Analysis of the poem "To Whom in Russia to Live Well" (Nekrasov). To whom in Russia to live well (poem) To whom in Russia to live well historical events

The history of the creation of the poem "To whom it is good to live in Russia"

Nekrasov gave many years of his life to work on a poem, which he called his "favorite brainchild." “I decided,” said Nekrasov, “to state in a coherent story everything that I know about the people, everything that I happened to hear from their lips, and I started “Who should live well in Russia.” It will be the epic of modern peasant life.”

The writer accumulated material for the poem, according to his confession, "word by word for twenty years." Death interrupted this gigantic work. The poem remained unfinished. Shortly before his death, the poet said: “One thing that I deeply regret is that I did not finish my poem “Who should live well in Russia.”

Nekrasov began work on the poem in the first half of the 60s of the XIX century. The manuscript of the first part of the poem was marked by Nekrasov in 1865. In that year the first part of the poem had already been written, although it had evidently begun a few years earlier. The mention in the first part of the exiled Poles (chapter "Landowner") allows us to consider 1863 as a date before which this chapter could not be written, since the suppression of the uprising in Poland dates back to 1863-1864.

However, the first sketches for the poem could have appeared earlier. An indication of this is contained, for example, in the memoirs of G. Potanin, who, describing his visit to Nekrasov's apartment in the autumn of 1860, conveys the following words of the poet: poem "To whom in Russia it is good to live." She did not appear in print for a long time after that.

Thus, it can be assumed that some images and episodes of the future poem, the material for which was collected over many years, arose in the creative imagination of the poet and were partially embodied in verses earlier than 1865, which dated the manuscript of the first part of the poem.

Nekrasov began to continue his work only in the 70s, after a seven-year break. The second, third and fourth parts of the poem follow one after another at short intervals: "Last Child" was created in 1872, "Peasant Woman" - in July-August 1873, "Feast - for the whole world" - in the autumn of 1876.

The publication of the poem Nekrasov began shortly after the completion of work on the first part. Already in the January book of Sovremennik for 1866, the prologue of the poem appeared. The printing of the first part lasted for four years. Fearing to shake the already precarious position of Sovremennik, Nekrasov refrained from publishing the subsequent chapters of the first part of the poem.

Nekrasov was afraid of censorship persecution, which began immediately after the release of the first chapter of the poem ("Pop"), published in 1868 in the first issue of the new Nekrasov magazine "Domestic Notes". Censor A. Lebedev gave the following description of this chapter: “In the aforementioned poem, like his other works, Nekrasov remained true to his direction; in it, he tries to present the gloomy and sad side of the Russian person with his grief and material shortcomings ... in it there are ... places that are sharp in their indecency. The censorship committee, although it allowed the book “Notes of the Fatherland” to be printed, nevertheless sent a disapproving opinion about the poem “Who Lives Well in Russia” to the highest censorship authority.

The subsequent chapters of the first part of the poem were published in the February issues of Notes of the Fatherland for 1869 (Country Fair and Drunken Night) and 1870 (Happy and Landowner). The entire first part of the poem appeared in print only eight years after it was written.

The publication of The Last One (Notes of the Fatherland, 1873, No. 2) caused new, even greater cavils from the censors, who believed that this part of the poem "is distinguished ... by the extreme disgrace of the content ... is in the nature of a libel for the entire nobility."

The next part of the poem, "Peasant Woman", created by Nekrasov in the summer of 1873, was published in the winter of 1874 in the January book "Notes of the Fatherland".

Nekrasov never saw a separate edition of the poem during his lifetime.

In the last year of his life, Nekrasov, having returned seriously ill from the Crimea, where he had basically completed the fourth part of the poem - “Feast - for the whole world”, with amazing energy and perseverance entered into combat with censorship, hoping to print “Feast ...”. This part of the poem was especially virulently attacked by the censors. The censor wrote that he finds "the whole poem" Feast - for the whole world "is extremely harmful in its content, since it can arouse hostile feelings between the two estates, and that it is especially insulting to the nobility, who so recently enjoyed the rights of landlords ... ".

However, Nekrasov did not stop fighting censorship. Bedridden by illness, he stubbornly continued to seek the publication of "The Feast ...". He alters the text, shortens it, crosses it out. “Here it is, our craft as a writer,” complained Nekrasov. - When I began my literary activity and wrote my first thing, I immediately met with scissors; 37 years have passed since then, and here I am, dying, writing my last work, and again I encounter the same scissors! Having “spoiled” the text of the fourth part of the poem (as the poet called the alteration of the work for the sake of censorship), Nekrasov counted on permission. However, "Feast - for the whole world" was again banned. “Unfortunately,” Saltykov-Shchedrin recalled. - and it is almost useless to bother: everything is so full of hatred and threats that it is difficult even to approach from a distance. But even after that, Nekrasov still did not lay down his arms and decided to “approach”, as a last resort, the head of the Main Directorate for Censorship V. Grigoriev, who, back in the spring of 1876, promised him “his personal intercession” and, according to rumors, reached through F. Dostoevsky, allegedly considered "Feast - for the whole world" "quite possible for publication."

Nekrasov intended to bypass censorship altogether, with the permission of the tsar himself. For this, the poet wanted to use his acquaintance with the Minister of the Court, Count Adlerberg, and also resort to the mediation of S. Botkin, who was at that time the court physician (Botkin, who treated Nekrasov, was dedicated to "Feast - for the whole world"). Obviously, it was precisely for this case that Nekrasov inserted into the text of the poem “with gnashing of teeth” the well-known lines dedicated to the tsar “Glory to the people who gave freedom!”. It is not known whether Nekrasov took real steps in this direction or abandoned his intention, realizing the futility of the hassle.

“Feast - for the whole world” remained under a censorship ban until 1881, when it appeared in the second book of “Notes of the Fatherland”, albeit with large reductions and distortions: the songs “Merry”, “Corvee”, “Soldier”, “ There is an oak deck ... ”and others. Most of the excerpts thrown out by censorship from "Feast - for the whole world" were first made public only in 1908, and the entire poem, in an uncensored edition, was published in 1920 by K.I. Chukovsky.

The poem “Who Lives Well in Russia” in its unfinished form consists of four separate parts, arranged in the following order, according to the time of their writing: part one, consisting of a prologue and five chapters, “Last Child”, “Peasant Woman”, consisting of a prologue and eight chapters, "Feast - for the whole world."

It can be seen from Nekrasov's papers that, according to the plan for the further development of the poem, at least three more chapters or parts were supposed to be created. In one of them, tentatively named by Nekrasov "Smertushka", it was supposed to be about the stay of seven peasants on the Sheksna River, where they fall in the midst of an indiscriminate death of cattle from anthrax, about their meeting with an official. The poet began to collect materials for this chapter in the summer of 1873. However, she remained unwritten. Only a few prose and verse drafts survive.

It is also known about the poet's intention to tell about the arrival of the peasants in St. Petersburg, where they were supposed to seek access to the minister, and to describe their meeting with the tsar on a bear hunt.

In the last lifetime edition of "Poems" N.A. Nekrasov (1873-1874) “To whom it is good to live in Russia” is printed in the following form: “Prologue; Part One" (1865); "Last Child" (From the second part of "Who Lives Well in Russia") (1872); “Peasant Woman” (From the third part of “Who Lives Well in Russia”) (1873), which corresponds to the author’s will, but this was not his last will, because work on the epic continued, and Nekrasov could change the order of the parts, just as this was done by Lermontov in the final version of the novel A Hero of Our Time, disregarding the sequence of creation and publication of the parts included in it.

An illness that made it difficult to work on the poem, including the part “Who in Russia is the sinner of all. Who is all saints. Legends of serfdom”, developed threateningly. Nekrasov was anxiously aware that he would leave his “beloved brainchild” unfinished, “and this is such a thing that can only have its meaning as a whole.” The illness prompted the poet to look for such an ending of the last, as he understood, part, which could give the impression of "completion" of the unfinished. Something nearly impossible was required. Such an opportunity lurked in the character of the people's intercessor, in speeding up the meeting with him of the seekers of happiness. The poet made this possible. He developed the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov as the final one in a series of images of "heroes of active goodness" - Belinsky, Shevchenko, Dobrolyubov, Chernyshevsky.

In this regard, Nekrasov removed the original title, which limited the content to a dispute about who is in Russia all the sinners, who are all the saints, and wrote: “Commemoration for the roofs”, and then, having crossed out what was written, gave a new, final name - “Feast - on the whole world". For such a general feast, the "commemoration for the roofs" was not enough, it hinted at the end, which was the crown of the whole thing.

Having changed the name in accordance with the expanded content, the poet clarified the position of the "Feast ..." in the composition of the whole. Apparently, Nekrasov wanted to evoke in the reader the impression of completeness of his "beloved brainchild" by answering the question of the plot action:

Our wanderers would be under their native roof, If they could know what was happening with Grisha.

But what the wanderers did not know and still could not know, the readers know. Thought "flying forward", Grisha saw "the embodiment of the people's happiness." This multiplied his creative powers tenfold, gave him a feeling of happiness, and readers - the answer to the questions of who is happy in Russia, what is his happiness.

Explanatory note
The poem “To whom it is good to live in Russia” is the key one in the work of N.A. Nekrasov. Its study is provided within the framework of the traditional literature program in the 10th grade. 5 hours are allotted for the study.
The proposed material contains a detailed, detailed lesson plan “The idea, the history of creation, the composition of the poem. Analysis of the prologue, chapters "Pop", "Country Fair", "A Feast for the Whole World".
The development can be used by teachers of literature in preparation for a lesson on the work of N.A. Nekrasov.

The idea, the history of creation, the composition of the poem "To whom in Russia to live well." Analysis of the prologue, chapters "Pop", "Country Fair", "A Feast for the Whole World"

Target: Determine the problem of the poem, its historical significance
Tasks:
Educational:
1. To acquaint with the history of the creation of the poem, with its composition.
2. Determine the author's intention through the analysis of the "Prologue" (folklore, epic motifs, the motif of the road) for further holistic perception of the work.
3. To teach to compare and summarize facts, to think and speak logically and reasonedly, to develop attention to the artistic word.
Developing:
1. Development of communicative, research competencies, dialogic thinking, creative self-development, the ability to realize oneself in various activities, reflection.
Educational:
1. Arouse interest in the poem, prompting its reading
2 Raising an attentive reader, love for the native language and literature.
3. Formation of a personality capable of navigating in the socio-cultural space: readiness for independent spiritual development of artistic values.
Equipment: multimedia projector
1. Organizational moment. Checking homework.
Teacher's word. We continue to get acquainted with the work of the great Russian poet Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov.
Today we will talk about the epic poem “Who is living well in Russia?”
At home, you should have found the answer to the question: What does “epic poem” mean?

A poem is a large poetic work with a plot-narrative organization; a story or novel in verse; a multi-part work in which the epic and lyrical beginnings merge together.
Epic is a generic designation of large epic and similar works:
In terms of genre, “To whom it is good to live in Russia” is in many ways closer to a prose narrative than to lyric-epic poems characteristic of Russian literature of the first half of the 20th century.
1. An extensive narrative in verse or prose about outstanding national historical events.
2. A complex, long history of something, including a number of major events.
2. Acquaintance with the history of the creation of the poem, its composition (student's message)
The history of the creation of the poem "To whom it is good to live in Russia"
The idea of ​​the poem. "The people are liberated, but are the people happy?" - this line from the "Elegy" explains the position of N.A. Nekrasov in relation to the Peasant Reform of 1861, which only formally deprived the landowners of their former power,

But in fact, she deceived, robbed peasant Russia. The poem was begun shortly after the Peasant Reform. Nekrasov considered its goal to be the image of the destitute peasant lower classes, among which - as in all of Russia - there is no happy one. The search for a happy among the tops of society was for Nekrasov only a compositional device. The happiness of the “strong” and “well-fed” was beyond doubt for him. The very word "lucky", according to Nekrasov, is a synonym for a representative of the privileged classes. (Compare “... but the happy are deaf to good” - “Reflections at the front door.”) Depicting the ruling classes (priest, landowner), Nekrasov first of all focuses on the fact that the reform hit not so much “one end on the master”, but "other like a man." 2. The history of the creation of the poem and its composition. The poet worked on the poem from 1863 to 1877, that is, for about 14 years. During this time, his idea changed, but the poem was never completed by the author, so there is no consensus in criticism about its composition. The poet calls the wanderers "temporarily liable", which shows that the poem began no later than 1863, since later this term was very rarely applied to the peasants.
2) Composition - the construction of the work.(On the screen)
The poem includes 4 parts. The scientists were faced with the question of the sequence of parts. The majority came to the conclusion that the first part was followed by "The Peasant Woman", then "The Last Child", and finally "A Feast for the Whole World". Arguments: in the first part and in the "Peasant Woman" the old, obsolete world is depicted. In "Last Child" - the death of this world. In "Feast ..." - signs of a new life. In some editions, the poem is printed in the following sequence: the first part, "Last Child", "Peasant Woman", "Feast for the Whole World".
3. Analysis of the chapter "Prologue"
Let us turn to the beginning of the work, to the chapter called "Prologue", that is, to the beginning. Let's have a fragment of it (read by one of the students). What are the features of the language? Did Nekrasov manage to convey the richness and expressiveness of the folk language? Determine the meter of the poem.
(Many diminutive suffixes, inversions - “left the house before noon”, “started a dispute”; constant epithets - a gray bunny, black shadows, a red sun hyperbole - “And their yellow eyes burn like fourteen candles of bright wax”
What other artistic and expressive means does the author use - comparisons - “Fourteen candles burn like wax of ardent wax!” , metaphors - "frequent stars lit up"; personifications - “Oh shadows, black shadows, whom will you not overtake? Who won't you overtake?",
“A booming echo woke up, it went for a walk, a walk.”
- And what other techniques bring the poem closer to folklore? (style manner of folklore narration, songs, riddles - No one has seen him,
And everyone has heard
Without a body - but it lives,
Without a tongue - screaming;
proverbs, sayings, phraseological units - what a whim will fit into the head - You can’t beat her out of there with a stake; “I looked - I scattered it with my mind”, fabulous motifs - “self-assembled tablecloth”, talking animals). It is also no coincidence that the author speaks of seven men, it was the number seven that was a sacred number in Russia.
The poem is written in a “free” language, as close as possible to common speech. The verse of the poem is called Nekrasov's "brilliant find". Free and flexible poetic meter, independence from rhyme opened up the opportunity to generously convey the originality of the folk language, while retaining all its accuracy.
Thus, we can conclude that in his work A.N. Nekrasov uses a fairy-tale beginning, the author seeks to cover the country not only in its present, but also in the past - in all its historical significance and geographical immensity + the author's irony over the unformed consciousness of the peasant .
Let's get back to the prologue:
The narrative of the poem begins with a riddle, try to solve it
In what year - count
In what land - guess ... (1 stanza)
(Earth - all of Russia: impoverished, ruined, hungry. Year - the time of "temporarily liable" peasants (disclosure of the term)?
Conclusion: settled Russia begins to move. Let's prove it with examples from the text:
An unconscious step of the peasants - leaving home (but at the same time for many)
Chance meeting + association and path side by side.
What is the path ahead of them? They do not know.
The motive “Go there, I don’t know where.
What problem does the author pose in the first chapters of the novel? (The problem of people's happiness after the abolition of serfdom)
What feelings that N.A. Nekrasov felt for his people were reflected in the “Prologue” (Compassion, pity)
Why do the men there ask little at the tablecloth - self-assembly? (Because the thought of free wealth does not occur to them, they ask only for what they need)
- Make a cinquain on the topic: "Heroes of the poem"
Example: men
hungry, unhappy
argue, search, think
who is at ease in Russia
people
4. Questions and tasks for discussing the chapter "Pop", "Country Fair". Compiling a table
Did the men find happiness in this chapter? Why does the pope consider himself unhappy? So how is the position of the peasants depicted in the chapter? What troubles fall to their lot? (No, they didn’t, the peasants mostly come across “small people” - peasants, artisans, beggars, soldiers. Travelers don’t even ask them anything: what kind of happiness is there?
The priest considers himself unhappy, because happiness, according to the priest, consists in three things: "peace, wealth, honor", and this, after the abolition of serfdom, is no longer there.
What words and expressions paint figurative pictures of the life of the priest and the peasants? What is the author's attitude towards them? The peasant himself needs And he would be glad to give, but there is nothing ..., the author treats the peasants with pity:
There is no heart that endures.
Without some trepidation
death rattle,
grave sob,
Orphan sorrow!

Make a table (in the future, students will supplement this table with other examples)
Chapter Hero Causes of Misfortune
"Pop" Soldiers Soldiers shave with an awl,
Soldiers are warming themselves with smoke, -
What happiness is here?
"Pop" Pop No peace, wealth and honor

Questions and tasks for discussing the chapter "Country Fair", "A Feast for the Whole World"
What, according to Nekrasov, prevented the peasants from being happy? What are the best and worst features of the Russian national character depicted by Nekrasov in the poem? Let's create a cluster (a cluster can be created in any form)
Peasants - fights, drunkenness, laziness, rudeness, lack of education, BUT - kindness, innocence, mutual assistance, sincerity, hard work
4. Independent work of students.
Answer the following questions in writing:
Who is Pavlusha Veretennikov? What is his lifestyle? What author's characteristics of this image did you manage to notice?
What meaning does the author attach to the image of a shop "with paintings and books" at the fair? What is his attitude to public education?
What mood does this chapter evoke? Why, despite the hardships, the Russian peasant did not consider himself unhappy? What qualities of a Russian peasant delight the author?
Findings.
Nekrasov, following Pushkin and Gogol, decided to depict a wide canvas of the life of the Russian people and its bulk - the Russian peasant of the post-reform era, to show the predatory nature of the peasant reform and the deterioration of the people's lot. At the same time, the author's task also included a satirical depiction of the "tops", where the poet follows Gogol's traditions. But the main thing is to show the talent, will, stamina and optimism of the Russian peasant. By its style features and poetic intonations, the poem is close to the works of folklore. The composition of the poem is complicated, first of all, because its idea changed over time, the work remained unfinished, and a number of fragments were not published due to censorship bans.

Quiz
1. Who is more?
What are the names of the villages from which the men came? (Zaplatovo, Znobishino, Dyryaevo, Razutovo, Gorelovo, Neyolovo, Nurerozhayka).
2. What are the names of the heroes of the poem? (Roman, Demyan, Ivan, Mitrodor, old man Pakhom, Prov, Luka).
3. Who, according to the heroes of the poem, lives happily, freely in Russia? (landowner, official, priest, merchant, noble boyar, sovereign minister, tsar).

The epic poem is dedicated to a peasant (a Russian person) who finds himself at a crossroads (this image appears repeatedly in the text), looking for himself and his path in life.
The first chapters prepare the reader to perceive and understand the idea of ​​the poem - to show Russia at a turning point.
III. Reflection.
- Do you think Nekrasov himself knew the answer to the question posed in the title of the poem?
Gleb Uspensky conveys his conversation with Nekrasov in this way: “Once I asked him: “And what will be the end of “Who will live well in Russia”?” And what do you think?
Nekrasov smiled and waited.
That smile made me realize that N.A. Nekrasov, there is some unforeseen answer to my question, and in order to evoke it, I randomly named one of the lucky ones named at the beginning of the poem. This? I asked.
- Well! What happiness there!
And Nekrasov, with a few, but bright features, outlined the countless black minutes and ghostly joys of the lucky man I named. So to whom? I asked.
And then Nekrasov, smiling again, said with an arrangement: .... "
- What are your assumptions? (answers guys)
End quote:
- Drink-no-moo!
Then he told how exactly he intended to finish the poem. Not finding a happy man in Russia, the wandering peasants return to their seven villages: Gorelov, Neelov, etc. These villages are "adjacent", stand close to each other, and from each there is a path to the tavern. Here at this tavern they meet a drunken man, "girded with a bast", and with him, for a glass, they will find out who has a good life.
- Is this the answer given by the poem itself? We will talk about this in the next lessons and maybe change this opinion.
Homework: Read the poem "To whom it is good to live in Russia." Finish filling in the table.

Nekrasov began work on the poem in 1863, when Frost, Red Nose was written, and continued until his death. But if the poem "Frost ..." can be compared with a tragedy, the content of which is the death of a person in a heroic struggle with the elements beyond his control, then "Who in Russia should live well" is an epic where an individual finds the meaning and happiness of his existence in unity with the world of people and the world as God's creation. Nekrasov is interested in the holistic image of the people, and the individual images highlighted in the poem are given as episodic, the history of their life only temporarily emerges on the surface of the epic stream. Therefore, Nekrasov's poem can be called " folk epic”, and its poetic form emphasizes the kinship with the folk epic. The Nekrasov epic is "moulded" from various folklore genres: fairy tales, tales, riddles, proverbs, spiritual poems, labor and ritual songs, a drawn-out lyrical song, parables, etc.

Nekrasov's epic had a clear social task. In this sense, his work is quite topical and relevant. In the 60s and 70s, the movement of “going to the people” began, the practice of “small deeds”, when the Russian intelligentsia voluntarily went to the villages, organized schools and hospitals, tried to rebuild the life and work of the peasants, to lead them on the path of education and culture. At the same time, interest in the peasant culture itself was growing: Russian folklore was collected and systematized (the image of such a collector - Pavlusha Veretennikov - is in the poem). But the surest means of studying the condition of the people was statistics, a science that at that time received the most rapid development. In addition, these people: teachers, doctors, statisticians, land surveyors, agronomists, folklorists, left us a series of wonderful essays on the life and life of post-reform Russia. Nekrasov also makes a sociological cut of village life in his poem: almost all types of the Russian rural population pass before us, from the beggar to the landowner. Nekrasov is trying to see what happened to peasant Russia as a result of the reform of 1861, which turned the whole usual way of life upside down. In what way has Russia remained the same as before, what has irretrievably gone, what has appeared, what is eternal and what is transient in the life of the people?

It is generally accepted that with his poem Nekrasov answers the question posed by him in one of his poems: “The people are liberated, but are the people happy? » In fact, this is a rhetorical question. It is clear that he is unhappy, and then there is no need to write a poem. But the question that became the title: “Who is living well in Russia? ”- transfers Nekrasov’s search from the philosophical and sociological areas to the ethical area. If not the people, then who is still living well?

To answer the main question, “strange” people, that is, wanderers, set off on the road - seven peasants. But these people are strange in the sense we are accustomed to. A peasant is a sedentary person, tied to the land, for whom there are no holidays and days off, whose life is subject only to the rhythm of nature. And they start wandering, and even when - in the most difficult time! But this strangeness of theirs is a reflection of the upheaval that all of peasant Russia is going through. All of it has moved, moved away, all of it is in motion, like spring streams, now transparent, clean, now muddy, carrying winter rubbish, now calm and majestic, now seething and unpredictable.

Therefore, the composition of the poem is based on motives of the road and search. They allow you to go through all of Russia and see it in its entirety. But how to show all of Russia? The author uses the technique of a panoramic image, when the image is created by a series of generalized paintings, mass scenes, from which individuals and episodes are snatched.

The poem was written by Nekrasov. She took her place in the Russian classics in literature, but she had even more significance for the author himself. The poem is his creative heritage.

This work has become a kind of collection of all the thoughts and ideas that Nekrasov previously wrote in his other works. It took thirty years of his life. The poem was not published to the end during the life of the author, which he deeply regretted.

According to his sister, it was very sad for Nekrasov that he could not finish the work of his whole life. So she was dear to him. The writer has invested

All of yourself, your thoughts and soul. The final edition of "To whom it is good to live in Russia" was in 1881. Nekrasov did not live to see this moment for three years.

When exactly Nekrasov began to write the poem, it is difficult to say. Opinions differ here. Some say that it was in 1861. When serfdom was abolished, others argue, arguing that the beginning was laid in 1850 and even in 1863. But the fact that the writer worked on the creation with special effort, bearing images and episodes separately, was no secret to anyone.

But not everything was smooth. The creation, which was so dear to Nekrasov, was very often condemned

From the side of censorship. It was not allowed to be printed. Already before publication, censorship cut out Nekrasov's works, which led him to great despondency, because he had high hopes for his poem. But Nekrasov did not give up his positions. The world recognized this creation one by one.

The chapters were published separately. The author could not see the last of them printed. She also did not escape the fate of being condemned by censorship. And it was published only after Saltykov-Shchedrin came to replace Nekrasov in Otechestvennye Zapiski.

Subsequently, the textual critics had a hard time putting all the parts together for editing and publishing. The author himself did not leave any recommendation and instructions for the sequence of their publication, according to which he planned "Who should live well in Russia."

It was not possible to publish the poem in the same way as Nekrasov wrote it. Although it is believed that his heirs did it that way. But in 1920, opinions diverged again, because, according to Chukovsky, he found the words of the author himself, which says that “A Feast for the Whole World” follows the “Last Child”. Based on this opinion, the poem was again reprinted.

Lesson-lecture "The history of the creation of the epic poem by N. Nekrasov

"Who in Russia to live well"

The spectacle of the disasters of the people

Unbearable my friend... ON THE. Nekrasov

Target:

acquaintance with the history of the creation of the poem.

Tasks:

create the necessary emotional mood, help students feel the social tragedy of the peasantry;

arouse interest in the poem.

Equipment: portrait of N.A. Nekrasov, paintings by artists, cards.

Plan:

Historical information about the peasant reform of 1861

The history of the creation of the poem.

Genre, plot and composition of the poem.

Analysis of the poem "Night. We managed to enjoy everything ..."

Work in groups on the topic of the lesson.

During the classes

1. Teacher's lecture

Introduction.

"The people are liberated, but are the people happy?" - this line from the "Elegy" explains the position of N. A. Nekrasov in relation to the peasant reform of 1861, which only formally deprived the landlords of their former power, but in fact deceived, robbed peasant Russia. The poem was begun shortly after the peasant reform. Nekrasov considered its goal to be the image of the destitute peasant lower classes, among which - as in all of Russia - there is no happy one. The search for a happy among the tops of society was for Nekrasov only a compositional device. The happiness of the "strong" and "well-fed" was beyond doubt for him. The very word "lucky", according to Nekrasov, is a synonym for a representative of the privileged classes. (Compare "... but the happy are deaf to good" - "Reflections at the front door"). Depicting the ruling classes (priest, landowner), Nekrasov first of all focuses on the fact that the reform hit not so much "on the master with one end" as "on the peasant" with the other.

History reference.

On February 19, 1861, Alexander issued a Manifesto and a Regulation abolishing serfdom. What did the men get from the gentlemen?

The peasants were promised personal freedom and the right to dispose of their property. The land was recognized as the property of the landlords. The landowners were charged with the obligation to provide the peasants with a personal plot and a field allotment.

The peasants had to buy land from the landowner. The transition to the redemption of the land allotment depended not on the desire of the peasants, but on the will of the landowner. Peasants who switched to the redemption of land plots with his permission were called owners, and those who did not switch to redemption were called temporarily liable. For the right to use the allotment of land received from the landowner before switching to redemption, they had to perform mandatory duties (pay dues or work off corvée).

The establishment of temporary relations preserves the feudal system of exploitation indefinitely. The value of the allotment was determined not by the actual market value of the land, but by the income received by the landowner from the estate under serfdom.

When buying land, the peasants paid for it twice and three times higher than the actual value. The redemption operation made it possible for the landlords to retain in full the income that they received before the reform.

The beggarly allotment could not feed the peasant, and he had to go to the same landowner with a request to take on share-cropping: to cultivate the master's land with his tools and receive half of the harvest for labor. This mass enslavement of the peasants ended with the mass destruction of the old village. In no other country in the world did the peasantry experience such ruin, such poverty, as in Russia, even after the "liberation". That is why the first reaction to the Manifesto and the Regulations was the open resistance of the bulk of the peasantry, expressed in the refusal to accept these documents.

The literature of that time was turbulent. The works written at that time speak for themselves. Roman Chernyshevsky "What to do?", Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons", etc.

How did N. A. Nekrasov perceive the reform, which did not give the people the desired liberation? The poet experienced the events of those years tragically, as evidenced, in particular, by the memoirs of N.G. Chernyshevsky: “On the day the will was declared, I came to him and found him in bed. He was extremely depressed; all around on the bed lay different parts of the "Regulations" on the peasants. “Is that true will? he said. “No, this is pure deception, a mockery of the peasants.”

2. The history of the creation of the poem .

Shortly after the Peasant Reform, in 1862, the idea for a poem arose.

Nekrasov considered her goal to be the image of the destitute peasant lower classes, among which - as in all of Russia - there is no happy one. The poet worked on the poem from 1863 to 1877, i.e. about 14 years old. During this time, the idea changed, but the poem was never completed by the author, so there is no consensus in criticism about its composition. The question of the order of the arrangement of its parts has not yet been resolved. The most reasoned can be considered the order of the parts according to the chronology of their writing.

"Prologue" and Part 1 - 1868

"Last Child" - 1872

"Peasant Woman" -1873

“A feast for the whole world” Nekrasov wrote while already in a state of fatal illness, but he did not consider this part the last, intending to continue the poem with the image of wanderers in St. Petersburg.

Literary critic V.V. Gippius in the article “To the study of the poem “To whom it is good to live in Russia” back in 1934 wrote: “The poem remained unfinished, the poet’s intention was not clarified; individual parts of the poem followed each other at different times and not always in sequential order. Two questions that are of prime importance in the study of the poem are still controversial: 1) about the relative position of the parts that have come down to us and 2) about the reconstruction of the parts that have not been written and, above all, the denouement. Both issues are obviously closely related, and they have to be solved jointly.

It was V.V. Gippius who found in the poem itself objective indications of the sequence of parts: “Time is calculated in it “according to the calendar”: the action of the “Prologue” begins in the spring, when the birds build their nests and the cuckoo calls. In the chapter "Pop" wanderers say: "And the time is not early, the month of May is coming." apparently, on the day of Nikola (May 9, according to the old style), the fair itself takes place. “Last Child” also begins with the exact date: “Petrovka. The time is hot. Haymaking in full swing." In A Feast for the Whole World, the haymaking is already over: the peasants are going to the market with hay. Finally, in the "Peasant Woman" - the harvest. The events described in “A Feast for the Whole World” refer to early autumn (Grigory gathers mushrooms), and the “Petersburg part” conceived but not implemented by Nekrasov was supposed to take place in winter, when wanderers come to Petersburg to seek access “to the noble boyar , Minister of the Sovereign. It can be assumed that the poem could have ended with the Petersburg episodes. In modern publications, chapters are arranged according to the time they were written.

3. Genre, composition of the poem .

Nekrasov himself called “To whom it is good to live in Russia” a poem, however, his work is not similar to any of the poems known in Russian literature before Nekrasov in terms of genre. The content of “Who should live well in Russia” required some new genre form for its implementation, and Nekrasov created it.

A poem (from the Greek "create", "creation") is a large epic poetic work.

Epic (from the Greek "collection of songs, tales") is the largest monumental form of epic literature, which gives a broad, multifaceted, comprehensive picture of the world, including deep reflections on the fate of the world and intimate experiences of the individual. The originality of the poem lies in the fact that this work is realistic - according to the artistic method, folk - in its meaning and theme, epic - in the breadth of the image of reality and heroic pathos.

In terms of genre, the poem is a folk epic, which, according to the poet's intention, was to include in its completed form the genre features of all three types of Nekrasov's poems: "peasant", satirical, heroic-revolutionary.

The form of travel, meetings, inquiries, stories, descriptions used in the work was very convenient in order to give a comprehensive picture of life..

Plot .Seven temporarily liable men travel around the country in search of an answer to the question: who lives happily, freely in Russia? This is the storyline of the poem. Nekrasov's manuscripts preserved a plan according to which the heroes were to meet with the minister and see the tsar. This is evidenced by the dispute of wanderers:

Roman said: to the landowner,

Demyan said: to the official,

Luke said: ass.

Fat-bellied merchant! -

Gubin brothers said

Ivan and Mitrodor.

Old man Pahom pushed

And he said, looking at the ground:

noble boyar,

Minister of the State.
And Prov said: to the king.

2. Analysis of the poem “Night. We managed to enjoy everything ... "and the poem "Who in Russia should live well »

Night. We were able to enjoy everything.
What are we to do? I do not want to sleep.
We are now ready to pray
4 But we don't know what to want.

We wish him good night
Who endures everything, in the name of Christ,
Whose stern eyes do not cry,
8 Whose mute lips do not murmur,
Whose rough hands work,
Giving respectfully to us
Immerse yourself in the arts, in the sciences,
12 Indulge in dreams and passions;
Who wanders along the worldly road
In the dawnless, deep night,
Without understanding about law, about God,
16 Like in an underground prison without a candle... (1858)

N. Nekrasov's poem “Night. We managed to enjoy everything…” echoes the idea of ​​the whole poem “Who should live in Russia”. The people are destitute and in poverty. We need people who will lead the people out of this difficult situation.

The poem is built on the principle of contrast. The beginning of the poem (first four lines) paints a concrete picture of the late evening, the night after an eventful day. The next five lines are a good night wish to the one “who endures everything”, “whose eyes do not cry”, “whose mouth does not grumble”, “whose rough hands work” ...

Who is it? This is a patient, submissive, silently enduring hardship people - a hard worker.

It is he, the poor people, who grants the right to the rich, the landowners, to enjoy art, science, to plunge into an idle, lazy and sybaritic life.

What can be the question of a happy share?

3. Tasks for students .

Card #1

The idea of ​​the poem.

What did the reform give the peasants?

In what circumstances did the peasants find themselves?

Peasant reform of 1861

For landowners

For peasants

Card #2

The history of the creation of the poem.

1. How, in what sequence do events occur in the poem?

Chronology of the events of the poem.

Chapter Title

Time (quote from the text)

"Prologue"

"Pop"

"Country Fair"

(When was Nikola Veshny celebrated in Russia?)

Card number 4

Genre, plot, composition of the poem .

1. Why is the poem written in the form of a journey?

2. How is the title of the work related to the theme and idea of ​​the work?

3. With whom were the men supposed to meet and how was the poem supposed to end according to the artist's intention?

Card number 5

The poem "Night. We managed to enjoy everything ..."

1. How does the theme and idea of ​​the poem resonate with the idea and intention of the poem?

2. What is the principle of the poem?

3. What does the poet depict the life of the rich and the life of ordinary people?

4. Can people be happy, according to the poet? Does the poet answer this question?

4. Conclusions. It was as if two people had lived in Nekrasov all their lives: one with a poetic talent, able to sing the finest movements of the human soul, and the other, to whom duty and conscience did not allow "the beauty of the valleys, heavens and seas and sweet caress to sing." Therefore, his gloomy muse was doomed by himself to become a muse of revenge and sadness, a muse that the poet forced with blows of the whip to depict pictures of the grief of the people and call for the struggle for their liberation. Rejecting "art for art's sake" with its glorification of the aesthetic feeling and being a conscious defender of the satirical "Gogol direction", Nekrasov considered those who serve the people to be true poets, those who do not seek to write poetry, but who, by their way of life, contribute to the struggle for the liberation of the oppressed, are true citizens. people. The poem "Fragment" ("Night. We managed to enjoy everything ...", 1858) sounds like a prayer for the Russian people, who are in slave labor and long-suffering. For that people, “whose rough hands work, leaving us respectfully to immerse ourselves in the arts, in the sciences, indulge in dreams and passions.” Nekrasov reproached himself all his life for insufficiently active service to the people, and therefore taught his muse to sing fiery songs of struggle. The purpose of the poet, according to Nekrasov, is to selflessly serve the people, even if the dark and downtrodden people themselves will never know and appreciate this.