their existence, their folds (mountain ranges) were exposed to external forces. Therefore, at present they are severely destroyed, and ancient crystalline rocks are exposed on the surface.

Alpine-Himalayan and Pacific folded belts arose at a later geological time and has not yet been finally formed. They are young. The surface of the mountains, which represent these belts, has not yet had time to collapse. Therefore, it is composed of young sedimentary rocks of marine origin, hiding at a considerable depth the crystalline cores of the folds. These belts are characterized by high seismicity - volcanism is manifested here, earthquakes are concentrated. In such areas, volcanic rocks overlap sedimentary rocks or are embedded in their thickness.

Now let's move on to minerals.

Konovalova Natalya Vasilievna

Place of work, position:

MBOU secondary school №86, Chelyabinsk, geography teacher

Chelyabinsk region

Resource characteristics

Levels of education:

Basic general education

Class(es):

Item(s):

Geography

The target audience:

Teacher (teacher)

Resource type:

Control (verification) work

Brief description of the resource:

Test work on the topic "The lithosphere and the relief of the Earth" will allow you to test the knowledge of grade 7 students on this topic

Lithosphere and relief of the Earth. 7th grade

Option 1.

1. How many years ago did the planet Earth form?

Which line shows the correct sequence of geological eras?

1. Archean - Paleozoic - Proterozoic - Mesozoic - Cenozoic;

2. Proterozoic - Paleozoic - Mesozoic - Archean - Cenozoic;

3. Archean - Proterozoic - Paleozoic - Mesozoic - Cenozoic;

4. Archean - Proterozoic - Paleozoic - Cenozoic - Mesozoic;

The thickness of the continental crust is:

1. less than 5 km; 2. from 5 to 10 km; 3. from 35 to 80 km; 4. from 80 to 150 km.

Where is the Earth's crust the thickest?

2. in the Himalayas; 4. in the Amazonian lowland.

Part of Eurasia is located on the lithospheric plate:

1. African; 3. Indo-Australian;

2. Antarctic; 4.Pacific.

Earth's seismic belts are formed:

1. at the boundaries of the collision of lithospheric plates;

2. at the boundaries of the expansion and rupture of lithospheric plates;

3. in areas where lithospheric plates slide parallel to each other;

4. all options are correct.

Which of the following mountains are among the most ancient?

In which line are the mountain structures in the correct order by time of occurrence (from ancient to young)?

1. Himalayas - Ural Mountains - Cordillera; 3. Ural Mountains - Cordillera - Himalayas;

2. Ural Mountains - Himalayas - Cordillera; 4. Cordillera - Ural Mountains - Himalayas.

What landforms are formed in the areas of folding?

1. mountains; 2. plains; 3. platforms; 4. lowlands.

Relatively stable and leveled areas of the earth's crust that lie at the base of modern continents is:

1. lithospheric plates move slowly over the soft plastic material of the mantle;

2. continental lithospheric plates are lighter than oceanic ones;

3. The movement of lithospheric plates occurs at a speed of 111 km per year;

4. The boundaries of the lithospheric plates exactly correspond to the boundaries of the continents.

If it is established on the map of the structure of the earth's crust that the territory is located in the area of ​​the new (Cainozoic folding), then we can conclude that:

1. it has a high probability of earthquakes;

2. it is on a large plain;

3. there is a platform at the base of the territory.

How does oceanic crust differ from continental crust?

1. the absence of a sedimentary layer; 2. lack of a granite layer; 3. the absence of a granite layer.

Arrange the rock layers of the continental crust from bottom to top:

Read the text.

On May 21, 1960, an earthquake occurred in the city of Concepcion, located on the territory of the state of Chile, followed by a series of tremors. Buildings collapsed, under the rubble of which thousands of people died. On May 24, at six o'clock in the morning, tsunami waves approached the Kuril Islands and Kamchatka.

Why do earthquakes often occur in this area? Give at least two sentences.

Lithosphere and relief of the Earth.

Option 2.

1. What is the age of the planet Earth?

1. 6 -7 billion; 2. 4.5 - 5 billion; 3. 1 - 1.5 billion 4. 700 -800 million

2 . Which line shows the correct sequence of geological eras?

1. Archean - Proterozoic - Paleozoic - Cenozoic - Mesozoic;

2. Archean - Paleozoic - Proterozoic - Mesozoic - Cenozoic;

3. Proterozoic - Paleozoic - Mesozoic - Archean - Cenozoic;

4. Archean - Proterozoic - Paleozoic - Mesozoic - Cenozoic;

3. The thickness of the oceanic crust is:

1. less than 5 km; 2. from 5 to 30 km; 3. from 35 to 80 km; 4. from 80 to 150 km.

4. Where is the earth's crust the thinnest?

1. on the West Siberian Plain; 3. at the bottom of the ocean

2. in the Caucasus; 4. in the Amazonian lowland.

5. How many large lithospheric plates are distinguished on the globe?

1. 5; 2. 7; 3. 9; 4. 12.

6. The boundary areas between the lithospheric plates in which volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur are:

1. platforms; 2. mountains; 3. seismic belts; 4. oceanic plains.

7. Which of the following mountains are the youngest?

1. Scandinavian; 2. Ural; 3. Himalayas; 4. Andes.

8. In which line are the mountain structures in the correct order according to the time of their occurrence (from ancient to young)?

1. Himalayas - Ural Mountains - Caucasus; 3. Ural Mountains - Caucasus - Himalayas;

2. Ural Mountains - Himalayas - Caucasus; 4. Caucasus - Ural Mountains - Himalayas.

9 . What landforms correspond to the platforms?

1. mountains; 2. plains; 3. areas of folding; 4. mid-ocean ridges.

10 . Relatively stable and leveled areas of the earth's crust that lie at the base of modern continents is:

1. continental shallows; 2. platforms; 3. seismic belts; 4. islands.

11. Which statement about lithospheric plates is correct?

1. all lithospheric plates have the same structure;

2. most volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur in seismic belts;

3. according to the lithospheric theory, earlier on Earth there were more continents, then they gradually connected;

4. seismic belts lie at the base of modern continents.

12. On the map of the structure of the earth's crust, determine on which island (peninsula) earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are possible?

1. o. Tierra del Fuego (near the southern tip of South America);

2. o. Greenland;

3. Scandinavian Peninsula;

4. O. Novaya Zemlya (north of Eurasia).

13. How does the continental crust differ from the oceanic crust;

1. the presence of a sedimentary layer; 2. the presence of a granite layer; 3. the presence of a basalt layer.

14. Arrange the rock layers of the continental crust from top to bottom:

1. granite layer; 2. basalt layer; 3. sedimentary layer.

15 . Read the text.

The city of Amero was located at the foot of a high cone-shaped mountain (5 ° NL, 76 ° h.d.) in the Andes. In 1985, gases and lava began to escape from a depression in the center of the mountain. They melted the snow and ice on the summit. The resulting torrent of mud, rocks and volcanic ash completely destroyed the city and several other settlements.

Why do earthquakes and volcanic eruptions often occur in this area?